ELECTRIC NETWORK

TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
Electric Network Transfer Function
 Equivalent circuits for the electric networks
usually consist of three basic passive
components: resistors, capacitors, and
inductors.
Electric Network Transfer Function
 Table 2.3 shows the summary of the
components and the relationships between
voltage and current and between voltage and
charge under zero initial conditions.
Table 2.3 Voltage-Current, voltage-charge, and
impedance relationships for capacitors, resistors, and
inductors
Component Voltage- Current- Voltage- Impedance Admittance
current voltage charge Z ( s)  V ( s) I ( s) Y ( s)  I ( s) V ( s)

1 t
C 0
v(t )  i( )d i (t )  C
dv(t )
v(t ) 
1
q(t )
1 Cs
dt C Cs
Capacitor

v(t )  Ri(t ) 1 1
i(t )  v(t ) v(t )  R
dq(t ) R G
R dt R

Resistor

di(t ) 1 t d 2 q(t ) 1
L 0
v(t )  L i(t )  v( )d v(t )  L Ls
dt dt 2 Ls

Inductor
Kirchhoff’s Law (Review)
 Kirchhoff’s law is the basic guiding principle
in simple and complex circuit analysis. It is
divided into two laws: current law and voltage
law.
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law: At any node, the
sum of the currents that enter the node is
equal to the sum of the currents that leave
from the node.
Kirchhoff’s Law (Review)
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: The sum of all
voltage drops around a closed loop is zero.
Mesh Analysis (Review)
 It provides another common method in
analyzing electric circuits, using mesh
currents as the circuit variables.
 Using mesh currents instead of element
currents as circuit variables is convenient and
reduces the number of equations that to be
solved simultaneously.
 A mesh is a loop that does not contain any
other loop within it.
Steps in Solving Electrical
Networks using Mesh Analysis
 Replace passive element values with their
impedances.
 Replace all sources and time variables with
their Laplace transform.
 Assume a transform current and a current
direction in each mesh.
 Write Kirchhoff’s voltage law around each
mesh.
Steps in Solving Electrical
Networks using Mesh Analysis
 Solve the simultaneous equations for the
output.
 Form the transfer function.
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Example: Find the transfer function, G(s) =
VL(s)/V(s) ,using mesh analysis.
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Solution:
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Solution:
KVL at mesh 1
( s  1) I 1 ( s)  I 2 ( s)  V ( s) eqn.(1)

KVL at mesh 2
 I 1 ( s)  ( s  2) I 2 ( s )  0 eqn.(2)
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Solution:
Simplify equation 2:
I 1 ( s )  ( s  2) I 2 ( s ) eqn.(3)
Substitute equation 3 to equation 1
( s  1)( s  2) I 2 ( s )  I 2 ( s )  V ( s )
( s  3s  1) I 2 ( s )  V ( s )
2

V ( s)
I 2 (s)  2
s  3s  1
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Solution:
But
 V (s) 
VL ( s )  sI 2 ( s )  s 2 
 s  3s  1 
Therefore,
VL ( s) s
 2
V ( s ) s  3s  1
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Find the transfer function, G(s)= VL(s)/V(s), for the given
circuit using mesh analysis.
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Solution:
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Solution:
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Loop 1: (s  1) I1  (s) I 2  (1) I 3  V (s)
Loop 2: (s) I1  (2s  1) I 2  (1) I 3  0
Loop 3:  (1) I1  (1) I 2  (s  2) I 3  0
Apply Cramer’s Rule:
( s  1) s  1   I 1  V ( s )
 s ( 2 s  1)  1  I    0 
  2   
  1 1 ( s  2)  I 3   0 
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
Solve for I2:
( s  1) V ( s )  1 
 s 0  1 
 
  1 0 s  2
I2 
( s  1) s 1 
 s ( 2 s  1)  1 
 
  1 1 ( s  2)
 Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
[0  V (s)  0]  [0  0  (s  2)(s)V (s)]
I2 
[(s  1)(2s  1)( s  2)  (s)(1)(1)  (1)(s)(1)]  [(1)(2s  1)(1)  (1)(1)( s  1)  (s  2)(s)(s)]
V (s)  [(s 2  2s)V (s)]
I2  3 2
[2s  7 s  7 s  2  s  s]  [2s  1  s  1  s 3  2s 2 ]
V (s)  (s 2  2s)V (s)
I2  3 2
[2s  7 s  5s  2]  [s 3  2s 2  3s  2]
(s 2  2s  1)V (s)
I2  3 2
s  5s  2 s
(s 2  2s  1)V (s)
I2 
s(s 2  5s  2)
Solving Simple Circuits using
Mesh Analysis
VL ( s )  sI 2 ( s )
 ( s 2  2s  1)V ( s ) 
VL ( s )  s  
 s ( s  5s  2) 
2

( s 2  2s  1)V ( s)
VL ( s ) 
s 2  5s  2
VL ( s ) s 2  2s  1
Transfer Function
 2
V ( s ) s  5s  2
Nodal Analysis (Review)
 It provides a common method for analyzing
electric circuits using node voltages as the
circuit variables.
 Using node voltages as circuit variables is
convenient and reduces the number of
equations that to be solve simultaneously.
Steps in Solving Electrical
Networks using Nodal Analysis
 Replace passive element values with their
admittances.
 Replace all sources and time variables with
their Laplace transform.
 Write Kirchhoff’s current law at each node.
 Solve the simultaneous equations for the
output.
 Form the transfer function.
Solving Simple Circuits using
Nodal Analysis
Example: Find the transfer function, G(s) =
VL(s)/V(s) ,using nodal analysis.
Solving Simple Circuits using
Nodal Analysis
Solution:
Solving Simple Circuits using
Nodal Analysis
Solution:
at node V1(s)
V1 ( s )  V ( s ) V1 ( s ) V1 ( s )  VL ( s )
  0
Ls R R
V1 ( s )  V ( s ) V1 ( s ) V1 ( s )  VL ( s )
  0
s 1 1
V1 ( s )  V ( s )
 V1 ( s )  V1 ( s )  VL ( s )  0
s
(2s  1)V1 ( s )  sVL ( s )  V ( s ) eqn.(1)
Solving Simple Circuits using
Nodal Analysis
Solution:
at node VL(s)
VL ( s )  V1 ( s ) VL ( s )
 0
R Ls
VL ( s )  V1 ( s ) VL ( s )
 0
1 s
VL ( s )
VL ( s )  V1 ( s )  0
s
( s  1)VL ( s )  sV1 ( s )  0 eqn.(2)
Solving Simple Circuits using
Nodal Analysis
Solution:
2s  1  s  V1 ( s )  V ( s )
  s s  1 V ( s )   0 
  L   
2 s  1 V ( s )
 s 
VL ( s )   0 
 2
sV ( s)
2s  1  s  2s  3s  1  s 2
  s s  1
 
VL ( s ) s
 2
V ( s ) s  3s  1
Solving Simple Circuits using
Nodal Analysis
Find the transfer function, G(s)= VL(s)/V(s), for the given
circuit using nodal analysis.
Solution using Nodal Analysis
Solution using Nodal Analysis
 V1  Vi  V1 V1  VO
 At node V1(s):     0....eqn(1)
 1  s 1
 At node V0(s):  VO  V1  VO VO  Vi
    0...eqn(2)
 1  s s
 Simplify:
V  2s  1 
V1  Vi  1  V1  VO  0...eqn(1) V1    Vi  VO  0..eqn(1)
s  s 
V V  Vi  s  2 V
VO  V1  O  O  0..eqn(2) VO    V1  i  0..eqn(2)
s s  s  s
1 
V1   2   Vi  VO  0...eqn(1)  s  2  Vi
s  V1  VO    ...eqn(2)
 s  s
2  V
VO   1  V1  i  0..eqn(2)
s  s
 Solution using Nodal Analysis
 Substitute eqn.(2) to eqn.(1) and solve for the
transfer function
  s  2  Vi  2s  1   s 2  5s  2   s 2  2 s  1
VO  s   s  s   Vi  VO  0  VO   Vi
     2 2
 s   s 
  s  2  2s  1  Vi  2s  1   s 2  2s  1 
VO  s  s    s  s   Vi  VO  0  Vi
       2
VO   2 
s
s  5s  2
 2s 2  5s  2     2s  1  

 
VO  VO  Vi    Vi  0
s2
   s 
2 2
 s    s 2  2s  1 
VO   2 Vi
 2 s 2  5s  2  s 2   s 2  2 s  1  s  5s  2 
 2 VO   2 Vi  0
 s   s 
Solution using Nodal Analysis
Therefore
VO s  2s  1
2
 2
Vi s  5s  2
or
VL s  2s  1
2
 2
Vi s  5s  2
Operational Amplifiers
 An operational amplifier is an electronic amplifier
used as a basic building block to implement transfer
functions. It has the following characteristics:
1. Differential input, v2(t) – v1(t)
2. High input impedance, Zi = ∞ (ideal)
3. Low output impedance, Zo = 0 (ideal)
4. High constant gain amplification, A = ∞ (ideal)
The output, vo(t), is given by vo(t) = A(v2(t) – v1(t))
Types of OpAmps
 Inverting Opamp
VO ( s) Z 2 ( s)
Transfer function: 
Vi ( s) Z1 ( s)
where: Z1= input impedance and
Z2 = feedback impedance
 Noninverting OpAmp
Transfer function: VO (s)  Z1 (s)  Z 2 (s)
Vi ( s) Z1 (s)
Sample Problem
Find the transfer function,G(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s),
for each of the operational amplifier circuits.

(a) (b)
 Solutions
(a) Inverting amplifier
 1  6
Z 1 ( s )   0.5 x10 
6
6  ( 1x 10 s )  0.5s  1
 1x10 s 
 1  6
Z 2 ( s )   0.1x10 
6
6 
(1 x10 s )  0.1s  1
 1x10 s 

Z 2 ( s)  0.1s  1   0.1  s  10 1  s  10 
G( s)           
Z1 ( s)  0.5s  1   0.1  5s  10 5 s  2 
Solutions
(b) Non-Inverting amplifier
 1  6
Z 1 ( s )   0.2 x10 
6
6 
(1x10 s )  0.2 s  1
 1x10 s 
 1  6
Z 2 ( s )   0.1x10 
6
6 
(1x10 s )  0.1s  1
 1x10 s 

Z 2 ( s) Z1 ( s)  Z 2 ( s)
G( s)  1  
Z1 ( s) Z1 ( s)
Solutions
(b) Non-Inverting amplifier
20
s
G ( s) 
0.2s  1  0.1s  1  0.3s  2   0.3 
 3
 
0.2s  1  0.2s  1   0.3  2 s  10
3 3
3s  20  20 
 s 
3 s  20 3
G ( s)  3    3 
2s  10 2s  10 2  s  5 
 
3  
Coursework in Electric Network
1. Find the transfer functions, G(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s), for each of
the networks shown. Solve the problem using mesh and nodal
analysis.

(a)
(b)
Coursework in Electric Network
2. Find the transfer function, G(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s), for
each of the operational amplifier circuits shown.

(a)

(b)
Reference
Control System Engineering
by Norman Nise
End!!!