Chapter 11 AC Power

Analysis

Four things come not back: the spoken word; the sped arrow; time
past; the neglected opportunity.

__Al Halif Omar Ibn

Technical terms:
1. effective value [ 有效值 ]
2. root mean square [ 均方根 ]
3. power factor [ 功率因数 ]
4. average power [ 平均功率 ]
5. real power [ 有功功率 ]
6. reactive power [ 无功功率 ]
7. apparent power [ 视在功率 ]
7. complex power [ 复功率 ]
8.quadrature [ 正交 ]
9.power factor correction [ 功率因数修正 ]
10.cancel [ 抵消 ]
11.vanish [ 消失 ]
12.deliver [ 传递 ]
13.conservation [ 守恒 ]
Chapter 11 AC Power Analysis

10.2 Instantaneous and Average Power

10.3 Maximum Average Power Transfer
10.4 Effective or RMS Value
10.5 Apparent Power and Power Factor
10.6 Complex Power
10.7 Conservation of AC Power
10.8 Summary
10.2 Instantaneous and Average Power
Let the voltage and current at the terminals of the circuit be

v(t )  Vm cos(t   v ) i (t )  I m cos(t   i ) i

+

The instantaneous power absorbed by the circuit is

v
-
net

p (t )  v(t )i (t ) Passive linear network

 Vm I m cos(t   v ) cos(t   i )
 v 2
(t )
Resistor: p(t )  v (t )i (t )  i (t ) R 
2

di (t ) 1 t
Inductor: p (t )  v (t )i (t )  Li (t )  v ( t )  v (t )dt 
dt L 

dv(t ) 1 t
Capacitor: p(t )  v(t )i (t )  Cv(t )  i ( t )  i (t )dt 
dt C 

西南石油大学电气信息学院 5
The average power is the average of the instantaneous power over one period.
T
1
P   p (t )dt (W )
T 0

p  v(t )i (t )  Vm cos(t   v ) I m cos(t  i )

1 1
 Vm I m cos( v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t   v  i )
2 2

1
cos   cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
2
 1 1
p (t )  Vm I m cos( v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t   v  i )
2 2

1 T
P   p(t )dt
T 0
1 T 1 T

2T 0
Vm I m cos( v  i )dt 
2T 0
Vm I m cos(2t   v  i )dt
1 1
 Vm I m cos( v  i )  Vm I m cos 
2 2

1
P  Vm I m cos( v   i )
2
A purely resistive circuit or resistive load R:

1 1 2 1 2
P  Vm I m cos(0)  I m R  I R
2 2 2
Purely reactive circuit:

1
P  Vm I m cos 90  0
2
A resistive load(R) absorbs power at all time,while a reactive load (L or C)
absorbs zero average power.
Reactive power:
1
Q  Vm I m sin( v   i ) (VAR , 乏)
2
Purely resistor circuit:
1
Q  Vm I m sin 0  0
2
Reactive load L or C reactive power:

1 1 2
Q  Vm I m sin 90  I m X
2 2
 11.2 平均功
率t/6), impedance Z=260, find the instantaneous
Given that v=4cos(
power and the average power absorbed by the impedance.

t
v (t )  4 cos V  V  40 V
6

V 40  t 
I   2  60 A i (t )  2 cos   60  A
Z 260  6 

t t  t 
p(t )  v(t )i(t )  2cos  4cos   60   2  4cos   60  W
6 6   3 

1 1
P  Vm I m cos( v  i )   (4)  (2) cos 60  2W
2 2

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西南石油大学电气信息学院 11
 11.2 平均功
Find the average率power being delivered to an impedance
ZL=8–j11 by a current I=520A.
I  520A
I
V  IZ  (520)(13.6  54)  68  34A

V 8-j11W ZL 1 1
PS  Vm I m cos( v  i )   68  5  cos(54)  100W
2 2

1 2 1
 PR  | I | R   (5) 2  8  100W
2 2
12/29/2022 西南石油大学电气信息学院 12
 Find the average11.2 平均功
power absorbed by each of the three passive element
in the circuit, as率
well as the average power supplied by each source.

PL  PC  0 W

200  j5I1  2(I1  I 2 )  0 I1  5  j10  11.18  63.43A


2(I 2  I1 )  j 2I 2  100  0 I 2  5  j5  7.071  45A

I1  I2   j5  5  90A 1
Pleft   (20)  11.18  cos 63.43  50W
2
1 2 1
PR   5  2  25W Pright    (10)  (7.071)  cos 45  25W
2 2

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11.3 Maximum Average Power Transfer
The Thevenin impedance ZTh and the load impedance ZL are
ZTh  RTh  jX Th Z L  RL  jX L

2
VTh
 Pmax 
Z L  RL  jX L  RTh  jX Th  Z Th 8 RTh
For the network , (a)determine the load impedance ZL that maximizes the average power
drawn from the circuit.(b) what is this maximum average power?

a
50W
Zth  80 || j 60  28.8  j 38.4 
j60W 80W
5Ð0°A Vth  I(28.8  j 38.4)  144  j192 V
b  24053 V

2
Vth 2402
Z L  Zth  28.8  j 38.4  PL max    250 W
8RL 8  28.8

12/29/2022 西南石油大学电气信息学院 15
11.4 Effective or RMS Value
The effective value of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the same
average power to a resistor as the periodic current.

1 T R T2 P  I eff2 R
P  i Rdt   i dt
2

T 0 T 0
1 T

2
The effective value or rms of the current I rms  i dt
T 0

The effective value of a periodic signal is its root mean square (RMS) value.
For the sinusoid i=Imcost,the effective or rms value is

Im 1
I rms   0.707 I m I rms  I eff
T

2
2 I rms  i dt
T 0

For the sinusoid v=Vmcost,the effective or rms value is

1 T 2 Vm
Vrms  
T 0
v dt 
2
 0.707Vm Vrms  Veff
So that

1
P  Vm I m cos( v   i )  Vrms I rms cos( v   i )
2

For a purely resistive circuit (Z=R):

2
1 2 V
P  Vm I m cos 0  Vrms I rms  I rms R  rms
2 R
11.5 Apparent Power and Power Factor
The apparent power S (measured in VA)is the product of the rms values
of voltage and current.

S  Vrms I rms (VA)

P  Vrms I rms cos( v   i )  S cos( v   i )

Q  Vrms I rms sin( v  i )  S sin( v  i )

The power factor （ pf ） is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and
current.It is also the cosine of the angle of the load impedance.
P
pf   cos( v   i )
S
V Vm  v Vm
Z    v   i  Z z
I I m  i I m

If a purely resistive circuit (Z=R): pf  cos 0  1

If a purely reactive circuit (Z=jX): pf  cos 90  0

11.6 Complex Power
Given the current and voltage phasor form

I m  i I
I rms  I rms  i  
2 2
Vm  v V
Vrms  Vrms  v  
2 2

The complex power S is

 1 
S  Vrms I rms  VI (VA)
2
 
SV I rms rms  Vrms I rms  v   i
And
 Vrms I rms cos( v   i )  jVrms I rms sin( v   i )
 P  jQ  S v   i S Q


P is the average or real power:
P
P  Vrms I rms cos( v   i )  Re[S] (W )
Q is the reactive (or quadrature ) power :
Z
Q  Vrms I rms sin( v   i )  Im[S] (VAR ) X


S is the Apparent power:
R
S  S  P 2  Q 2  Vrms I rms (VA )
10.7 Conservation of AC Power
The complex, real,and reactive powers of the sources equal the respective sums of the complex, real,and
reactive powers of the individual loads.

S  S1  S 2  L  S N
 ( P1  jQ1 )  ( P2  jQ2 )  L  ( PN  jQN )
 ( P1  P2  L  PN )  j (Q1  Q2  L  QN )
 P  jQ

P  P1  P2  L  PN Q  Q1  Q2  L  QN

but S  S1  S 2  L  S N
Summary

1. The instantaneous power is p=vi.

T
1 1
2. Average power is P   p(t )dt  Vm I m cos( v  i )  Vrms I rms cos(v  i )
T 0 2

3. When ZL=Z*Th the maximum power is transferred.

1 T Im

2
4. The effective value or rms of the current is I eff  I rms  i dt 
T 0
2

P
5. The power factor is pf   cos( v   i )
S
6. Apparent power is S  Vrms I rms  S  P 2  Q 2 (VA)

1
7. Reactive power is Q  Vm I m sin( v   i )  Vrms I rms sin( v   i ) (VAR )
2

2
V
8. Complex power S is S  Vrms I rms 2
 I rms 2
Z  rms  I rms 2
R  jI rms X  P  jQ
Z

9. The powers of the sources equal the respective sums of the powers of the individual loads.

S  S1  S 2  L  S N

P  P1  P2  L  PN Q  Q1  Q2  L  QN