Philadelphia University

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Electrical Engineering Department

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS, NILSSON AND RIEDEL, 9TH EDITION

REERNCES

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James Nilson and Susan Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10th edition, 2014, Pearson.

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

W. Hayt and J. Kemmerly, Engineering Circuits Analysis, 5th edition, Mcgraw-
Hill College, 1993.

3. Introductory_Circuit_Analysis_-_12th_Edi-Boylestad

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 Chapter 2
STRUCTURE
Circuit Elements

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

 Voltage and Current Sources

 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
 Kirchhoff’s Laws: KVL and KCL

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

 Examples on Circuit Analysis

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 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:
 Circuit Elements:
 Refer to the mathematical expressions but not to the physical

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device itself.
 Used to analyze its behavior in the circuit.
 Can be classified according to the relationship of the flowing
current through the element and the voltage across it.

 Ideal basic circuit elements

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

 Active Elements

 Passive Elements

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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:

Chapter 2
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES

Ideal Sources:

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
 Ideal Voltage Source: The voltage across the terminals are
maintained prescribed regardless of the value of the current
flowing in those terminals.
 Ideal Current Source: The current flowing through the
terminals are maintained prescribed regardless of the value

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

of the voltage across those terminals.

 Independent Sources:
The value of the voltage/current is specified by the value of the
source itself, and not relying on any voltage or current elsewhere
in the circuit.

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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:

Chapter 2
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
 Dependent Sources:

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The value of the voltage/current depends on the value of a voltage
or current elsewhere in the circuit. You cannot specify the value of
a dependent source unless you know the value of the voltage or
current on which it depends.

 Four kind of controlled sources,

o current-‐controlled current source, CCCS;

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

o voltage-‐controlled current source, VCCS;

o voltage-‐controlled voltage source, VCVS;

o current-‐controlled voltage source, CCVS. 6

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:

Chapter 2
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
 Example 1: Which are VALID?

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Eng. Ahlam A. Damati
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 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:

Chapter 2
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES

Example 2: For the circuit shown,

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

a. What value of vg is required order for the interconnection to be

valid?

b. For this value of vg, find the power associated with the 8A

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

source.
Solution:
𝑖𝑏 −8
a. 𝑣𝑔 = = = −2V
4 4

b. p = 8vg = 8 × (−2) = −16W

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 Conductance: the reciprocal of
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: the resistance, which is

Chapter 2
symbolized by the letter G, and is
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (OHM’S LAW) measured in Siemens (S); 𝐺 =
1
𝑅

Resistance is the capacity of materials to

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
DELAY the flow of current or, more specifically,
the flow of electric charge. The circuit element
used to model this behavior is the resistor.
 The linear resistor is the simplest passive
element. Its symbol and characteristic are as:

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

 Ohm’s Law:
In the direction of the voltage
𝑣
drop across the resistor; 𝑖 =
𝑅

In the direction of the voltage

𝑣
rise across the resistor; 𝑖 = − 9
𝑅
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:

Chapter 2
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (OHM’S LAW)

Power in different forms:

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

In the direction of the voltage

𝑣
drop across the resistor; 𝑖 =
𝑅
The equations are identical and
demonstrate clearly that,
𝑝 = 𝑖 × 𝑣 = 𝑖 × 𝑖 × 𝑅 = 𝑖2𝑅

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

regardless of voltage polarity
𝑣 𝑣2 and current direction, the
𝑝=𝑖×𝑣 =( )× 𝑣 =
𝑅 𝑅 power at the terminals of a
resistor is positive. Therefore, a
In the direction of the voltage resistor absorbs power from
𝑣
rise across the resistor; 𝑖 = − the circuit
𝑅

𝑝 = −𝑣 × 𝑖 = − −𝑖 × 𝑅 × 𝑖 = 𝑖 2 𝑅
−𝑣 𝑣2
𝑝 = −𝑣 × 𝑖 = −𝑣 × ( ) =
𝑅 𝑅
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 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:

Chapter 2
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (OHM’S LAW)

Example 1: For the given circuit,

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

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Solution:
𝑣𝑔 1000
a. 𝑅= = = 200 𝑘Ω, 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑔 × 𝑖𝑔 = 1000 × 0.005 = 5 𝑊
𝑖𝑔 0.005
𝑝 3 𝑣𝑔 40
b. 𝑣𝑔 = = = 40 𝑉, 𝑅 = = = 533.3 𝑘Ω,𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑝𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 3𝑊
𝑖𝑔 0.075 𝑖𝑔 0.075
𝑝 0.48
c. 𝑖𝑔 = = = 0.04 = 40 𝑚𝐴, 𝑣𝑔 = 𝑝 × 𝑅 = 0.048 × 300 = 12 𝑉
𝑅 300

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 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:

Chapter 2
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (OHM’S LAW)

Example 2: The voltage and current are measured

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
at the terminals of the given circuit, and the values of
vt and it are tabulated as given. Construct a circuit
model of the device inside the box.
Solution:
1. Plot the given values for vt and it

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

2. Calculate the slope (The Resistance = The Slope)
o The slope gives that the terminal voltage is directly
proportional to the terminal current, vt=4it
o From Ohm’s law 𝑣 = 𝑅 × 𝑖
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 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW
A node is a point where two or more

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

circuit elements meet.

 Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):
o The algebraic sum of all the currents at
any node in a circuit equals zero.

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

In other words:
 The sum of the currents entering a node in a
circuit must equal the sum of the currents
leaving the same node.

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 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

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 The algebraic sum of all the voltages around
any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
 As we trace a closed path, assign a positive
sign to a voltage rise requires assigning a
negative sign to a voltage drop, or vice versa.
 The direction must be first determined in
order to apply KVL

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

 Assuming the Clockwise direction (CW),
applying KVL will give:

 Assuming the Counter Clockwise direction

(CCW), applying KVL will give:
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 Notice that the same result is obtained

 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW

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Eng. Ahlam A. Damati
 Example 1: Using KCL, determine the unknown currents I1,
I3, I4, and I5 for the given circuit.
Solution:

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 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW
Example 2: Use KCL to write the current equations for the

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
given circuit.

Solution:

At node a 𝑖2 + 𝑖5 − 𝑖1 −𝑖4 = 0

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

At node b −𝑖2 − 𝑖3 + 𝑖1 +𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖𝑎 = 0

At node c −𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖3 + 𝑖𝑐 +𝑖4 = 0

At node d −𝑖𝑎 − 𝑖5 − 𝑖𝑐 = 0

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 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW
Example 3: Use KVL to write the voltage equations for the

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
given circuit.

Solution:

At loop a −𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣4 −𝑣3 = 0

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

At loop b −𝑣𝑎 + 𝑣3 + 𝑣5 = 0

At loop c −𝑣6 − 𝑣5 + 𝑣𝑏 −𝑣4 − 𝑣𝑐 = 0

At loop d −𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑐 + 𝑣7 − 𝑣𝑑 = 0

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 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW
Example 4: Use both of Ohm’s law and

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
Kirchhoff’s law to find the value of R in
the given circuit.

Solution:

o Ohm’s law

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

𝑣𝑅
𝑅= , 120𝑉 = 24 × 𝑖1 , 𝑣2 = 8 × 𝑖2
𝑖𝑅
How to solve ???? Not enough !!!

o Kirchhoff’s law

−200 + 𝑣𝑅 + 120 = 0  𝑣𝑅 = 80 𝑉

120 120
−𝑖𝑅 + 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 = 0  𝑖𝑅 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 = + = 20 𝐴
24 8
18
𝑣𝑅 80
Now we can go back to Ohm’s law; 𝑅 = =
𝑖𝑅 20
= 4Ω
 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW

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Eng. Ahlam A. Damati
 Example 5: For the given circuit, determine:
1. Determine V2 using Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
2. Determine current I2.
3. Find R1 and R3.

Solution:
1. Applying KVL (move with the current (Counter Clock Wise))
−𝐸 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = −54 + 18 + 𝑉2 + 15 = 0
Then 𝑉2 + 15 = 54 − 18 − 15 = 21 𝑉
𝑉2 21
2. 𝐼2 = = = 3𝐴 19
𝑅2 7
𝑉 18 𝑉3 15
3. 𝑅1 = 1 = = 6Ω, 𝑅3 = = = 5Ω
𝐼2 3 𝐼2 3
 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW

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Eng. Ahlam A. Damati
 Example 6: For the given circuit, determine:

Solution:
a. Applying KCL:

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 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW

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 Example 7: For the given circuit,

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

 Use Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law to find io.
 Test the solution for io by verifying that the total power generated
equals the total power dissipated

Solution:
 Applying KCL at node a
𝑖𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑖𝑜 + 6 = 𝑖 --------------(1)
Applying KVL for the loop 1
−120 + 𝑖𝑜 × 10 + 𝑖 × 50 = 0 ------------(2)
Solve the two equations to get 𝑖𝑜 = −3𝐴, 𝑖 = 3𝐴
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 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW

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 Example 7: For the given circuit,

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

 Use Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law to find io.
 Test the solution for io by verifying that the total power generated
equals the total power dissipated

Solution:
 The power dissipated in the 50Ω resistor is; 𝑝50Ω = 𝑖 2 𝑅 = 32 × 50 = 450 𝑊
 The power dissipated in the 10Ω resistor is; 𝑝10Ω = 𝑖 2 𝑅 = −32 × 10 = 90 𝑊
 The power delivered to the 120V source is; 𝑝120V = −𝑣𝑖 = −120 × −3 = 360 𝑊
 The power delivered to the 6A source is; 𝑝6A = −𝑣1 𝑖 = − 𝑖 × 50Ω × 6 = −900 𝑊
𝑝𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑝𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
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450𝑊 + 90𝑊 + 360𝑊 = 900𝑊
 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW

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Eng. Ahlam A. Damati
 Example 8: Calculate 𝒗𝒐 in the given circuit.
Solution:
o KCL
𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖Δ + 5𝑖Δ = 6𝑖Δ
o KVL
−500 + 5𝑖Δ + 20𝑖𝑜 = 0 , but 𝑖𝑜 = 6𝑖Δ

Therefore,
𝑖𝑜 = 24 𝐴
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Then 𝑣𝑜 = 20 × 𝑖𝑜 = 20 × 24 = 480 𝑉
 Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS: KIRCHHOff’S LAW

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Eng. Ahlam A. Damati
 Example 9: Calculate 𝒗𝒐 in the given circuit.
Solution:
o KVL 𝑝10𝑉 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = −10 × 1.67 = −16.7 𝑊
−10 + 6𝑖𝑠 = 0 , then 𝑖𝑠 = 1.67 𝐴 𝑝6Ω = 1.672 × 6 = 16.7 𝑊
−3𝑖𝑠 + 2𝑖𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜 = 0 , but 𝑣𝑜 = 3𝑖𝑜 𝑝3𝑖𝑠𝑉 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = −3 × 1.67 × 1 = −5 𝑊
𝑝2Ω = 12 × 2 = 2 𝑊
𝑝3Ω = 12 × 3 = 3 𝑊
Therefore,
𝑖𝑜 = 1 𝐴 𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑝𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Then 𝑣𝑜 = 3 × 𝑖𝑜 = 3 𝑉
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