DC Motor

ET 332a
Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTORY
CONCEPTS
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After this presentation you will be able to:
 Explain the energy conversion process

that takes place in the motors and
generators.
 Explain the difference between
conventional and electron current flow

 Identify power sources and loads in an
electric circuit
2
ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES
Motors and Generators
Motor Action
Electric power Mechanical Power
Input Output
Electric Mechanical
Energy Energy
Magnetic
Flux
3
ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES
Motors and Generators
Generator Action
Mechanical power Electric Power
Input Output
Mechanical Electrical
Energy Energy
Magnetic
Flux
4
REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS
Conventions and Assumptions
Conventional Vs Electron current flow
+ +
Voltage Voltage
Source Source
-- --
Conventional current Electron current

+ to - flow - to + flow
Either system is correct
Conventional current standard in power systems and ac analysis

5
Indentifying Sources and Loads
A device is a source when current flows from
the positive terminal (conventional flow)
A
+ +
B
1 1
Device Device
A A
- -
A2 B2
Device B: Load
Device A: Source
A device is a load when current flows into

the positive terminal (conventional flow)
6
Reversing the direction of current or the
voltage polarity changes converts most
sources to loads
+ +
A A
1 1
Device Device
A A
- -
A2 A2
Device A: Source
Reverse voltage polarity
+ Device A is now a load
A
1
Reverse Device
current A
-
A2 Device A: Load
7
QUANTITY SIGN CONVENTIONS
The + and – signs used to indicate direction of:
Curren
t
Force
Rotatio
n
Power
Voltag
e
Compared to a reference direction
8
SIGN CONVENTION EXAMPLES
Shaft Rotation
Clockwise CW Counter Clockwise CCW
Define clockwise as Counter clockwise

positive (+) now becomes
rotation negative (-) rotation
9
Voltage measurementCase 1: V=E =+10 V Real polarity same as
Marked by leads
Black box 1 Reference relative
to black lead
+
Voltmeter
E Reading
V
10
Voltage measurementCase 2: V=E =-10 V Real polarity opposite of
marked by leads
Black box 1
+
Voltmeter
E Reading
V
Leads reversed
11
ET 332a
END LESSON 1
12
LESSON 5: MECHANICS FOR
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
1 ET 332a
Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion
Devices
Learning Objectives
 Explain how torque and speed is

represented.
 Convert power, torque and speed units
from SI to English Units

 Perform simple mechanical calculations.
 Identify common mechanical loads for
electrical machines.
2
SPEED DEFINITIONS AND UNIT
CONVERSIONS
Angular speed (radians/second)
d
rad/sec used in calculations 
dt
w = angular speed (radians/sec)

q = arc length (radians)
Standard for motors and generators
Revolutions per minute (RPM)
Conversions  60   2 
n       n
 2   60 
3
rad/sec to RPM RPM to rad/sec
FORCE AND TORQUE
Torque –”twisting Vector representation
Force
force
Units SI (N-m)
English (ft-lb) q Perpendicular
r
Torque
Lever arm
Definitions
Torque =(applied force)∙(perpendicular distance)
T F (r sin())
4
FORCE AND TORQUE EXAMPLE
Example: torque wrench
Center of
Rotation
F = 20 N
d = 20 cm
q = 90o
T = 20 N (0.2 m sin(90o)) = 4.0 N-m
5
FORCE AND TORQUE EXAMPLE
Example: Non-perpendicular distance
q = 60o
Perpendicular distance
reduced
r sin(q)
d = 20 cm F = 20 N
6
T = F(r sin(q)) = 20 N (0.2 m sin(60o)) = 3.46 N-m
CIRCULAR MOTION AND TORQUE
Torque changes with position in circular motion
F
90 deg
rotation
d 0 deg d=r and T = max at 0

180 deg 180 deg q = 90o
r
F
d =0 T = 0 at 90 and
270 deg q = 0o F
270 deg F
7
WORK AND POWER
Energy dissipates and work occurs when a force
acts on a mass
Lifting a weight requires work
and dissipates energy
Work = (Force)(Distance) Linear Systems
W (Joules) = F (Newtons) X D (Meters)
D Power is how fast work is done
Rate of energy consumption

Mass (M) Power = Work/Time
P (Watts) = W (Joules)/ t (seconds) 8

F
Force = (Mass)(Acceleration of gravity) = Weight
WORK AND POWER IN ROTATING
SYSTEMS
Work in rotating system
W = T∙q
T = torque (N-m)
q = angular distance (m)
Power in rotating system
P = T∙w
P = power (Watts, W)
T = torque (N-m)
w = angular speed 9
(rad/sec)
ENGLISH-SI UNIT CONVERSIONS
SI Units
English Units
Power = Watts or Kilowatts (W,
Power = Horsepower (HP)
kW)
Torque = (lb-ft)
Torque = Newton-Meters (N-m)
Mechanical Power Conversion- Watts to Hp

Conversion factor: 1 hp = 746 watts
P (W)
P (hp)  Watts to hp
746 W/hp
P (W) P (hp) 746 W/hp hp to Watts
10
Power (HP) to Torque (lb-ft) in English Units
5252 P
T
n
Where: T = torque in lb-ft
P = power in horsepower (hp)
n = speed in rpm
Torque with mixed SI and English units

7.04 P
T
n
Where:T = torque in lb-ft

P = power in Watts 11
n = speed in rpm
Torque in SI Units. Remember the definition of power…

P
P T  T

T = torque (N-m)
P = Watts (W)
w = angular speed (radians/s)
Solve torque equations for speed
English P SI P
Units n Units 
5252 T T
12
UNIT CONVERSION EXAMPLES
Example 1: A motor develops 25 Hp at the shaft
at a speed of 1750 rpm. Find the torque (N-m)
developed and the power output in Watts
Make power unit conversion. HP=25 hp
P 746 W/hp HP 746 W/hp 25 hp 18,650 W
Find torque by converting n in rpm to w in radians /second
 2π 
ω   1750 rpm 183.17 rad/s
 60 
P 18,650 W
T  101.8 N - m
ω 183.17 rad/s 13
UNIT CONVERSION EXAMPLES
Example 2: A generator delivers 50 kW of
power at 170 rad/s. What horsepower and torque
(ft-lb) should the drive engine have.
Convert power in watts to hp. Remember 50 kW = 50,000 W
P 50,000 W
HP   67 hp 7.04 50,000 W
746 W/hp 746 W/hp T
1624.2 rpm
216.7 lb - ft
5252 67 hp
T 216.7 lb - ft
To find torque in lb-ft, convert the speed into rpm 1624.7 rpm
 60   60 
n    170 rad/s   1624.2 rpm
 2   2 
Now you can find torque 7.04 P 5252 P

with these two T or T 14
equations
n n
MECHANICS FOR MOTORS AND
GENERATORS
Power is conserved in a lossless mechanical system.
(Need consistent units)
In a rotational motion system
P T 
In a linear motion system
P F v
Where: F = force in Newtons (N)

v = velocity in meters/second (m/s)
T = torque in N-m
w = angular velocity (rad/s)
15
Since power is conserved T  F v

GENERATORS
Example 3: A small electric locomotive develops
620 N-m of torque at 900 rpm as it moves at a
speed of 15 mph. Determine the power, in
horsepower, and Watts this requires. Also compute
the force opposing the locomotive.
Compute rotational power
 2π 
P T  620 N - m   900 rpm 
 60 
P 58,434 W
Convert to horsepower
 1 hp   1 hp  16
HP P   58,434 W   78.3 hp
 746 W   746 W 
GENERATORS
Example 3 continued
Since power is conservedP T  F v
Convert velocity to m/s
 1609 m   1 hr 
v (15 mi/hr)     6.704 m/s
 1 mi   3600 s 
From previous calculations P 58,434 W

P F v
P 58,434 W 58,434 N - m/s

F   8716.3 N
v 6.704 m/s 6.704 m/s
17
GENERATORS
Example 4: An electric hoist lifts an 850 lb (force)
at a speed of 3.5 ft/sec. The hoist drum has a
diameter of 30 inches. Calculate the torque (lb-ft)
and the speed of the motor performing this lift.
What horsepower must the motor develop to make
this lift?
Compute translational power
P F v 850 lb 3.5 ft/s  2975 lb - ft/s
d=30 inches
Convert this to horsepower using
1 hp = 550 lb-ft/s
v=3.5 ft/s
 1 hp 
P (2975 lb - ft/s)   5.409 hp
 550 lb - ft/s 
850 lb
18
GENERATORS
Example 4 continued
Remember the torque definition T F d
Where d is distance to center of rotation (half the diameter)

30 in
d 15 in
2
 15in 
T 850 lb   1062.5 lb - ft
 12 in/ft 
5252 P
Find the speed from T  Solve this for n, speed in rpm
n
5252 5.409 hp 
T 1 5252 P n
  n 1062.5 lb - ft 19
5252 P n T
26.74 rpm n
MECHANICAL LOADS FOR MOTORS
Constant Speed - motor must maintain constant
speed over wide range of torque loading.
Examples: machine tools (lathes, Mills etc) rolling mills (steel
production)
20
Constant Torque - motor works against constant
force. Weight of load does not change.
Examples: Hoisting, conveyors
21
Constant Power - Mechanical characteristic of
the load change (size, weight). Torque and speed
change
Example: Winding operations (cable, wire)
22
END LESSON 5: MECHANICS
FOR MOTORS AND
GENERATORS
23 ET 332a
Devices
Lesson 6: Electromagnetic
Induction and Magnetic
Forces
ET 332a
Dc Motors, Generators and Energy
Conversion Devices
1
Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be

able to:
 Explain how voltage is induced in

dc generators and motors
 Explain how generators and motors
develop magnetic forces

 Explain the electromechanical
operation of generator and motor

systems
2
Electromagnetic Induction
Moving a conductor through a magnetic field induces a
voltage across the conductor
Mathematically e B l v
Where e = induced voltage

B = flux density of the magnetic field
v = velocity of the conductor in the field
l = active length of conductor
3
Electromagnetic Induction
The maximum voltage is induced when B and v are at 90
degrees
Current into slide
N S
x
B
Voltage induced when
conductor cuts flux lines No voltage induced when velocity , v, i
parallel to flux, B. Conductor must cut
Polarity: Right-hand Rule B for induction
Thumb = v -velocity
First Finger = B – flux density
Middle Finger = I direction 4
Induced Voltage in
Rotating Conductors
Consider a loop of conductor rotating in a magnetic flux
Conductor
loop
No
induction
here. l || to e B l v sin()
B
v
e = induced voltage
a
B = flux density
N d b
S l = conductor l in field
q = angle between B
c and v (B reference)
v = conductor velocity
B
5
Induced Voltage in
Rotating Conductors
Rotating conductors produce sine wave voltages
N d b
S
c
B 2
b
1
a
e( q) 0
c a
All voltage induced by a
rotating conductor is 1
d
sinusoidal. 2
0 90 180 270 360
q 6
Electromagnetic Force
Induced voltage causes an induced current to flow when the
wire loop forms a circuit.
Induced current
causes flux field
v around conductor
F
Flux fields follow the rules of magnetic attraction.
Direction of force on conductor depends on:

1.) magnetic polarity of stationary magnetic field
2.) direction of induced current in conductor.
7
Electromagnetic Force
Mathematical definition of electromagnetic force
B
I
F B l I F
Where: F = force
B = flux density
I = current in conductor
l= length of conductor in field
8
Induced Voltage &
Electromagnetic Force in
Generators
Generator Action
v
N S
F
x
1. External force moves conductor at velocity v, induces emf

2. Induced emf produces flux around conductor
3. Conductor field interacts with stationary field to produce
opposing force.
Force producing velocity must work against F
9
Induced Voltage &
Electromagnetic Force in
Motors
Motor Action
x
N S
F CEMF
+
v
1. Applied voltage produces flux around conductor

2. Field interaction causes force (torque)
3. Motion causes induced voltage of opposite polarity in
conductor
10
Summary of Generator and Motor
Electromagnetic Actions
Motor
Generator
Input I produces
F opposes driving
force. Force
torque that
produces v (rpm) v
produces emf
produces CEMF
All generators develop an opposing force

(torque) when generating a voltage
All motors generate an internal voltage (counter

emf) when producing a force (torque)
Motor and generator action occur simultaneously in rotating machines.

Therefore they can be operated as either.
11
Motor /Generator Systems
Torque and speed
act opposite
Mechanical
drive call
prime mover
Generator System
T and w act
in same
direction
12
ET 332a
Devices
END LESSON 6:
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION AND
MAGNETIC FORCES
13
Lesson 8: Induced Voltage
in Practical dc Machines
ET 332a
Conversion Devices
1
Learning Objectives
 Compute the average output voltage of a

dc generator given machine physical
construction parameters.
 Draw the schematic circuit model of a dc
machine
 Find generator output voltage using a
magnetization curve and defining

formulas.
 Compute generator voltage regulation.
2
Average Induced Voltage in a
Generator
Start with fundamental equation
e B l v sin()
Where v = velocity of conductor

For rotating system
v = angular velocity dq/dt = w rad/s

Angular velocity relates to frequency f (cycles/s or Hertz)
by: w = 2pf
Frequency of e related to number of field poles and rotational
speed by:
P n Where: P = number of field poles
f
120 n = rotational speed (rpm)
3
Generator
Substituting into fundamental equation and simplifying give
n P N a  p
Ea 
30
Where: P = number of poles
n = rotational speed
Na = # of turns in coil
Fp = field flux
Ea = average induced
voltage
onsider machine construction details and define another voltage formul
4
Generator
efine the number of conductors in field in terms of windings
za
Na 
2
za = Total number of armature conductors in the field.
Substitute into previous equation to get:
n P z a  p
Ea 
60 a
Where:
a = number of parallel paths
5
Generator
The number of poles, parallel paths, and conductors are
constant once the machine is constructed so define:
P z a
kG  Where kG = emf constant
60 a
The constant kG also known as ke in some texts. Relates motor

voltage to speed and field flux.
E a k G n  p k e n  p
Note : Ea is proportional to the flux and to the

rotational speed. If conditions of machine are know at
one n and Fp, another operating point can be found by
equating ratios. 6
Induced Voltage Examples
Example 1: A 2 pole dc motor armature rotates at 1800 rpm. It has
400 turns in the armature winding. The magnetic field flux is 0.0025
Wb. Compute the average induced voltage.
Example 2: A 4 pole dc machine rotates at 200 rad/s in a magnetic

field of 0.0048 Wb. There are 4 parallel current paths that have 200
conductors. Find the induced voltage in the armature and the emf
constant for the machine.
Convert w to n for formula  60 
n   200 rad/s 1910.8 rpm
 2 
Ea 
n P z a  p

1910.8 rpm 42000.0048 Wb  30.57 Vdc
60 a 604
7
Example 2 Continued: Find the emf constant
Lump the constants and compute
P z a 4200 
ke   3.333 V/Wb - rpm
60 a 604 
Example 3: A 4 pole 50 kW dc machine has a value of Ea = 110 V at

1100 rpm. What is the induced voltage if the speed is increased 20%?
No change in flux
Find Ea2 Ans
8
Example 4: A 4 pole dc machine has a value of Ea = 50 V at 400
rpm. What is the value of Ea if the pole flux is doubled while the
speed remains constant?
Ans
Assumes no saturation
9
Circuit Model of Dc Machines
Rf +
+ La
Racir Inductances have
+ no effect when the
Vf Lf values of dc Vt
Ea current are not
changing. Shown
to indicate coils.
Ea = internally induced voltage Racir = dc resistance of the armature

Vt = terminal voltage of machine windings , interpoles, etc
La = inductance of armature circuit
Vf = field electromagnetic source
Rf = dc resistance of the field
voltage
windings
Lf = inductance of the field windings
10
Generator Circuit Model
+ From KVL around
Rf armature circuit
La Ia
If Racir E a I a R acir  Vt
+ Brush Vt
Vf Lf
Ea drop Total resistance of
armature circuit Racir
R acir R a  R IP  R CW
Generator model - mechanical Where:
power converted to electric power. Ra = armature resistance
Ia leaves the + terminal of armature RIP = interpole winding
resistance
Rcw = compensation winding
Field current produces field flux Brush losses P=2 ∙Ia
resistance
1 volt drop for each brush
11
Motor Circuit Model
+ Analyze the field circuit
Rf
La Ia Vf N I f
If Racir If  p 
Rf R
+ Brush Vt
Vf Lf Control If with field rheostat
Ea drop
If
Rc
Rf
Motor model - electric power converted to
mechanical power. Ia enters the + terminal of Vf
If  Lf
armature Rf  Rc
Vf
Rc = field coil resistance
Rf = field rheostat resistance
12
Separately Excited Dc Generator
Separate source of supply develops field flux. Source called
the exciter
If Rc Racir La
N
Rf Prime
Mover
Lf Vt
n
Ea
Vf
I 
Vf
RL Fp
Model Equations: Field circuit currentf R  R
f c
Magnetic coupling to induced average voltage N I f n k G

Ea 
Ea in terms of flux for E a k G n  p R
constant If
k e k G  p E a k e nEa proportional to n for constant If
13
Separately Excited Dc Generator
enerally flux, F is non-linear with respect to the field curre
E a k G n  p
Generator Magnetizing Curve
Magnetizing curve 400
for generator gives 380
360
relationship for Ea 340
320
300
as a function of a(V)
280
field current. 260

(V)
EMF E
240
EMF,
220
Ea
i 200
Induced
180
160
Induced
140
120
If If is in linear 100
80
part of curve Ea 60
40 ke valid here
is proportional 20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
to n and If. I
fi
Field Field
Current, I (A)
Current (A) f
14
Terminal Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation finds the percent change in terminal
voltage from no-load to full load
KVL around armature circuit
with switch closed
La Ia
Load
Raci E a I a R acir  Vt
+
+r Vt
With switch closed and
Ea n constant Vt < Ea and
n decreases as Ia
increases
E a 0 R acir  Vt
Ia= 0 with switch open so: No-load voltage = Ea
E a Vt
15
For rated terminal voltage
Vnl  Vrated
%VR 
Vrated
Where: %VR = percent voltage regulation

Vnl = no-load terminal voltage
V rated = name plate rating of the terminal voltage
when generator delivers rated power.
How does terminal voltage change with delivered power?
16
Generator Terminal Voltage Vs Load Current
E a  I a R acir Vt
Vnl
Ea
Racir
Equation above plots as downward
Vrated sloping line for changes in armature
current
As armature current decreases

(load decreases)Terminal voltage
increases (Vt increases)
Ia = 0
Ia, rated Ia %VR related to the armature circuit
voltage drop. Smaller %VR is better.
17
Voltage Regulation Example
Example 1 A separately excited 50 kW, 3500
rpm, 2-pole dc generator has a rated terminal
voltage of 120 Vdc. Its exciter is supplied from a
120 Vdc supply. The field coil resistance is 10.4
W and the field rheostat is set at 20.5 W. The total
armature resistance is 0.014 W. The generator is
supplying 420 A to a load. The magnetizing
curve is given on a previous slide.
Determine:
a.) the induced armature voltage at this level of
excitation
b.) the terminal voltage at 100%, 75% and 50% load
current
18
Voltage Regulation Solution
Draw schematic model for generator
Use If and
magnetization
curve to find Ea 19
Solution continued: Compute regulation at different load levels
20
Solution continued: Compute regulation at different load levels
Summary of calculations
% Load Ia Vt
100 420 A 156.12
75 315 A 157.59 V
50 210 A 159.86 V
Terminal voltage increases on

generator as the load current
decreases
21
Separately Excited Generator Example
Example 2: For the machine in Example
1, ,determine the field rheostat setting for the
machine to deliver rated output current at rated
voltage. Also determine the %VR at rated load.
Solution
Calculate the current at rated load for the generator power rating
Prated 50 kW 50,000 W Find Rated I from power and voltage
Vrated Vt 120 V dc Prated 50,000 W
I a,rated   416.7 A
Vt 120 V
E a I a R acir  Vt
Now find value of Ea with Vt = 120 V using
22
Example 2 Continued
R acir 0.014 
E a I a R acir  Vt
E a 416.7 A (0.014 )  120 V
E a 125.833 V
Use magnetization curve to find IfIf = 2.8 A from graph. Now find Rf
Vf I f (R f  R c ) Vf I f R f Vf  I f R c
If  Solve for
R f  R c Rf Vf
I f R f  I f R c Vf Rf   Rc
If
23
Example 2 Continued From Previous example
Vf
Rf   Rc R c 10.4 
If
120 V
Rf   10.4  32.46 
2.8 A
Vrated Vt 120 V
Find the % VR Percent Voltage Regulation
Vnl = Vt with Ia =0 E a I a R acir  Vt E a 0 R acir  Vt E a Vt

Vnl=125.833
V  Vrated 125.833 V  120 V
%VR  nl 100% %VR  100% 4.86%
Vrated 120 V
24
End Lesson 8: Induced Voltage
in Practical dc Machines
ET 332a
Devices
25
ET 332a
Lesson 9: Power
Balance and Efficiency
in Dc Generators
1
Learning Objectives
 Identify the sources of power loss in

separately excited dc generators and
compute their values
 Balance the input and output power of a
separately excited dc generator.

 Compute generator efficiency
 Explain how changing generator load
affects efficiency
 Explain how the generator/motor and
2
Power Balance for Dc
Generators
Pfcl Electric power
Electromechanical Pf Field output from
power that is armature (W)
developed at
armature (W)
Poe=Vt(I
Armatur Pe
Pem a)
Pshaft e
Pcore Pb
Pstray Pacir
Pfw
Pacir = armature circuit losses Ia2(Racir) (W)
Pshaft = total mechanical power Pb = losses due to brush drop Vb(Ia) (W)
developed at shaft (W) Poe = electric power output at terminals (W)
Pfw = friction and windage losses (W) Pf = power delivered to the field circuit
(from test) Pfcl = field-circuit losses, If2(Rc) (W)
Pstray = stray load losses (W) (from test)
Pcore = core losses (W) (from test) 3
Power Balance in
Armature
Electric power developed at the armature is equal to the
electromechancial power delivered from the shaft.
Pem Pe
T  E a I a
To find Pe, add electrical losses to output electric power, Poe

Pe Poe  Pacir  Pb
In terms of armature circuit variables the above is:
Pe Vt I a  I a2 R acir  Vb I a
Where Vb = 0.5 for metal-graphite brushes

= 2.0 for electrographitic and graphite brushes
4
Power Balance in
Armature
On mechanical side of generator:
Find shaft power input by

Pem
Pshaft equating
Pe and Pem and then adding
Pcore mechanical losses
Pfw
Pstray Pshaft Pem  Pfw  Pstray  Pcore
Find electromechanical
power in armature by Pem Pshaft  Pfw  Pstray  Pcore
subtracting mechanical
losses from shaft power
5
Machine Efficiency
Ratio of output power to input power determines
efficiency of dc generator
Pout Pout
Mathematically   
100% or   100%
Pin Pout  Plosses
Where:h = machine efficiency
Pout = machine output power
Pin = machine input power
Plosses = total mechanical and electrical losses
Pout Poe Vt Ia Units must be the

For generator operation :
Pin Pshaft same (Watts or HP)
6
Efficiency Example
Example: A 25 kW, 120 V, 1800 rpm separately excited generator is
delivering rated current. The stray losses of the generator are found from
test to be 1.5% of the rated output. The total core, friction, and windage
losses are 2.0% of rated output. Racir =0.0280 W Neglect the losses of
the field circuit. Assume graphite brushes.
a.) Find the power in HP that the prime mover must develop at rated
speed to drive the generator
b.) Find the efficiency of the machine operating at rated load.
c.) Find the efficiency of the machine when operating at 0% 25%, 50%
and 75% of rated output. Assume that rated terminal voltage is maintained
at the generator output as the load varies.
d.) Plot the % efficiency vs the % load and comment on the result
7
Efficiency Example
Solution
8
Example Solution
Continued
Remember Pe = Pem in armature
Now compute the efficiency at full load
9
Efficiency Example: 0 %
Output
Compute the efficiency at 0% output power
10
Efficiency Example: 0%
Output
aft power required of prime mover to overcome mechanical losses
Now compute the efficiency with 0% output
11
Efficiency Example 25,
50, 75%
ow compute the efficiencies for the other load levels
From previous calculations
12
50, 75%
Electric power developed
Prime mover required horsepower
13
75%
Now compute efficiencies for 50 and 75% loading
Finally compute the total power losses for 50 and 75% load
14
75%
Electric power values in armature
d fixed losses between armature and shaft to get the required shaft powe
15
Compute Efficiencies at 50
and 75%
Power losses related to Ia are called load losses

since they relate to the generator loading
Maximum efficiency occurs when the fixed losses

equal the load losses.
16
Plot of Efficiency vs Percent
Rated Load
Typical Efficiency curve
Max
80
Percent Efficiency
60
Percentage
40 Using machine at lower than rated values
of rating used
reduces machine efficiency. It drop greatly
is called the
after about 25% of rated
load factor
20
of an
electrical
device.
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent Load
17
Generator-to-Motor and Motor-
to Generator Transitions
For generator action, Ia must exit the armature + term
Ia
Racir Clutch
+ Peo
Vsys Dc power
system
Prime
Ea
Mover
If Ea> Vsys , then Ia leaves the machine for generator action

and power is delivered to system
If Ea= Vsys , then Ia =0 a power is delivered to system but
generator action
18
Generator-to-Motor and Motor-
to Generator Transitions
For motor action, current must enter the positive terminal of the
machine: Vsys > Ea
Ia
Racir
+ Vsys
Prime
Ea When current enters, clutch opens
Mover
preventing opposing torque from
damaging prime mover
Mechanical power delivered to load depends on the needs of the

load. With no
mechanical power load, the electric power drawn is only that
19
necessary to overcome electrical and mechanical losses
End Lesson 9: Power Balance
and Efficiency in Dc
Generators
ET 332a
20
Lesson 10: Separately
Excited Dc Motors
ET 332a
Conversion Devices
1
Learning Objectives
 Draw a circuit model of a separately excited

dc motor.
 Identify and utilize equations that represent
motor performance to solve separately
excited dc motor problems
 Write a power balance for a separately
excited motor and compute its efficiency
 Explain how changing motor load affects
efficiency
 Interpret motor nameplate data
2
Separately Excited Dc Motor Model
Ia
Rc
Racir La
+
Lf Load Vt
Rf
Ea
Vf
Motor Model Equations KVL around

Inducted EMF Equation:E a k G n  p armature loop
gives:
Vt E a  I a R acir
Ea
Solving for n gives:n  Solve for Vt  E a
k G  p armature Ia 
R acir
current 3
Separately Excited Dc Motor Model
Rc Motor with
Racir constant field
La
current
+
Rf Lf Vt
Load
Ea
Vf
If
 p k G K e
Assuming constant field current gives:
Where Ke is the back EMF constant

Previous Ea equation simplifies to:E a K e n
Ea
Solving for n gives: n  Back EMF, Ea, proportional to speed
Ke 4
Motor Torque Equations
Developed torque related to the field strength and the
armature current.
TD k m Bp I a
Where: TD = developed torque

Bp = flux density of field poles
Ia = armature current
km = motor design constant
km depends on number of turns, effective conductor length, #
poles, units etc.
elate pole flux density to the motor field current….. Remember
p N I f N I f
Bp  and  p  Combining gives Bp 
A R A R
5
Motor Torque Equations
Since N, A, are set by design and reluctance is assume constant
in linear part of magnetization curve
N
Let kT  So now developed torque is given by
A R
TD k T I f I a
Developed torque is the product of If
and Ia
For constant field current, If K T k T I f So…..
TD K T I a
Developed torque is proportional to armature current for
constant field current
Note: KT and Ke are numerically equal in SI units (N-m)
6
Example 10-1 Separately Excited Motor
Rc
Racir La
+
Rf Lf Vt
Load
Ea
Vf
A 240 V 20 HP 850 rpm separately excited motor draws

72A when operating at rated conditions. Determine the
percent reduction of field flux necessary to obtain a speed
of 1650 rpm if the motor draws 50.4 amps at that speed
Racir = 0.284 W
7
Example 10-1 solution (1)
Example Solution
Induced voltage is proportional to motor speed and pole flux
8
Find the induced
EMF
Now use proportions to relate initial flux to final flux
9
Simplify proportions
Must find Fp2 in terms of Fp1 using

this equation
10
Use this equation to

find the percent
change in pole flux
11
Answe
r
12
Example 10-2 Separately Excited Dc
Motor Solutions
A 20 HP, 240 V separately excited dc motor is operating
a 600 rpm and drawing 30 A of load current. The total
armature circuit resistance is 0.565 W.
a.) Determine the emf constant Ke for this machine.
b.) If the operates at when it draws field excitation of the

machine does not change determine the speed that the
machine 22.3 A.
13
Example 10-2 Solution (1)
Part draw schematic of motor
14
Use proportionality
Solve for n2
15
Compute the speed
16
End Lesson 10
ET 332a
Devices
17
Lesson 11: Separately Excited
Motor Examples
ET 332a
Conversion Devices
1 Lesson 11 332a.pptx
Learning Objectives
 Write a power balance for a separately excited

motor and compute its efficiency
 Explain how changing motor load affects
efficiency
 Interpret motor nameplate data
Power Relationships for Dc Motors
The electromechanical power output from the
armature is equal to the total electrical power input to
the armature
KVL in armature circuit VT I a R acir  E a
gives
2
Multiply by Ia VT I a I a R acir  E a I a
Pem E a I a
From generator power balance
Pe E a I a
Where: Pem = the mechanical power developed in the
armature and
Pe is the electrical power input to 2 the motor
mbining above equations givesPem VT I a  I a R acir
Where: Racir = Ra + RIP + RCW
Ra = armature resistance RCW = compensating winding resi
RIP = interpole resistance
Motor Nameplate Ratings
Motor nameplate data is given in horsepower
(hp) and revolutions per minute (RPM).
All motor characteristics are standardized by National

Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
Physical characteristics - size, dimensions shaft

placement, etc.
Electrical characteristics - voltage rating
torque/speed characteristics. HP ratings
Motor Nameplate Ratings
At rated voltage and current, motor delivers rated
HP at rated speed.
Relationship between torque and mechanical
power at shaft in terms of mechanical units.
Tshaft n
Pshaft 
5252 Hp
Where: Tshaft = developed torque at motor shaft (lb-ft)

n = shaft speed (rpm)
Pshaft = shaft power output (hp)
Armature torque and power must be larger to
overcome mechanical losses
Example 11-1 Shaft Power Calculations
A 15 Hp separately excited motor is operating at its
rated speed of 1200 rpm Determine the rated
torque of the motor in ft-lbs.
Solution
Example 11-2 Torque Constant
A 25 Hp separately excited motor is operating at a
speed of 250 rpm. It is supplied from a 120 V supply
and draws 5.6 A. The total armature circuit
resistance is .473 ohms. Find the torque constant for
the machine
Convert rpm to rad/sec
Find the torque

Example 11-2 Torque Constant (2)
Remember
pis constant for constant KT is the motor

eld current. So ……… torque constant
ote: KT is numerically equal to Ke when using SI units.

this case Ke = 4.485 V-sec/rad
General Speed Equations for
Dc Motors
Ea
Remember E a VT  I a R acir n
 p K G
mbine the two above to get speed equation

VT  I a R acir
n
 p K G
Where: Racir = armature circuit resistance

Ia armature current
KG = machine constant
n = speed (rpm)
Fp = field flux
General Speed Equations for
Dc Motors
Speed inversely proportional to the field flux.
Decreasing the field flux increases speed providing
sufficient torque is developed to produce
necessary
acceleration.
Remember TD k T I f I a
VT  I a R acir
n
 p K G
Decreasing If reduces field

flux but also reduces Controlled
developed
10 Lesson 11 torque
332a.pptx by If
Motor Speed and Terminal
Voltage
Motor speed is directly proportional to the terminal
voltage. Increasing VT increases n, Decreasing VT
decreases n
Example 11-3: A 50 HP, 240 Vdc separately
excited motor is operating at 1000 rpm. The motor
draws 7800 watts from dc supply. The total
armature resistance is 0.221 W. Find:
a.) The emf constant, Ke of the motor

b.) The motor speed if the terminal voltage is
reduced by 20% and the power drawn remains the
same.
Part a.)
Part
Ke remains
b. the same, no change in the field current
Calculate % speed
change
Power Balance In Dc Motors
Pe = Pem in the
armature
Pe Armatu Pshaft
Pe,in re Pem
Pcore
Pfw Pstray
Pb
Pacir
Pe,in = electric power in at terminals (W)

Pfw = friction and windage losses (W)
Pacir = armature circuit losses Ia2(Racir) (W)
(from test)
Pb = losses due to brush drop Vb(Ia) (W) Pstray = stray load losses (W) (from test)
Pe = electric power delivered to armature Pcore = core losses (W) (from test)
(Ea)∙Ia circuit (W) Pshaft = total mechanical power develop
Pem = Electromechanical power developed at the shaft (Rated hp)
in armature (Td)∙w (W)
14 Lesson 11 332a.pptxPfw+Pstray+Pcore are called rotational losses
Motor Efficiency
Remember from generators Just like generators,
 Pout  efficiency
   100% varies with motor P
P
 in  shaft.
Nameplate efficiency
For motors: Pout = Pshaft mechanical power occurs at rated output.
developed
at the shaft
Pin = Pe,in the electrical power supplied to the
terminals
In terms of losses Plosses Pacir  Pb  Pfw  Pcore  Pstray
h = percent efficiency
Where Pacir = armature circuit losses
Pb = brush losses
Pfw = friction and windage losses
Pcore = core losses
Pstray = stray losses
 Pout 
   100%
15 Lesson 11 332a.pptx  Pout  Plosses 
Example 11-4 Motor Solutions Using
Efficiency
A separately excited dc motor is rated at 100
HP, 600 V at 1200 rpm. The total armature
resistance is 0.24 ohms. When the motor is
delivering 75 HP at 1200 rpm its efficiency is
88%. At the 75 HP
output find:
a.) the motor armature current
b.) counter emf (Ea)
c.) torque at the shaft
d.) an estimate of the mechanical losses
Find the armature current. Use efficiency to relate Pshaft to Pe,in
Find Ea. Use the current from part a to find the emf
Find shaft torque (N-m). Use rated Hp and speed
stimate the rotational losses (mechanical losses)
End Lesson 11
ET 332a
Devices

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ET 332a

Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices

 Explain the energy conversion process

conventional and electron current flow

Electric power Mechanical Power

Mechanical power Electric Power

Conventional current Electron current

Conventional current standard in power systems and ac analysis

A device is a load when current flows into

Define clockwise as Counter clockwise

 Explain how torque and speed is

from SI to English Units

w = angular speed (radians/sec)

Torque =(applied force)∙(perpendicular distance)

d 0 deg d=r and T = max at 0

Work = (Force)(Distance) Linear Systems

W (Joules) = F (Newtons) X D (Meters)

D Power is how fast work is done

Rate of energy consumption

P (Watts) = W (Joules)/ t (seconds) 8

Mechanical Power Conversion- Watts to Hp

Torque with mixed SI and English units

Where:T = torque in lb-ft

Torque in SI Units. Remember the definition of power…

Solve torque equations for speed

Make power unit conversion. HP=25 hp

P 746 W/hp HP 746 W/hp 25 hp 18,650 W

Find torque by converting n in rpm to w in radians /second

Convert power in watts to hp. Remember 50 kW = 50,000 W

Now you can find torque 7.04 P 5252 P

Where: F = force in Newtons (N)

Since power is conserved T  F v

From previous calculations P 58,434 W

P 58,434 W 58,434 N - m/s

Where d is distance to center of rotation (half the diameter)

Examples: Hoisting, conveyors

After this presentation you will be

 Explain how voltage is induced in

develop magnetic forces

operation of generator and motor

Where e = induced voltage

Direction of force on conductor depends on:

1. External force moves conductor at velocity v, induces emf

1. Applied voltage produces flux around conductor

All generators develop an opposing force

All motors generate an internal voltage (counter

Motor and generator action occur simultaneously in rotating machines.

After this presentation you will be able to:

 Compute the average output voltage of a

magnetization curve and defining

Where v = velocity of conductor

v = angular velocity dq/dt = w rad/s

Substitute into previous equation to get:

The constant kG also known as ke in some texts. Relates motor

Note : Ea is proportional to the flux and to the

Example 2: A 4 pole dc machine rotates at 200 rad/s in a magnetic

Example 3: A 4 pole 50 kW dc machine has a value of Ea = 110 V at

Find Ea2 Ans

Ea = internally induced voltage Racir = dc resistance of the armature

Magnetic coupling to induced average voltage N I f n k G

field current. 260

Where: %VR = percent voltage regulation

How does terminal voltage change with delivered power?

As armature current decreases