Ch2

Power Computations

Ch2-1

Introduction

 Power computations are essential in

analyzing and designing PE circuits
 Particular emphasis on power calculations
for non-sinusoidal voltages and currents

Ch2-2

1
 Introduction
物理 電壓
電流 電阻 電能 電功率 時間 電量
名稱 （電位差）
英文
V I R E P t Q
代號
單位 V A Ω J W s C
代號 伏特 安培 歐姆 焦耳 瓦特 秒 庫侖
單位
焦耳/庫侖 庫侖/秒 歐姆 焦耳 焦耳/秒 秒 庫侖
定義

物理公式 英文代號 中文補充

電流定義 Q＝I×t 電量＝電流 × 時間
E＝ QV ＝ It × V
歐姆定律 V＝I×R 電壓＝電流 × 電阻
＝ (I2Rt)
電能定義 E＝Q×V 電能＝電量 × 電壓 ＝ (V2/R)t = Pt
電能定義 E＝P× t 電能＝電功率×時間
Ch2-3

Power and Energy

Ch2-4

2
 Instantaneous Power (IP)
 Instantaneous power for any device or circuit
at a certain time t is
p(t )  v(t )i(t ) (W)
 IP generally is a time-varying quantity

device source

p(t) > 0, device p(t) > 0, source

absorb power supply power
Ch2-5

Energy
 Energy (work) is the integral of instantaneous
power
 Energy absorbed by an element in the time
interval from t1 to t2 is
t2
W   p(t )dt ( joules)
t1

Ch2-6

3
 Average Power (AP)
 Periodic voltage and current functions produce a
periodic IP (p(t))
 AP is the time average of p(t) over one or more periods
(in ac circuits, also called real/active power)
 The term power usually means AP

 The total average power absorbed by a circuit equals

the total average power supplied
1 t0  T 1 t0  T
P
T t0
p(t )dt 
T  t0
v(t )i(t )dt

W
 P T: the period of power waveform
T Ch2-7

Average Power (AP)

 A special case: power absorbed or supplied by a dc
source
 Applications include battery-charging circuits and dc
power supplies
 The AP absorbed by a dc voltage source v(t) = Vdc that
has a periodic current i(t) is derived

1 t 0 T 1 t0 T  1 t0 T 
Pdc  
T 0t
v(t )i(t )dt  
T 0
t
Vdc i(t )dt  Vdc  
T 0t
i(t )dt   Vdc Iavg

Similarly, AP absorbed by a dc source i(t )  Idc is
Pdc  Vavg Idc
Ch2-8

4
 Example 2-1
 Voltage & current of a device, find (a) IP; (b) energy
absorbed in one period; (c) AP

 20V 0  t  10ms
v( t )  
 0 10ms  t  20ms

 20 A 0  t  6ms
i( t )  
 15 A 6ms  t  20ms

Ch2-9

Example 2-1
[Sol]

(a) p(t )  v(t )i(t )

400W 0  t  6ms

p(t )  300W 6ms  t  10ms
0W 10ms  t  20ms

T
(b) W   p(t )dt
0

 400W  6ms  (300)W 4ms  1.2J

W 1 T 1.2J
( c) P    p(t )dt   60W
T T 0 0.02s

Ch2-10

5
 Energy Storage Elements:
Inductors and Capacitors
Inductors (L) and capacitors (C) have some
particular characteristics that are important in
power electronics applications

Ch2-11

Inductor
vL
For periodic i and v with a period T
iL L
iL (t  T )  iL (t ), vL (t  T )  vL (t )
1
L stored energy: wL (t )  LiL2 (t )
2
AP absorbed by an L is zero for SS operation
di (t ) 1 t0 T
vL (t )  L L  iL (t0  T )  iL (t0 )   vL (t )dt v (t )  L diL (t )
dt L t0 L
dt
1 t0 T iL slope
iL (t0  T )  iL (t0 )  0   vL (t )dt ( periodic)
L t0 diL (t ) iL vL (t )
 
1 t0  T dt t L
avg[vL (t )]  VL   vL (t )dt  0
T t0  (Volt-second balance)
for periodic i, average v across L over one period is zero
Ch2-12

6
 Example 2-2
 As shown in Fig. (a) and [Sol] i(t ) i(t )
v(t )  L  5mH
(b), determine v(t), IP and 
t
40
t

5mH (1  0)m  20V , 0  t  1ms

AP of the inductor 
v(t )  
5mH 0  4  20V 1ms  t  2ms
 (2  1)m

 80t , 0  t  1ms
IP : p(t )  v(t )i(t )  
 80  2  t  , 1ms  t  2ms

T
 4t , 0  t  1ms AP   p(t )dt  0W
i (t )   0
 4  t  2  , 1ms  t  2ms Ch2-13

Capacitor

b  
Voltage  a
E  dl  Ed  vab
v
Charge q   dψ  DA   EA  ε A  Cvab
d
A A
Capacitance C  ε  εoεr
d d Ch2-14

7
 Capacitor
vC
For periodic i and v with a period T
iC
C
iL (t  T )  iL (t ), vL (t  T )  vL (t )
1
C stored energy: wC (t )  CvC2 (t )
2
AP absorbed by a C is zero for SS operation
dvC (t ) 1 t0 T
iC (t )  C  vC (t0  T )  vC (t0 )   iC (t )dt dv (t )
dt C t0 iC (t )  C C
dt
1 t0  T vC slope
vC (t0  T )  vC (t0 )  0   iC (t )dt ( periodic)
C t0 dvC (t ) vC iC (t )
 
dt t C
1 t0  T
avg[iC (t )]  IC   iC (t )dt  0  (Amp-second or charge balance)
T t0
for periodic v, average i in a C over one period is zero Ch2-15

Capacitor Equivalent Resistances

Rs: equivalent series resistance (ESR)

Rp: dielectric leakage resistance

Ch2-16

8
 Case of Energy Conversion
 L and C must be energized and de-energized in several
applications of PE
 e.g., a fuel injector solenoid(燃油噴射器螺線圈) in an
automobile is energized through an electronic switch
(ES), energy is stored in the solenoid’s L
 When the ES is turned off, the stored energy must be
removed to prevent ES from damage
 Circuit efficiency can be improved if stored energy
can be transferred to the load or to the source rather
than dissipated in circuit resistance
Ch2-17

Inductor Exciting Circuit with Energy Diversion

 Assume that all components are

ideal
 The series diode-resistor provides
a path for diverting the energy
D
stored in L as the transistor (Q)
turns off to avoid it being
Q
destroyed
Control signal

 Assume that the switch turns on

at t = 0 and turns off at t = t1

Ch2-18

9
Circuit Analysis Q on: 0 < t < t1

Q on ( D off ) : 0  t  t1
vL  VCC
1 t 1 t V
iL (t )  iL (0)  
L 0
vL ( )d  
L 0
VCC d  0  CC t
L
is (t )  iL (t ) (linearly increase)
Ch2-19

Circuit Analysis Q off: t1 < t < T

Q off (D on) : t1  t  T
VCCt1
initial condition iL (t1 ) 
L
V t
iL (t )  iL (t1 )e(t t1 )/  CC 1 e(t t1 )/
L
  L / R, is (t )  0 exponential decay

(iL deca yexponentially )

Ch2-20

10
 Power Conversion
Average power supplied by dc source • AP absorbed by L is zero
1 T  • Powers absorbed by ideal
Ps  VCC Is  VCC   is (t)dt 
T 0
 transistor and diode are
1 T  (V t )2 zero
 1 t1 V t
 VCC   ( CC )dt   0dt   CC 1
T 0 L T t1  2LT • Thus, all power supplied
by the source must be
(V t )2
If Pinductor  PQ  Pdiode  0,  PR  Ps  CC 1 absorbed by the resistor
2LT
Energy stored in L = Power absorbed by R • Energy consumed by R is
2
converted to heat and
1 2 1  VCCt1  (VCCt1 )2 represents a power loss in
W  LiL (t1 )  L  
2 2  L  2L the circuit
W (VCCt1 )2
PR  
T 2LT
Ch2-21

Inductor Exciting Ckt with Energy Recovery

 Assume that all components are

ideal
Q1
 Two transistor switches are turned D1
on and off simultaneously
Control signal
 The diodes provide paths of
returning energy stored in L back
D2
to the source Q2

 Assume that the switches turn on

at t = 0 and turn off at t = t1

Ch2-22

11
 Circuit Analysis Q on: 0 < t < t1

Q1 , Q2 on ( D1 , D2 off ) : 0  t  t1
vL  VCC
1 t 1 t V
iL (t )  iL (0)  
L 0
vL ( )d  0   VCC d  CC t
L 0 L
is (t )  iL (t ) (linearly increase) Ch2-23

Circuit Analysis Q off: t1 < t < T

• When Q1 and Q2 are off, the
diodes turn on to provide a
path for iL
• iL decreases and equals zero
at t = 2t1, and the diodes
turn off at this time. iL
remains at zero until the
transistors turn on again
Energy stored in L is recovered by
Q1 , Q2 off (D1 , D2 on): t1  t  T transferring it back to the source
vL  VCC
1 t 1 t V t V
iL (t )  iL(t1 )  
L 1 t
vL ( )d  
L 1
t
(VCC )d  CC 1   CC (t  2t1 ), t1  t  2t1
L L
is (t )  iL(t ) (iL linearly decrease, source absorbs power)
Ch2-24

12
 Energy Recovery Design

 Source supplies power as switches on Q1

D1
 Source absorbs power as switches off
 Energy stored in inductor is recovered
by transferring it back to source D2
Q2
 No energy losses, more efficient design

Ch2-25

Effective Values:
Root Mean Square (RMS)
Value

Ch2-26

13
 Definition of RMS Value
 Known as the root-mean-square (rms) value
 Effective value of a periodic voltage waveform
is based on the average power delivered to a
resistor
 For a dc voltage across a resistor, the AP is

Vdc2
P
R

Ch2-27

Definition of RMS Value

 For a periodic voltage, effective voltage is defined as
the voltage that is as effective as the dc voltage in
supplying the same AP
2
P(t)
V 2 Veff 1 T
R T 0
P  dc   p(t )dt
R
1 T 1 T v2 (t ) 1 1 T 
  v(t )i(t )dt   dt    v2 (t )dt 
T 0 T 0 R R T 0

1 T
 Ve2ff   v2 (t )dt
T 0
1 T 2
T 0
Then define Veff  Vrms  v (t )dt

1 T 2
T 0
Similarly, the rms current can be derived by Irms  i (t )dt
Ch2-28

14
 Ex. 2-3: RMS Value of Pulse
Determine the rms value of the periodic pulse waveform with a duty
ratio of D

[Sol]

V 0  t  DT
v(t )   m
0 DT  t  T
1 
T DT T
1 2
Vrms   v  t  dt   m V 2
dt   02 dt 
T0 T 0 DT 
1 2
  V DT   Vm D
T m
Ch2-29

Ex. 2-4: RMS Value of Sinusoids

Determine the rms values of (a) a sinusoidal voltage of v(t) =
Vmsin(t), (b) a full-wave rectified sine wave of v(t) = |Vmsin(t)|,
and (c) a half-wave rectified sine wave of v(t) = Vmsin(t) for 0 < t <
T/2 and zero otherwise. v(t) = V sin(t) m

Vm T = 2

[Sol]
T t

(a) v(t )  Vm sin(  t )  Vm sin(    t )

1 T 1 2 2 Vm
Vrms 
T  0
v 2 ( t )d t 
2  0 m
V sin 2 ( 
t )d ( 

t ) 
 2
(b) Full-wave rectifier
Vm
 Vm sin(t )    Vm sin(  t )   Vrms  FWR 
2 2

2
(c) Half-wave rectifier

Vrms 
1
2  V 

0
2
m


0 
sin 2 (  t )d (  t )   0 2 d (  t ) 
Vm
2 Ch2-30

15
 Sum of 2 Periodic Waveforms
A periodic voltage is the sum of 2 periodic voltages
i.e. v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )
1 T 2 1 T 1 T
 Vrms
2
  (v) dt   (v1  v2 )2 dt    v12  2v1v2  v22  dt
T 0 T 0 T 0
If v1 and v2 are orthogonal  v1v2  0 Orthogonal: v1 and v2 are
1 T 2 1 T 2 sinusoids of different frequencies
Vrms   v1 dt   v2 dt  V1,rms  V2,rms
2 2 2

T 0 T 0

 Vrms  V1,2rms  V2,2rms

Sum of more than 2 periodic voltages, all orthogonal
N
Vrms  V1,2rms  V2,2rms  V3,2rms    V
n1
2
n , rms

N
Irms  I1,2 rms  I2,2 rms  I3,2 rms    I
n1
2
n , rms
Ch2-31

Ex. 2-5: RMS Value of the Sum of Waveforms

Determine the effective (rms) value of v(t) = 4 + 8sin(1t+10o) +
5sin(2t+50o) for (a) 2 = 21, (b) 2 = 1.
[Sol]
v (t )  4  8 sin(  1t  10 0 )  5 sin( 2 t  50 0 )
2 2
 8   5 
( a ) for  1   2  Vrms  42       7.78 V
 2  2
(b ) for  1   2  integral of cross product over one period
is not zero
8 10 0  5 50 0  12.3 25.2 0
v (t )  4  12.3 sin(  1 t  25.2 0 )
2
 12.3 
Vrms  42     9.57 V
 2 
Ch2-32

16
 Ex. 2-6: RMS Value of Triangular Waveforms
(a) A triangular current waveform is commonly encountered in PE
circuits. Determine the rms value of this current.
(b) (b) Determine the rms value of the offset triangular waveform.
[Sol] itri

(a ) itri function can be expressed as Im

 2 Im
 t t  Im 0  t  t1 0 t
t1 T 2T
 1
i(t )  
 2 I m t  I m  T  t 1  t  t  T
-Im
 T  t 1 T  t1 1

5
1  t1  2 I I  T  t 1    Im 3
2 2 Im
 T  2 I
2
I rms     m t  I m  dt    m
t m  dt   Idc
T  0  t1  t1 T  t
 T  t 1   3
 1
 1
N
t
(b) I rms  I
n 1
2
n , rms
0
1ms 3ms

2 2
 Im   2 
I rms  I 12, rms  I 22, rms     I dc  
2
  3  3.22 A
2

 3  3 Ch2-33

Apparent Power and

Power Factor

Ch2-34

17
 Apparent Power S
 Apparent power is the product of rms voltage
and rms current magnitudes
 Often used in specifying the rating of power
equipment such as transformers
 In ac circuits with sinusoidal sources, apparent
power is the magnitude of complex power
 Apparent power can be expressed as

S  Vrms Irms
Ch2-35

Power Factor (PF)

 PF of a load is defined as the ratio of average
power to apparent power
P P
pf  
S Vrms I rms
 In sinusoidal ac circuits, pf = cos (a special
case used only for sinusoidal v and i),  is the
angle between v and i.
 In general, pf must be computed from above Eq.

Ch2-36

18
Power Computation of Sinusoidal ckt.
 For linear circuits with sinusoidal sources, all steady-state v
and i are sinusoids
 For any element in an ac circuit, let
v(t )  Vm cos(t   )

 i(t )  Im cos( t   )
IP :
p(t )  v(t )i(t )  Vm cos( t   )  Im cos( t   )
V I 
  m m   cos(2t     )  cos(   )
 2  cos(2t     )  cos(   )
  
cosine function, 一週期積分 =0 constant
Average Power
Vrms  Vm / 2
1 T V I 
P 
T 0
p(t )dt   m m  cos(   )  Vrms Irms cos(   )
 2 
-: phase difference between v and i. The PF is computed by cos(-) Ch2-37

Power Computation of Sinusoidal ckt.

 In steady-state operation, no net power is absorbed by
an inductor (L) or capacitor (C)
 The term reactive power (Q) is commonly used in
conjunction with voltages and currents for inductors
and capacitors
 Q is characterized by energy storage during one-half
of the cycle and retrieval during the other half
 Q can be computed by
Q  Vrms I rms sin(   )
 Inductors absorb positive Q and capacitors absorb
negative Q
Ch2-38

19
 Power Computation of Sinusoidal ckt.
 Complex power (S) combines real and reactive powers
for ac circuits and can be expressed as
S  P  jQ  Vrms  Irms 


Vrms and Irms : complex quantities often expressed as

phasors, Vrms  Vrmsθv , Irms  I rmsθi   I rms   I rms  θi


Apparent power in ac circuits is the magnitude of S

 S  S  P 2  Q2

Above Eqs. of S and PF are only valid for sinusoidal waveforms,

but not for non-sinusoidal voltages and currents

Ch2-39

Sinusoidal Voltage & Current

i  2Vrms cos t , i  2Irms cos(t   ) S=VI  Vrmse j 0  Irmse j  Vrms Irmse j

Euler or phasor representation:  Se j  P  jQ  S  Vrms Irms
V  Vrmse j 0  V0o , I  Irmse j  Irms   P  Re[S]  V I cos 
rms rms

Z  R  jL  Ze j  R2  (L)2  Q  Im[S]  Vrms Irms sin 

V Vrmse j 0 V  j P Vrms Irms cos 
I   e  Irmse j PF    cos
Z Ze j Z S Vrms Irms
Ch2-40

20
Power Computation of non-sinusoidal Waveforms

 In general, voltage and/or current in PE circuits are

not sinusoidal. Calculating non-sinusoidal power with
the equations for calculating sine-wave power will
cause errors
 However, a non-sinusoidal periodic waveform can be
represented by a Fourier series of sinusoids
 Fourier series can be used to describe non-sinusoidal
periodic waveforms in terms of a series of sinusoids
with different frequencies
 Power relationships for these circuits can be expressed
in terms of the components of the Fourier series
Ch2-41

Non-sinusoidal Waveforms

PE circuits typically have non-sinusoidal but is periodic

waveform Ch2-42

21
 Fourier Series (FS)
 A non-sinusoidal periodic waveform can be
described by an FS of sinusoids
 The FS of a periodic function f(t) can be
expressed in trigonometric form as

f (t )  a0  [an cos(n0t )  bn sin(n0t )]
n1
T
1 2 T2
a0   2
T f (t )dt , an   T f (t )cos(n0t )dt
T 
2 T 2
2 T2
bn   T f (t )sin(n0t )dt
T 2 Ch2-43

Fourier Series (FS)

 Sines and cosines of the same frequency can be
combined into one sinusoid

f (t )  a0  [an cos(n0t )  bn sin(n0t )]
n1

 b 
f (t )  a0  Cn cos(n0t  n ), Cn  an2  bn2 , n  tan1  n 
n1  an 
or

a 
f (t )  a0  Cn sin(n0t  n ), Cn  an2  bn2 , n  tan1  n 
n1  bn 
Ch2-44

22
 Fourier Series (FS)

f (t )  a0  [an cos(n0t )  bn sin(n0t )]
n1

a 
f (t )  a0  Cn sin(n0t  n ), Cn  an2  bn2 , n  tan1  n 
n1  bn 
 a0: the average value of f(t) and represents a dc value in
electrical applications
 C1: the amplitude of the term at the fundamental freq. 0
 C2, C3 . . .: the amplitudes of the harmonics with
frequencies 2, 3, . . . .
 The rms value of f(t) can be computed by
2
 
C 
Frms  F
n 0
2
n,rms  a   n 
2
0
n1  2 
Ch2-45

Symmetry in Fourier Analysis

Ch2-46

23
Average Power of Nonsinusoidal Periodic v & i Waveforms

 The Fourier series of periodic v and i waveforms are

represented by
 
v(t )  V0  Vn cos(n0t  n ), i(t )  I0   In cos(n0t  n )
n1 n1

1 T
T 0
Average Power : P  v(t )i(t )dt
 
P   Pn  V0 I0  Vn,rms In,rms cos(n  n )  0 or
 n1
n 0 dc term   terms at the diff . freq .
terms at the same freq .


V I 
P  V0 I0   n,max n,max  cos(n  n )
n1  2 
Ch2-47

Ex. 2-7: Non-sinusoidal Voltage Supply Linear Load

A non-sinusoidal periodic voltage has a Fourier series of v(t) = 10 +
20cos(260t-25o) + 30cos(460t+20o) V. This voltage is connected to
a load that is a 5  resistor and a 15 mH inductor connected in
series. Determine the power absorbed by the load.

Ch2-48

24
Ex. 2-7:
v(t) = 10 + 20cos(260t-25o)
+ 30cos(460t+20o) V

Ch2-49

Average Power of nonsinusoidal Periodic v & i Waveforms

 The Fourier series of periodic v and i waveforms are

represented by
 
v(t )  V0  Vn cos(n0t  n ), i(t )  I0   In cos(n0t  n )
n1 n1

1 T

T 0
Average Power : P  v(t )i(t )dt
 
P   Pn  V0 I0  Vn,rms In,rms cos(n  n )  0 or
 n1
n 0 dc term   terms at the diff . freq .
terms at the same freq .

V I 

P  V0 I0   n,max n,max  cos(n  n )
n1  2 
Ch2-50

25
Sinusoidal Voltage Supply Nonlinear Load
A sinusoidal voltage source supplies a nonlinear load, the
current waveform will not be sinusoidal but can be
represented as an FS

v(t )  V1 sin(0t  1 )  NL Load  i(t )  I0   In sin(n0t  n )
n1

Average power absorbed by load

 
V I 
P  V0 I0   Pn  V0 I0   n,max n,max  cos(n  n )
n1 n1  2 
VI 
 0  In,max 
 0  I0  1 1 cos(1  1 )    cos(n  n )  V1,rms I1,rms cos(1  1 )
2 n 2  2 

The only nonzero power term is at the frequency of the applied voltage source
Ch2-51

Sinusoidal Voltage Supply Nonlinear Load

The power factor of the load is computed by
P P V I cos(1  1 )  I1,rms 
pf    1,rms 1,rms    cos(1  1 )  DF  DPF
S Vrms Irms V1,rms Irms Irms  
  displacement power factor
distortion factor

2
 
I  I
Irms  I
n 0
2
n,rms  I02   n  , DF  1,rms , DPF  cos(1  1 )
n1  2  Irms

 The term cos(1-1) is called displacement power factor

(DPF), which is commonly used in sinusoidal v & i for
linear circuits to measure the PF
 The ratio of the rms value I1,rms/Irms is called distortion
factor (DF), which represents the reduction in PF due to
the non-sinusoidal property of the current
Ch2-52

26
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
 THD is another term used to quantify the non-sinusoidal
property of a waveform
 THD is the ratio of the rms value of all the non-fundamental
frequency terms to that of the fundamental frequency term


I 2
n ,rms 2
Irms  I1,2 rms  I 
2
 1 
2

THDi  n 1
   rms   1    1
I1,2 rms I1,2 rms I   DF 
 1, rms 
1
 DF 
1  (THD)2


I
n 2
2
n , rms
If dc term  0  THDi 
I1,rms
Ch2-53

Distortion volt-amps D
 Reactive power for a sinusoidal voltage and a non-sinusoidal
current can be expressed as
V1 I1
Q  V1,rms I1,rms sin(1  1 )  sin(1  1 )
2
 With P and Q defined for the non-sinusoidal case, S must
include a term of distortion volt-amps (D) to account for the
i at frequencies that are different from the v frequency
視在功率修正為 S  P2  Q2  D2
 
V1
D  V1,rms I
n 1
2
n , rms 
2
I
n 1
2
n

Other terms used for non-sinusoidal v and i

Irms I peak
Form Factor (FF )  , Crest Factor (CF ) 
Iavg Irms
Ch2-54

27
Ex. 2-8: Sinusoidal Voltage Supply Nonlinear Load
A sinusoidal voltage source of v(t) = 100cos(377t) V is applied to a
nonlinear load, resulting in a non-sinusoidal current which is
expressed in Fourier series form as
i(t) = 8 + 15cos(377t+30o) + 6cos[2(377t)+45o] + 2cos[3(377t)+60o] A
Determine (a) the power absorbed by the load, (b) the power factor of
the load, (c) the distortion factor of the load current, (d) the total
harmonic distortion of the load current.
[Sol] 100 15
(a) P  V1,rms I1,rms cos(1  1 )  cos(  300 )  650W
2 2
2 2 2
 15   6   2 
(b) Irms  8     
2
     14A
 2  2  2
P 650
 pf    0.66
V1,rms Irms (100/ 2 )  14
Ch2-55

Ex. 2-8: Sinusoidal Voltage Supply Nonlinear Load

v(t) = 100cos(377t) V
i(t) = 8 + 15cos(377t+30o) + 6cos[2(377t)+45o] + 2cos[3(377t)+60o] A
Determine (c) the distortion factor of the load current, (d) the total
harmonic distortion of the load current.

[Sol] Irms  14A

I1,rms (15/ 2)
(c) DF    0.76
Irms 14
2
Irms  I1,2 rms 142  (15/ 2)2
(d ) THDi    0.86  86%
 15/ 2 
2
I1,2 rms

2 2
 1   1 
or THD    1     1  0.86
 DF   0.76 
Ch2-56

28
 Line-Current Distortion

Ch2-57

Line-Current Distortion

Assume input voltage is sinusional

vs  2Vs sin1t
is (t )  is1 (t )   ish (t ) (no dc component)
h1

 2Is1 sin(1t  1 )   2Ish sin(ht  h )

h1

is rms value
1/2 1/2
 1 T1   2 
Is,rms    is2 (t )dt    Is21   Ish 
 T1  
0
 h1
Ch2-58

29
 Line-Current Distortion
distortion component
idis (t )  is (t )  is1 (t )   ish (t )
h1
1/2
 2 
2
s
2 1/2
Idis,( rms)   I  I 
s1    Ish 
 h1 
THD
Idis,rms
%THD  100 
Is1,rms
Is,peak
Crest Factor 
Is,rms
Ch2-59

Average Power and PF

average power
1 T1 1 T1
T1 0 T1 0 s s
P p(t )dt  v (t )i (t )dt

1 T1
T1 0
 2Vs,rms sin 1t  2Is1,rms sin(1t  1 )dt  Vs,rms Is1,rms cos1

apparent power S  Vs,rms Is,rms

Power Factor
P Vs,rms Is1,rms cos 1 Is1,rms
PF    cos 1  DF  DPF
S Vs,rms Is,rms Is,rms
where DPF(displacement power factor)  cos1
1
PF  DPF
1  THDi2
Ch2-60

30