An Electrical Power System

Presentation on
PER UNIT SYSTEM

Prepared by:-
Dharmesh Parmar -140280109066
Manan Parmar-140280109068
Ronak Parmar-140280109069
Asha Patel -140280109070
PER UNT SYSTEM:-
IN PER UNT SYSTEM WE DISCUSS
INTRODUCTION TO PER UNIT SYSTEM
FORMULAS FOR PER UNT SYSTEM
USES OF PER UNT SYSTEMS
ADVANTAGES OF PER UNIT SYSTEMS
DISADVANTAGES OF PER UNT SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION

PARAMETERS USED IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT:-

VOLTAGES KV,MV
CURRENTS A,KA
IMPEDENCE OHM, K.OHMS
POWER KW,KVA,MVA
 PER UNIT SYSTEM
In the per-unit system, the voltages, currents,
powers, impedances, and other electrical
quantities are expressed on a per-unit basis by
the equations:
Actual value
Quantity per unit =
Base value of quantity

It is customary to select two base quantities to

define a given per-unit system. The ones usually
selected are voltage and power. 4
HOW TO CHOOSE A BASE
VALUE?

We choose only voltages and power as a base

value and base current, base impedance can b
found as:

Either base value given

When base value is not given

If base value is not given then largest value of

the among the quantities is chosen as base.
 FORMULAS OF PER UNIT
SYSTEM
For each system parameter, per-unit value is
equal to the actual value divided by a base
value:
Vpu= V / Vbase
Ipu= I / Ibase
Zpu= Z / Zbase
Select rated values as base values, usually
rated power in MVA and rated phase voltage in
kV:
Sbase= Srated= 3VlineIline
Ebase= Ephase= Eline/ SQR(3)
 FORMULAS

 PER UNIT IMPEDENCE

RELATION.

Per unit has relation with kva and Vl_l

Per unit impedence base kva
Per unit impedence 1/(base v)
 CHANGE OF BASES.

 USES

TO FIND EQUIVALENT IMPEDENCE OF BOTH

SIDES OF TRANSFORMER..
TO FIND EQUIVALENT CKT OF INDUCTION
MACHINE
 ADVANTAGES OF PER UNIT
SYSTEM
Circuits aresimplified.
Same ranges of voltages (EHV to distribution and
utilization).
Per unit values are same for all machine regarding their
size.(same p.u for both 100 MVA,1000MVA)
P.U reactance for both primary and secondary side remain
same.
This method is ideal for eliminate ideal transformer in ckt
Sqrt (3) factor in the three phase circuit calculations is
eliminated
P.u value remain same for both Y and connection of
T/F.
Manufacturer specify values mostly in per unit.
P.U values are same for both single phase and three phase.
Multiplication of two per unit is also per unit.
DISADVANTAGES OF PER UNIT
SYSTEMS

For transmission lines, value of impedence

and admittance are same regardless of level
of voltages(KVA,MVA)
Equivalent circuits of the components are
modified, making them somewhat more
abstract. Sometimes phase shifts that are
clearly presented in the unscaled circuits
varnish in per-unit system
 Example 1
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts.
Compute the per-unit and percent impedance of
the lamp. Give the p.u. equivalent circuit.

Solution:
(1) Compute lamp resistance
V2 V2
(120) 2
P R 28.8
R P 500

power factor = 1.0 Z 28.80

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 Example 1
(2) Select base quantities
Sb 500VA
Vb 120V

(3) Compute base impedance

Vb2 (120) 2
Zb 28.8
Sb 500
(4) The per-unit impedance is:
Z 28.80
Z p.u . 10 p.u.
Zb 28.8
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 Example 1
(5) Percent impedance:
Z % 100%
(6) Per-unit equivalent circuit:

VS 10 p.u. Z 10 p.u.

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 Example 2
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts. If
the voltage applied across the lamp is twice the
rated value, compute the current that flows
through the lamp. Use the per-unit method.

Solution:
Vb 120V
V 240
V p.u . 20 p.u.
Vb 120
Z p.u . 10 p.u.
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