Network representation: Single line

diagram, reactance diagram, per unit

calculation

1
Single-line diagram / One-line diagram
Purpose: The purpose of single-line diagram is to provide significant information
about a power system in concise form.

Rules:

 Neutral is omitted

 The components are represented by standard symbols

 Circuit parameters are not shown

 Transmission line is represented by a single-line between two ends

 IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers publishes standard

symbols

2
A generator (Y grounded through a reactor) is connected to a bus and through a
transformer to a transmission line. The transmission line is connected to another
bus consists of a load. The transformer connection pattern is is Y-∆. Draw the
single-line diagram.

3
Reactance diagram
Rules:

 Generator / Alternator/ synchronous generator: Voltage source and

synchronous reactance

 Transformer: Reactance (Connection pattern has no impact for the time

being)

 Transmission line: R is much less than X. Hence, represented by reactance

only

 Motor: Voltage source and a reactance

 Load: R, L, C

4
Per unit (pu) computation
Rules:

 Base kV and Base kVA/MVA are selected for a system: called system base

 Base kV changes through out a system depending on transformer turns ratio

 Base MVA does not change through out a system

 For any components: pu impedance or reactance is given with respect to their

own ratings / equipment base

 Hence base conversion is required to convert everything into a common

system base.

 In power systems: widely accepted base is 100 MVA unless otherwise

specified