ch04-CIRCUIT THEOREMS -16to9 (1) -土豆 - Win10

Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems
It is engineering that changes the world.
—Isaac Asimov
V.K.Zworykin （ 1850-1981)
12/29/2022 西南石油大学电气信息学院 1
Technical
terms:
1. theorem [ 原理，定理 ] 8. source transformation[ 电源变换 ]
2. linear circuit [ 线性电路 ] 9. Thevenin's theorem [ 戴维宁定理 ]
3. homogeneity [ 齐次性 ] 10. Norton's theorem [ 诺顿定理 ]
4. superposition [ 叠加性 ] 11. maximum power transfer [ 最大功率传输 ]
5. excitation [ 激励 ] 12. deaden [ 衰减 ]
6. response [ 响应 ] 13. quadratic [ 平方的 ]
7. equivalent [ 等效的 ] 14. principle [ 原理 ]
Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems
4.2 Linearity Property
4.3 Superposition
4.4 Source Transformation
4.5 Thevenin's Theorem Transformation
4.6 Norton's Theorem
4.7 Maximum Power Transfer
4.2 Linearity Property
Linearity
Homogeneity Additivity
v  iR v1  i1  R v2  i2  R
k v  k i  R v  (i1  i2 )  R  v1  v2
if vS 1  f (i1 ), vS 2  f ( i2 )
homogeneity : kvS 1  f (ki1 ) additity: v  f (i1  i2 )  vS 1  vS 2
linearity:
ki  ki1  ki2 f (ki )  kf (vs )  kf (is )
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related(or directly proportional) to its input.
Linear element, linear dependent sources , independent sources.
a linear circuit with input vx and output i.
i
vx Linear circuit R
Voltage Current Power
linear dependent sources
a dependent current or voltage source whose output current or voltage is proportional

only to the first power of a specified current or voltage variable in circuit (or to the sum
of such quantities)
vs=0.6 i1- 14 v2 linear

but vs =0.6i2 vs= 0.6i1 v2 not linear
homogeneity
In a linear circuit, if every independent source increases(or decreases )by

constant K at the same time, any voltage or current in the circuit will increase
(or decrease ) by K correspondingly.
6W 6W
ix ix
3V 2A 15V 9W 10A
9W
ix  1 A ix  5 A
Find the voltage and current for each branch in the circuit.
1W 1W 1W 1W
7V 1W 1W 1W
Find the current IO
4.3 Superposition
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or
current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum
of the voltage across (or currents though ) that element due to each
independent source acting alone.
m n
total response   ki vsi   h j isj
i 1 j 1
where: k,h –parameters due to the network and the elements

m- the number of voltage source,
n- the number of current source.
Set voltage source to zero Set current source to zero
—short circuit —open circuit
Turning off a independent source means to replace voltage source

by short circuit and replace current source by open circuit.
i3
G1 i2 G2 G3 G1 i (1)
G2 i3(1) G3
=
2
is1 + + is1
us2 us3
– –
Three source working together Is1 acting alone
G1
(2)
i i3(2) G3 G1 i(3) i3(3) G3
2 2
+ +
us2
+ us3
+
– –
Us2 acting alone Us3 acting alone
Determine the current ix.
6W 6W 6W
v1
ix i¢x i²x
3V 2A 3V 9W 2A
9W 9W
Steps to apply superposition principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or
current ) due to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources.
NOTE:
1. We consider one independent source at a time while all other independent source
are turned off( voltage source by 0V or a short circuit, and current source by 0A or
an open circuit).
2. Dependent source are left intact .
Find in the ix circuit using superposition.
ix i'x i"x
15W 15W
7W 7W 15W
7W
2A 5W 3.5V 2A 5W 3.5V
3W 3W
3W
In math, linearity property means linear map which satisfies homogeneity and additivity.
f ( x  y )  f ( x)  f ( y )
f (ax  by )  af ( x)  bf ( y )
f (ax)  af ( x)
Find the current ix in the circuit by
superposition.
For the circuit, use superposition principle to find i.
Find the voltage across the independent source and dependent
source.
15W
v1 15W v2 15W
i 7W
7W 2A 7W 5W 4i 5W 4i
2A 5W 4i
3V
3V
Statement
Superposition can be used in the circuit which has two or more independent sources or
complex excitations.
f(t)=2cos(10t)+5sin(2t)+10
 f1(t)=2cos(10t), f2(t)=5sin(2t), f3(t)=10
Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables.
Limitation: superposition is based on linearity. It is not applicable to the effect on power
due to each source.
Disadvantage: analyzing more than one circuit.
Advantage: reducing a complex circuit to simpler circuits
Find the current I through the voltage source .
70V 10
2A 4
+ －
2 5
I
2A 10
4
I (1)
2 5
＋
70V 10
4
+ －
2 5
3A
Calculate the voltage u.
6 3 ＋－
u
－＋ 1
6V 12V
2A
＋－
3A
－
＋－ 6 3 ＋
6 3 1 ＋－＋ 1
6V 12V 2A
＋－
In any linear resistive network, the voltage across or the current through any
resistor or source may be calculated by adding algebraically all the individual
voltages or currents caused by the separate independent sources acting alone, with
all other independent voltage source replaced by short circuits and all other
independent current sources replaced by open circuits.
A group of independent sources may be made active and

inactive collectively, if we wish
For example, suppose there are three independent source. The principle states that we
may find a given response by considering each of the three sources acting alone and adding
the three results. Alternatively, we may find the response due to the first and second
sources operating with the third inactive, and then add to this the response caused by the
third source acting alone. This amounts to treating several sources collectively as a sort of
“supersource.”
Packaged circuit shown in the figure ， the experimental data is
listed below ：
when uS  1V, iS  1A ，response i  2A uS
＋－
whenuS  1V, iS  2A ，response i  1A
when uS  3V, iS  5A ，response i  ？ iS
Passive
i
Answer: Linear
According to superposition
i  k1iS  k2uS circuit
Substituting the data,
k1  k2  2 k1  1
i  uS  iS  3  5  2A
2k1  k2  1 k2  1
Using superposition to find v in the circuit.
Ideal voltage source Ideal current source
Practical voltage source Practical current source
Practical voltage source
vL  vS  RS iL
short current ( RL  0, vL  0) : open voltage( RL  , iL  0) :

iLsc  vS RS
vLoc  vS
5.2 单口网络的等效电路
Practical current source
vL
iL  iS 
Rp
short current( RL  0, vL  0) : open voltage( RL  , iL  0) :

iLsc  iS vLoc  R p iS
Voltage source series R vL  vS  RS iL
vL
iL  iS 
current source parallel R Rp
The tow circuits are equivalent —— provided they have the same voltage-current relation
at terminals a-b. Thus :
when Rs  R p vs  R p is  Rs is
i i
+ +
v v
 
(a) (b
)
A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source vs in

series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R
,or vice versa.
Transformation of independent sources.

Transformation of dependent sources.
i i
+ +
c v c v
 
vc  ic R
Handle the dependent variable carefully
NOTE
1. The arrow of the current source is directed toward the positive terminal of the
voltage source.
2. The source transformation is not possible when R=0,which is the case with an
ideal voltage source. However, for a practical, nonideal voltage source ,R 0.
Similarly ,an ideal current source with R=  cannot be replaced by a finite
voltage source.
Compute the current through the 4.7k resistor by
transformation of source.
4.7kW 3kW
i
9mA 5kW 3V
Find the current ix.
5kW
ix
5V 1mA
47kW
Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit.
Find io in the circuit using source transformation.
Calculate the voltage by making use of source
transformations to first simplify the circuit.
1. 5A
I ＝？
3
7
4
2A
2.
+
5 10V
_ 5 +U=
+ 6A
10V _？
_
Transform the circuit to a simple circuit as the combination of
a voltage source and a resistor.
1. + +
10V 10V
_ _
6A
10
2. + 2A
6V
_
6A
10
Find the current I.
2A 6 I
10 4
+
+
2A 30V
10 40V _
_
Use source transformation to reduce the circuit between terminals
a and b to a single voltage source in series with a single resistor.
4.5 Thevenin's Theorem
Thevenin's theorem states that
a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a resistor RTh.
where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
4.6 Norton's Theorem
Norton's theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN,
where IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals and RN is the input or
equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
The open-circuit voltage voc across terminals a and b.
The short-circuit current isc at terminals a and b.
The equivalent or input resistance at the terminals a and
b when all the independent sources are turnd off
Finding thevenin equivalent circuit,

vOC
RTH 
iSC method1: vOC , RTH
method2 : vOC , iSC
Solutions for thevenin equivalent circuit
simple Case 1:only independent source and resistors
Case 2:only dependent source and resistors
complex Case 3:independent source, dependent source, resistors
Case 1:only independent source and resistors
1 methods
Equivalent transform open-circuit voltage and equivalent resistance
2 open-circuit voltage and equivalent resistance

① Simplify the circuit.
② Break the terminals to find the vOC.
③ Turn off all the independent sources (vs=0 short-circuit and is=0 open-circuit) , RTH is the input
resistance of the network looking between terminals a and b.
a
N vOC N0 RTH
b b
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit to the left of the
resistor RL
Method 1:equivalent transform
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit to the left of
the resistor RL
Method 2: open-circuit voltage and equivalent resistance
Using Thevenin’ theorem, find the current i2 in the circuit.
4W 5W
i2
9V 4W 2W
6W
4W 5W
i2
9V 4W 2W
6W
Find the thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit for the
network connected to 1k resistor.
2kW 3kW
4V 2mA 1kW
2kW 3kW
4V 2mA 1kW
a
Calculate the current I when Rxequals1.2, 5.2
4 I 6
respectively. Rx
6 b 4
10V
+ –
Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the right part.
10 –
4 2 24V
I 12V I1 I2 +
+ –
Case 2:only dependent source and resistors
method
Apply independent source externally
① Simplify circuit.
② Insert a 1V voltage source at terminals, measure the
voltage vtest that results
Insert a 1A current source at terminals, measure the
current itest that results
③ Set : RTH=vtest/1=1/itest, vOC=0.
a itest a
• pay attention to the reference
N vtest 1A N 1V direction of vtest or itest
b b
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit.
Method 1: 1V voltage source

3W i
a
1.5i 2W
戴维南等效电路
Method2: 1A current source
3W i
a
1.5i 2W
10W 5W
i1
20i1 30W
10W 5W method2: 1A current source
i1
20i1 30W
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit
Question: voltage source orcurrent source?
i i1 1W
a a
4W
2i 2W 3W 2i1 2W
b b
i i1 itest
1W
a a
2W 4W
vtest 3W 2i1 2W 1V
4i 1A
b
b
If a resistor in series with the network terminals, usually choose current source;
If a resistor in parallel with the network terminals , usually choose voltage source;
Case 3:independent source, dependent source, resistors
Method:
Open-circuit voltage and applying source externally
Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current
a a
vOC
N vOC N iSC RTH 
iSC
b b
2 kW 3 kW
vx
4V vx
4000
2 kW 3 kW
vx
4V vx
4000
100V
a
0.01V1 20kW V1
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the
circuit.
100V
a
0.01V1 20kW V1
100V
a
0.01V1 20kW V1
Use the Thevenin theorem to determine the voltage Uo
6I
6 – +
+ +
I
9V 3 3 U0
– –
Method 2 ： open-circuit voltage short-circuit current
6I
6 – +
I1 + Isc
I
9V 3
–
Find the thevenin equivalent of the circuit at the terminals a-b.
Find the thevenin equivalent of the circuit at the terminals a-b.
Find the power delivered to the load RL
4I1
50 50 I1
+ 100 RL 5
40V 50V
– + –
4I1
50 50 I1
+ 100 RL 5
40V 50V
– + –
Known switch S
Linear
1 A ＝ 2A Network 3
S 1 2 + 1A +
with
2 V ＝ 4V independent A V 5 U
source - －
Let S switch to 3 ， what is the voltage U?
NOTE
1. For different case , choose appropriate method to analyze the circuit.
2. If the network has dependent source, it occurs that RTh takes a negative value.The
circuit is supplying power.
3. Applying voltage source or current source externally for finding the thevenin
equivalent resistance, turn off all the independent source.
4. The following two circuit are equivalent.

-100.5W -100.5W
a a
-0.502V 0.502V
b b
NOTE
① Only the Thevenin equivalent circuit can be obtained for a network with the
equivalent resistance Req= 0 。
② Only the Norton equivalent circuit can be obtained for a network with the
equivalent resistance Req= 。
a a
＋ Isc
Req=0
A Uoc
A Req=
b －
b
The circuit used for maximum power transfer.
A circuit is designed to provide power to a load RL. we can adjust the variable resistor RL
until it absorbs the maximum power from the circuit.
Problem : the value of RL for maximum power.
the maximum power absorbed by RL.
i
N RL
2
2  vTH 
pL  i RL    RL
 RTH  RL 
Derivation of the thereom
2
2  VTH 
pL  i RL    RL
 RTH  RL 
d ( pL )
0 pL gets the extreme value
d ( RL )
d ( pL )
2
VTH ( RTH  RL ) 2  2( RTH  RL ) RL  2
VTH ( RTH  RL )
  0
d ( RL ) ( RTH  RL ) 4 ( RTH  RL ) 3
d ( pL ) d 2 ( pL ) VTH2
 RTH  RL 0 Q  2 0
d ( RL ) d ( RL ) 2 R 8 RTH
L  RTH
2
 VTH  VTH2
 pL max  pL   RTH 
 RTH  RTH  4 RTH
RL  RTH
最大功率传输定理
Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the
Thevenin resistance as seen from terminals of the load.
i
2
RTH VTH
vTH
pLmax 
RL 4 RTH
2
2  vTH 
pL  i RL    RL
 RTH  RL 
In the circuit, 最大功率传输定理
v
(a)If Rout=3k , calculate the power of Rout transferred by the network.

(b)Find the value of Routfor maximum power transferred and the
maximum power .
N 20V 40V
30V
2kW Rout
2kW
最大功率传输定理
N 20V 40V
30V
2kW Rout
2kW
(a)Determine the 最大功率传输定理
value of RL that will draw the maximum
power from the rest of the circuit. (b) Calculate the maximum.
(c) find the ratio of maximum power to the power supplied by
360v voltage source.
i
30W
360V 150W RL
N1

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Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

It is engineering that changes the world.

4.2 Linearity Property

4.4 Source Transformation

4.5 Thevenin's Theorem Transformation

4.6 Norton's Theorem

4.7 Maximum Power Transfer

a linear circuit with input vx and output i.

Voltage Current Power

a dependent current or voltage source whose output current or voltage is proportional

vs=0.6 i1- 14 v2 linear

In a linear circuit, if every independent source increases(or decreases )by

where: k,h –parameters due to the network and the elements

Turning off a independent source means to replace voltage source

Three source working together Is1 acting alone

Us2 acting alone Us3 acting alone

A group of independent sources may be made active and

Substituting the data,

Practical voltage source Practical current source

short current ( RL  0, vL  0) : open voltage( RL  , iL  0) :

short current( RL  0, vL  0) : open voltage( RL  , iL  0) :

A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source vs in

Transformation of independent sources.

Handle the dependent variable carefully

Finding thevenin equivalent circuit,

simple Case 1:only independent source and resistors

Case 2:only dependent source and resistors

complex Case 3:independent source, dependent source, resistors

2 open-circuit voltage and equivalent resistance

Method 2: open-circuit voltage and equivalent resistance

Method 1: 1V voltage source

Method2: 1A current source

Open-circuit voltage and applying source externally

Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current

4. The following two circuit are equivalent.

The circuit used for maximum power transfer.

(a)If Rout=3k , calculate the power of Rout transferred by the network.

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