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9 November 2021 1
Vishal Chaudhary, Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, MITS Gwalior
Unit I
“D.C Circuit Analysis”
(Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering-
100022)
Presented By
Vishal Chaudhary
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering,
M.I.T.S Gwalior
vishal.chaudhary30@mitsgwalior.in
9926245805
UNIT-I
Electrical Circuit Analysis
• Voltage & current sources.
• Dependent & independent source.
• Source conversion.
• Analysis of D.C circuits.
• Mesh & loop analysis.
• Network Theorems
• Thevnin’s , Norton’s & Superposition theorem.
(i = current)
Passive Element:
The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and then either converts it into heat (R)
or stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L ) field is called passive element.
Active Element:
The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called active element. Examples of active
elements include voltage and current sources, generators, and electronic devices that require
power supplies. A transistor is an active circuit element, meaning that it can amplify power of a
signal. On the other hand, transformer is not an active element because it does not amplify the
power level and power remains same both in primary and secondary sides. Transformer is an
example of passive element.
Bilateral Element:
Conduction of current in both directions in an element (example: Resistance; Inductance;
Capacitance) with same magnitude is termed as bilateral element.
Unilateral Element:
Conduction of current in one direction is termed as unilateral (example: Diode, Transistor)
element.
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Various representations of an
electrical system
i i
+
Source
+
Load
v VS _+ v R
–
– + –
Car Headlight
i battery
Power flow
(a) Conceptual (b) Symbolic (circuit) (c) Physical
representation representation representation
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Definition of a branch
a
+ i
A
Branch v Branch R
voltage current
rm
–
A branch
b
Ideal A battery Practical
resistor ammeter
vS iS
Node
Node b
Node b
vS iS R1 R2
Loop 1 Loop 2
The relationship between nodes, branches and loops can be expressed as
follows:
B=L + N - 1
In using the above equation, the number of loops are restricted to be those that
are independent.
In solving most of the circuits in this course, we will not need to resort to Eq.
However, there are times when it is helpful to use this equation to check our
analysis.
Mesh 3
Mesh
R1
4
+ Mesh Mesh R5
vS 1 R2 2
_ iS
Current
Note:
1. The Coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of charge, there are 1/(1.602 x
10-19) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons.
2. The law of conservation charge states that charge can be neither be created
nor destroyed, only transferred.
• Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in ampere (A).
dq
i Where, current is measured in amperes (A),
dt 1 ampere= 1 coulomb/ second
1. A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time (I)
2. An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time (i).
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element , measured in volts (V).
vab vba
-b
dw
p w =energy (J), t = time (s)
dt
dw dw dq
p
dt dq dt
vi or p vi (instantaneous power)
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3...
Total resistance
(ohms)
Individual resistances (W)
Examples:
-AA batteries
-12-Volt car battery
-Wall plug
v v v
+ + v +
v V- i - i
-
+
Practical
vS +
voltage _ vL RL
source –
vS
iS =
rS + R L
vS
lim i S =
RL 0 rS
rS iS max
vS +
_ vL
The maximum (short circuit)
–
current which can be supplied
by a practical voltage source is
iS max = vS
rS
Maximum output +
voltage for practical iS r v S
current source with S
open-circuit load: –
vS max = i S rS
A
A vS +
_ R2 vS +_
i i R2
+ + +
vS +
_ v2 R2 V vS +
_ v2 R2 V v2
–
i – i –
+ +
vS _+ v2 R2 vS +_ V v 2 R2
– –
KCL says:
24 μA + -10 μA + (-)-4 μA + -i =0
24 mA -4 mA
18 μA – i = 0
10 mA i
i = 18 μA
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Three circuit laws
Websites:
• http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
• http://www.sciencedirect.com
• http://www.youtube.com
• http://en.bookfi.org
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
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