EE 213 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS II

Chapter 10
Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations

Dr. Abdelmalek Zidouri

1
Recap: Sinusoidal Sources
 A sinusoidal voltage (current) source produces a
voltage (current) that varies sinusoidally in time.

v t   Vmcos  t   

Amplitude

Frequency
(radians/sec)
Phase

2
Recap: Frequency and Period
 A function that repeats itself is called periodic. The
amount of time required to complete one full cycle is
called the period.
 The number of cycles per second is called the
frequency. T
1
Period (sec.) T 
f

Frequency (Hertz)

Frequency (rad./sec.)   2f

3
Recap: Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value
 The rms value of a periodic function is defined as the
square-root of the mean value of the squared
function.
1 T
Vrms 
T 0
v 2 t dt

 For sinusoidal signal sources, the RMS value can be

shown to be
Vm
Vrms 
2

4
Recap: Phasor
 Phasor is a complex number that carries the
amplitude and phase information of a sinusoidal
function.

V  P Vmcos  t     Vme j 

 The sinusoidal function is obtained from the inverse

phasor transform as

v t   P -1 V   e Ve jt 

5
Recap: Polar and Rectangular Forms
 Euler Identity shows us how to go from polar form to
the rectangular form:

e j   cos    j sin  
 One can then go from rectangular to polar form as

j
V  x  jy  Vme
with

y 
Vm  x  y2 2
  tan   1

x 
6
Recap: Addition and Multiplication
 Multiplication is more convenient in polar form:
j  1  2 

Vm 1e j 1  Vm 2e j 2  Vm 1Vm 2 e 

V1 V2 V

 Taking a power is simple in polar form:

 
k
j 1
Vme  Vmke jk
 Addition is more convenient in rectangular form:

Vm 1e j 1  Vm 2e j 2  Vm 1 cos  1   Vm 2 cos  2   j  Vm 1 sin  1   Vm 2 sin  2  

V1 V2

7
 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations

In Chapter 9, we calculated the steady state voltages and currents

in electric circuits driven by sinusoidal sources.
We used phasor method to find the steady state
voltages and currents.
In this Chapter, we consider power in
such circuits.
The techniques we develop are useful for analyzing many of the
electric devices we encounter daily, because sinusoidal sources are
predominate means of providing electric power in our homes,
school, and businesses.

8
10.1 Instantaneous Power
Consider the following circuit represented by a
black box. i (t )
i (t )  I m cos(t  i )

v (t ) v (t )  V m cos(t  v )


The instantaneous power assuming passive sign convention

( Current in the direction of voltage drop    )
p (t ) v (t )i (t ) ( Watts )
If the current is in the direction of voltage rise (   ) the
instantaneous power is:

v (t )

p (t )   v (t )i (t )
i (t )

9
 i (t )
i (t )  I m cos(t  i ) i (t )  I m cos(t )

v (t )
 v (t )  V m cos(t  v ) v (t )  V m cos(t  v  i )

p (t ) v (t )i (t )  {V m cos(t  v  i )}{I m cos(t )}

 V m I m cos(t  v  i ) cos(t )

Since 1 1
cos cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
2 2
Therefore
p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(2t v  i )
2 2

10
 i (t )
i (t )  I m cos(t  i ) i (t )  I m cos(t )

v (t ) v (t )  V m cos(t  v  i )
 v (t )  V m cos(t  v )

p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(2t v  i )

Therefore 2 2

Since cos(   )  cos cos   sin  sin 

Therefore cos(2t v  i )  cos(v  i )cos(2t )  sin(v  i )sin(2t )

p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(v  i )cos(2t ) V m I m sin(v  i )sin(2t )

2 2 2

11
 i (t )

i (t )  I m cos(t )

v (t ) v (t )  V m cos(t  v  i )


p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(v  i ) cos(2t ) V m I m sin(v  i ) sin(2t )

2 2 2
v =60o i =0o

You can see that the frequency of the

Instantaneous power is twice the
frequency of the voltage or current

12
10.2 Average and Reactive Power
Recall the Instantaneous power p(t)

p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(v  i ) cos(2t ) V m I m sin(v  i ) sin(2t )

2 2 2

p (t )  P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t )
where
P  V m I m cos(v  i )
2 Average Power (Real Power)

Q  V m I m sin(v  i ) Reactive Power

2

13
10.2 Average and Reactive Power
Recall the Instantaneous power p(t)

Average Power P is sometimes called Real power because

it describes the power in a circuit that is transformed from
electric to non electric ( Example Heat ).

It is easy to see why P is called Average Power

because

t0+T t0+T
 
1 1
p (t )dt { P  P cos(2t )Q sin(2t )}dt  P
T t0 T t0

14
Power for purely resistive Circuits
p (t )  P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t )

v =i P  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(0)  V mIm

2 2 2 V mIm

Q  V m I m sin(v  i )  V m I m sin(0)
2 2
0

p (t )  V m I m  V m I m cos(2t )
2 2

The instantaneous
V mIm
power can never be 2
negative.

Power can not be extracted from a purely resistive network.

15
Power for purely Inductive Circuits
p (t )  P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t ) v =i  90o
v i = 90o P  V m I m cos(v  i ) V mIm
2 2

 V m I m cos(90o ) 0
2
Q  V m I m sin(v  i )  V m I m sin(90o )  V m I m
2 2 2
p (t )   V m I m sin(2t )
2

The instantaneous power p(t) is

continuously exchanged between
the circuit and the source driving the
circuit. The average power is zero. V mIm

2
16
Power for purely Inductive Circuits
When p(t) is positive, energy is being stored in the
V mIm
magnetic field associated with the inductive element. 2
When p(t) is negative, energy is being
extracted from the magnetic field.

The power associated with purely

inductive circuits is the reactive
power Q.
The dimension of reactive power Q
is the same as the average power P.
To distinguish them we use the unit
VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive) for V mIm

reactive power. 2

17
Power for purely Capacitive Circuits
p (t )  P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t ) v =i  90o
v i = -90o P  V m I m cos(v  i )  Vm Im cos(90o )  0 V mIm
2 2 2

Q  V m I m sin(v  i )
2
 Vm Im sin(90o )  -Vm2Im
2
p (t )   V m I m sin(2t )
2

The instantaneous power p(t) is

continuously exchanged between
the circuit and the source driving the
circuit. The average power is zero. V mIm

2

18
Power for purely Capacitive Circuits V mIm
2

When p(t) is positive, energy is

being stored in the electric field
associated with the capacitive
element.

When p(t) is negative, energy is

being extracted from the electric
field.
The power associated with purely
V mIm
capacitive circuits is the reactive 
2
power Q (VAR).

19
 The power factor
Recall the Instantaneous power p(t)

p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(v  i ) cos(2t ) V m I m sin(v  i ) sin(2t )

2 2 2
P average P average Q reactive
power power power
 P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t )

The angle v  i plays a role in the computation of both average

and reactive power
The angle v  i is referred to as the power factor angle

We now define the following : The power factor pf  cos(v  i )

The reactive factor rf  sin(v  i )
20
The power factor
pf  cos(v  i )

Knowing the power factor pf does not tell you the power
factor angle, because
cos(v  i )  cos(i v )

To completely describe this angle, we use the descriptive phrases

lagging power factor and leading power factor
Lagging power factor implies that current lags voltage hence an
inductive load
Leading power factor implies that current leads voltage hence a
capacitive load

21
10.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations

Assume that a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the terminals of

a resistor as shown

V m cos(t  v ) R

Suppose we want to determine the average power

delivered to the resistor

22
10.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations

Suppose we want to determine the average power

delivered to the resistor

 m cos(t v ) dt  1 1
2
 t0+T 

t
t0+T t0+T V
 
 
V cos (t 
1 2 2
P p (t )dt  1 
T v
)dt 

T t0 T t0 R R  0
m


t0+T

1
V rms  V cos (t  )dt
2 2
However since T t0 m v
2
V
P  rms If the resistor carry sinusoidal current P  RI rms
2

23
Recall the Average and Reactive power
P  V m I m cos(v  i ) Q  V m I m sin(v  i )
2 2
Which can be written as
P  V m I m cos(v  i ) Q  V m I m sin(v  i )
2 2 2 2

Therefore the Average and Reactive power can be written in

terms of the rms value as
P  V rmsI rms cos(v  i ) Q  V rms I rms sin(v  i )
The rms value is also referred to as the
effective value eff
Therefore, the average and reactive power can be written in terms
of the eff value as:
P  V eff I eff cos(v  i ) Q  V eff I eff sin(v  i )

24
Example 10.3
a) A sinusoidal voltage having a maximum amplitude of 625 V
is applied to the terminals of 50 Ω resistor. Find the average
power delivered to the resistor.
b) Repeat (a) by first finding the current in the resistor.

25
10.4 Complex Power

Previously, we found it convenient to introduce sinusoidal

voltage and current in terms of the complex number, the phasor.

Definition
Let the complex power be the complex sum of real power
and reactive power
S  P  jQ

were
S is the complex power
P is the average power
Q is the reactive power

26
Advantages of using complex power S  P  jQ
 We can compute the average and reactive power from the
complex power S
P  {S } Q  {S }

 complex power S provide a geometric

interpretation
j
S  P  jQ  S
S Q
e (reactive power)
where

S = P Q
2 2
is called the apparent P
power (average power)

27
 Advantages of using complex power S  P  jQ

S Q
(reactive power)


S = P Q
2 2
is called the apparent P
power (average power)

Q 
  tan   Vm Im sin(v  i )   tan   sin(v  i )   tan   tan(v  i )  
   
 =tan   v  i
P   Vm I m cos(v   ) 
 i 
 cos(v   ) 
 i  power factor angle

The geometric relations for a right triangle mean the four power
triangle dimensions
(|S|, P, Q,  ) can be determined if any two of the four are known.
28
Example 10.4
An electrical load operates at 240 V rms. The load absorbs an
average power of 8 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
a) Calculate the complex power of the load.
b) Calculate the impedance of the load.

29
10.5 Power Calculations
S  P  jQ  V m I m cos(v  i )  j V m I m sin(v  i )
2 2
j (v  i ) j (v  i )
V I cos(v   )  j sin(v   )  
V I e  V eff I eff e
 m m m m
2  i i  2
jv -j i
 Veff e Ieff e  V eff I eff
*

*
where I eff Is the conjugate of the current phasor I eff
I eff


V eff Circuit


1
Also S VI *
2

30
Alternate Forms for Complex Power
I eff

 The complex power was defined as

V eff Circuit S  P  jQ

Then complex power was calculated to be
However there are several useful S
1
S  V eff I eff
*
OR VI *
variations as follows: 2

First variation
I eff
*  (ZI )I *
S  V eff I eff  ZI I *  Z | I eff |2
eff eff eff eff

V eff Z = R + jX  (R + j X ) | I eff |2  R | I eff |2 + j X | I eff |2
 P Q

2  1 2
P  R | I eff |2  2
R I eff
1
 R I m2 Q  X | I eff |2  X I eff XI m
2 2
31
 Second variation V * *
* V eff  eff  V effV eff |V eff |2
S V eff I eff  Z

  
I eff Z* Z*
|V eff |2 |V eff |2 R  j X
    R  j X |V eff |2
Z = R + jX R  jX R  j X R  jX R 2X 2
V eff
 X
 R |V eff |2  j |V eff |2
R 2X 2 R 2 X 2
P Q
1 R
P R |V eff |2  R 2
V eff  V m2
R 2X 2 R 2 X 2 2 R 2X 2
X
|V eff |2  2
X 2 1 X
Q V eff  V m2
2
R X 2 R  X 2
2 R 2X 2

P R |V eff |2  |V eff |
2
Q 0
If Z = R (pure resistive) X= 0 R 2X 2 R
X |
V |2
If Z = X (pure reactive) R= 0 P 0 Q 2
|V eff |  eff
2
R X 2 X
32
Example 10.5 Line
Load

rms because the voltage is given in terms of rms.

33
 P  975 W Q  650 var

Another solution The load average power is the power absorbed by

the load resistor 39 W
V RI R
Recall the average Power for purely resistive Circuits P  m m V effR I eRf f
2
where V effR and I efRf Are the rms voltage across the resistor and the rms
current through the resistor
P V R R I 2  RI eff
eff eff

34
 

V R
eff



V Inductor
eff


P  975 W
From Power for purely resistive Circuits Q  650 var

IL
1
P  V m I m V eff I eff P |V R || I R | V R I R
2 eff eff eff ef f

39 39 o
V R 195
234.36e j 3.18  195e -j36.87
o

VR  V  eff
eff 39 j 26 L 39 j 26
|V effR |
P V R I R  (195)(5)  975 W
eff eff

35
 

V R
eff



V Inductor
eff


P  975 W
From Power for purely resistive Circuits Q  650 var

P V R IR  (RI R )I R  R (I R )2  (39)(52 )  (39)(25)  975 W

OR eff eff eff eff eff

j 26
Q V eff I eff Q V L I L VL  V  j 26 234.36e j 3.18 o
j 53.13 o

eff eff eff 39 j 26 L  78  j1 04  130e

39 j 26
IL 5

V L 130 Q  (130)(5)  650 VAR

eff
Q  XI eff
2  650 var
OR

36
Line

V Line 
eff

P  I eff
2 R

Q  I eff
2 X

37
 Line

V Line 
eff

OR using complex power

1 j 4 Line  250 V
S Line  V eff
LineI * V Line  (250) OR V
eff eff (1 j 4)  (39 j 26) eff L

V Line  20.6 39.1o V rms

eff

S Line  V eff
LineI *
75.97o  25  j 100 VA
eff  20.6 39.1o 5 36.87o 103

38
 Line
Load

From part (c) From part (b)

S S +S  (25  975)  j (100 + 650) 1000  j 750 VA
Absorb Line Load (25 j 100) + (975 j 650)

S = S  (1000  j 750) VA
Supply Absorb

S   250 0o (I* )   250 0o  1250 36.87o VA

Supply L
OR
 1000  j 750 VA
39
Example 10.6 Calculating Power in Parallel Loads

40
41
pf  cos(v  i )

42
S  8000  j 6000 VA S  20000  j 10000 VA
1 S 12000  j 16000 VA
2

The apparent power which must be supplied to these loads is

|S | | 20000  j 10000| VA  22.36 kVA

43
 C? |S |

Will cancel this

As we can see from the power triangle We can
correct the power factor to 1 if we place a
capacitor in parallel with the existing load

1
Recall that X 
C
44
45
The addition of the capacitor has reduced the line loss from 400 W to 320 W

46
Example 10.7

1
S1  V1I1*  P1 + j Q1
2
P1 = 1690 W and Q1  3380 VAR

47
Another solution
   1690 W
2 2
1 1 VR 1 2 1
P = R IR  (  26)  (  52)
2 2 2
P1 = (1) I1 = (1)
2 2 R 2 2
2
1 1 V
VR  ( V1 ) P1 =
R
 1690 W
OR 1  j2 2 1
Similarly
 
2 2
1 1 VX 1 2 1
Q = X IX 
2
Q1 = (2) I1 = (2) (  26)  (  52)
2 2
 3380 VAR
2 2 X 2 2

2
j2 1 VX
VX  ( V1 ) Q1 =  3380 VAR
OR 1  j2 2 2

48
10.5 Maximum Power Transfer

What is the value of ZL that will absorb maximum power

For maximum power transfer :
Z L  RTH  jX TH  Z L  ZTH
*
Recall
(Using rms values)

=0

49
Similarly

50
Similarly

=0 (since XL = Xth)
RL  RTH
Z L  RTH  jX TH

51
Example 10.11 Finding Max Power Transfer in a circuit with an Ideal Transfo.

Finding Max Power Transfer in a circuit.

a) The value of RL
b) What is the maximum average power delivered to RL

52
Example 10.11 Finding Max Power Transfer in a circuit with an Ideal Transfo.
VTh 210
a)The value of RL    35W
I SC 6
 210 
2

b)The maximum average power delivered to RL is Pmax    35  315W

 70 

53