AC POWER CALCULATION

Instantaneous, average and reactive power

Apparent Power and Power Factor
Complex Power

SEE 1023 Circuit Theory

Dr. Nik Rumzi Nik Idris

1
Instantaneous, Average and Reactive Power

i(t)

+ Passive, linear
v(t) network


Instantaneous power absorbed by the network is, p =v(t).i(t)

Let v(t) = Vm cos (t + v) and i(t) = Imcos(t + i)

Which can be written as

v(t) = Vm cos (t + v  i) and i(t) = Imcos(t)

2
 v(t) = Vm cos (t + v  i) and i(t) = Imcos(t)

p = Vm cos(t + v – i ) . Im cos(t)

Example when v  i = 45o

45o

1
v
0 i
-1

-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

2 positive p = power
1.5 transferred from source
to network
1
Instantaneous
Power (p) 0.5
negative p = power
0 transferred from network
-0.5 to source
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 3
 v(t) = Vm cos (t + v  i) and i(t) = Imcos(t)

p = Vm cos(t + v – i ) . Im cos(t)

Using trigonometry functions, it can be shown that:

VmIm VmIm VmIm

p= cos( v  i )  cos(v  i ) cos 2t  sin( v  i ) sin 2t
2 2 2

Which can be written as

p = P + Pcos(2t)  Qsin(2t)

VmIm
P cos( v  i ) = AVERAGE POWER (watt)
2

VmIm
Q sin( v  i ) = REACTIVE POWER (var) 4
2
 VmIm VmIm VmIm
p= cos( v  i )  cos(v  i ) cos 2t  sin( v  i ) sin 2t
2 2 2

5
 VmIm VI VI
p= cos( v  i )  m m cos(v  i ) cos 2t  m m sin( v  i ) sin 2t
2 2 2

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

1.5 Example for

v-i = 45o
1

0.5

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

6
 VmIm VI VI
p= cos( v  i )  p =mPm+cos(v  i )cos
P cos(2t) 2t  m m sin( v  i ) sin 2t
Q sin(2t)
2 2 2

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

1.5

1 P = average power
0.5

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

0.5
Q = reactive power
0

-0.5

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

7
 p = P + P cos(2t)  Q sin(2t)

P = AVERAGE POWER

• Useful power – also known as ACTIVE POWER

• Converted to other useful form of energy – heat, light, sound, etc

• Power charged by TNB

Q = REACTIVE POWER

• Power that is being transferred back and forth between load and source

• Associated with L or C – energy storage element – no losses

• Is not charged by TNB

• Inductive load: Q positive, Capacitive load: Q negative

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Power for a resistor

Voltage and current are in phase, (  v  i )  0

VmIm VI VI
p= cos( v  i )  m m cos(v  i ) cos 2t  m m sin( v  i ) sin 2t
2 2 2

VmIm VI VmIm
p= cos 0  m m cos 0 cos 2t p= (1  cos 2t )
2 2 2
2

-1

-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

2.5
VmIm
2 P = average power =
1.5 2
1
0.5
0 Q = reactive power = 0
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
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Power for an inductor

Voltage leads current by 90o, ( v  i )  90 o

VmIm VI VI
p= cos( v  i )  m m cos(v  i ) cos 2t  m m sin( v  i ) sin 2t
2 2 2
VmIm VmIm
p=  sin(90 O ) sin 2t p=  sin 2t
2 2
2

1
v i
0

-1

-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

1
P = average power = 0
0

-1
VmIm
Q = reactive power =
-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
2
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Power for a capacitor

Voltage lags current by 90o, ( v  i )  90 o

VmIm VI VI
p= cos( v  i )  m m cos(v  i ) cos 2t  m m sin( v  i ) sin 2t
2 2 2
VmIm VmIm
p = sin( 90 O ) sin 2t p= sin 2t
2 2
2

1
v i
0

-1

-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

1.5

1 P = average power = 0
0.5

0
VmIm
-0.5 Q = reactive power = 
-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
2
11
 Apparent Power and Power Factor

Consider v(t) = Vm cos (t + v) and i(t) = Imcos(t + i)

VmIm
We have seen, P cos( v  i )
2

Vm Im

2 2

= Vrms  Irms Is known as the APPARENT POWER

S  Vrms  Irms VA

12
 Apparent Power and Power Factor

We can now write,

P  S cos(  v  i )

The term cos(  v  i ) is known as the POWER FACTOR

P
POWER FACTOR  pf   cos(  v  i )
S

For inductive load, (v  i) is positive  current lags voltage  lagging pf
S  Vrms  Irms

For capacitive load, (v  i) is negative  current leads voltage  leading pf
13
Apparent Power and Power Factor

P
POWER FACTOR  pf   cos(  v  i )
S

14
 Apparent Power and Power Factor

P
POWER FACTOR  pf   cos(  v  i )
S
Irms = 5- 40o

+
Vrms = 25010 o

+ VL Load
Source



Power factor of the load = cos (10-(-40)) = cos (50o) = 0.6428 (lagging)

Apparent power, S = 1250 VA

Active power absorbed by the load is 250(5) cos (50o)= 1250(0.6428) = 803.5 watt
Reactive power absorbed by load is 250(5) sin (50o)= 1250(0.6428) = 957.56 var
15
 Complex Power

Defined as:
V  I*
S (VA)
2

Where, V  Vm  v and I  Im i  I*  Im   i

V Im
If we let Vrms  m  v  Vrms  v and Irms  i  Irms i
2 2

S  Vrms  I *rms (VA)

16
 Complex Power

V  I*
S (VA)
2

1
Where, S Vm v  Im   i
2

1
 VmIm ( v  i )
2

 VrmsIrms ( v  i )

 VrmsIrms cos( v  i )  jVrmsIrms sin( v  i )

 P  jQ

P  Re( S)  Vrms Irms cos(  v - i ) Q  Im( S)  Vrms Irms sin( v - i )

17
 Complex Power

S  P  jQ
The complex power contains all information about the load

Irms = 5- 40o

We have seen before:
Apparent power, S = 1250 VA
+
Vrms = 25010 o Active power, P = 803.5 watt
+ VL Load
Source Reactive power, Q = 957.56 var

 With complex power,
S = 25010o (5-40o) VA
S = 1250 50o VA

S S = (803.5 + j957.56) VA
957.56 var
|S| = S = Apparent power
50o
= 1250 VA
803.5 watt 18
 Complex Power

Other useful forms of complex power

S  Vrms  I *rms

We know that Vrms  ZIrms

 S  ZIrms  I *rms
2
S  Z Irms
2
S  Irms (R  jX )

2 2
S  ( Irms R  j Irms X)

P Q
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 Complex Power

Other useful forms of complex power

S  Vrms  I *rms

Vrms
We know that Irms 
Z
* 2
 Vrms  Vrms
 S  Vrms    S
 Z  Z

2
Vrms
For a pure resistive element, P
R
2
Vrms
For a pure reactive element, Q
X
20
 Conservation of AC Power
Complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal the respective
sums of the complex, real and reactive powers of the individual loads

21
 Conservation of AC Power

Complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal the respective
sums of the complex, real and reactive powers of the individual loads

Ss = Ps +jQs = (P1 + P2 + P3) + j (Q1 + Q2 + Q3)

But

22
 Maximum Average Power Transfer

Max power transfer in DC circuit can be applied to AC circuit analysis

ZTh I

+
AC linear
VTh
+
circuit
V ZL


What is the value of ZL so that maximum average power is transferred to it?

23
 Maximum Average Power Transfer

ZTh I

VTh
+
V ZL


What is the value of ZL so that maximum average power is transferred to it?

24
 Maximum Average Power Transfer

What is the value of ZL so that maximum average power is transferred to it?

ZTh I

+ ZTh= RTh + jXTh

VTh
+
V ZL ZL= RL + jXL


1 2 P P
P  I RL P max when  0 and 0
2 RL XL

25
 Maximum Average Power Transfer

What is the value of ZL so that maximum average power is transferred to it?

ZTh I VTh
I
+ (R Th  jX Th )  (RL  jXL )
VTh
+
V ZL 2
 VTh RL
P
(R Th  RL )2  ( XL  X Th )2 2


1 2 P P
P  I RL P max when  0 and 0
2 RL XL

XL = XTh , RL= RTh

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