Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier

Waveforms
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier
 Performance Parameters

• Average value of the output voltage, Vdc

• Average value of the output current, Idc
• Output dc power, Pdc
– Pdc = VdcIdc
• rms value of the output voltage, Vrms
• Output ac power, Pac
– Pac = VrmsIrms
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Efficiency, η
– η = Pdc/Pac
• Effective (rms) value of the ac component
of the output voltage, Vac
– Vac = Vrms2 – Vdc2
• Form factor, FF
– FF = Vrms/Vdc
• Ripple factor, RF
– RF = Vac/Vdc
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Alternate form for ripple factor

V
R F  ( )  1  FF  1
rms 2 2

V dc

• Transformer utilization factor, TUF

– TUF = Pdc/VsIs
– Vs, Is are rms voltage and current of the
transformer secondary
Input Voltage and Current
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Displacement angle, Φ
• Displacement Factor, DF
– DF = cos(Φ)
• Harmonic Factor, HF
1

I I 2
 I 2
 1
2

HF  ( )  ( )  1
s s1 2 s 2

I I
2

s1  s1
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Power Factor, PF

VI I
PF  cos   cos 
s s1 s1

VI s s
I s
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Crest Factor, CF

I
CF  s ( peak )

I s
 Example 3.1

• Determine η, FF, RF, TUF, PIV of the

diode, CF of the input current, input PF.
 Determine the Average Voltage, Vdc

1 T

V  v (t )dt
T
dc L
0

1
T

V  sin tdt
2

V
T
dc m
0

V T
V  (cos m
 1)
T 2
dc
 1
f 
T
  2 f
V
V  m
 0.318V

dc m

V 0.318V
I  
dc m

R R
dc
 Determine the rms Voltage, Vrms
1

 1 T
 2

V   v (t )dt
2

rms
T 0
L

1

 1 
T
2

V    (V sin t ) dt 
2
2

T 
rms m
0

V
V   0.5Vm

2
rms m

V 0.5V
I   rms m

R R
rms
 Determine Pdc, Pac, and η

(0.318V ) 2

P  m

R
dc

(0.5V ) 2

P  m

R
ac

(0.318V ) 2

  40.5%
m

(0.5V ) m
2
 Determine FF and RF

V 0.5V
FF  rms
 m

V dc
0.318V m

FF  1.57  157%
R F  FF  12

R F  1.57  1  1.21  121%

2
 Determine the TUF
1

 1  V 2

 (V sin t ) dt 
T

V   0.707V
2 m
s
T 0  m
2
m

0.5V
I I  m

R
s load

(0.318V ) m
2

P R
T UF   dc

VI 0.5V
(0.707V )(
s s ) m

R
m

T UF  0.286
 Determine the PIV

• PIV is the maximum (peak) voltage that

appears across the diode when reverse
biased. Here, PIV = Vm.

- - PIV +

+
Determine CF
I s ( peak )
CF 
Is
Vm
I s ( peak ) 
R
0.5Vm
Is 
R
Vm
CF  R  2
0.5Vm
R
 Determine PF

Pac
PF  cos  
VA
2
(0.5Vm )
PF  R  0.707
0.5Vm
(0.707Vm )( )
R
 Summary – Half-Wave Rectifier

• RF=121% High
• Efficiency = 40.5 Low
• TUF = 0.286 Low
– 1/TUF = 3.496
– transformer must be 3.496 times larger than
when using a pure ac voltage source
Half-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load
 Waveforms of Current and Voltage

Conduction period of D1 extends beyond ωt = π

 Average Output Voltage
 
Vm
Vdc 
2 
0
sin td (t )

Vm
  cos t  0
 
Vdc 
2
Vm
Vdc   1  cos(   )
2
Vdc
I dc 
R
Increase average voltage and current by making σ = 0
Waveforms with Dm installed
Application as a Battery Charger

Diode conducts for vs > E,

starting when Vmsinα = E
Waveforms for the Battery Charger

Diode turns off when

vs < E (at β = π – α)
Charging current
io = (vs – E)/R
io = (Vmsinωt – E)/R
for α < ωt < β
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Transformer
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Rectifier

T
2
2
Vdc   Vm sin t
T 0
2Vm
Vdc 

Vdc  0.636Vm
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

PIV = 2Vm
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Bridge
 Full-Wave Bridge with Waveforms

Conduction pattern
D1 – D2 D 3 – D4
PIV = Vm