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Protection of Transmission Lines Using GPS

Article · March 2013

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Anirban Ghosh
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Protection of Transmission Lin

This is a new technique fOr the prOtectiOn Of transmissiOn systems by using

the glObal pOsitiOning system (GPS) and fault generated transients. In this

scheme the relay cOntains a fault transient detectiOn system tOgether with

a cOmmunicatiOn unit, which is cOnnected tO the pOwer line thrOugh the

high vOltage cOupling capacitOrs Of the CVT. Relays are installed at each bus

bar in a transmissiOn netwOrk. These detect the fault generated high

frequency vOltage transient signals and recOrd the time instant

cOrrespOnding tO when the initial traveling wave generated by the fault

arrives at the busbar. The decisiOn tO trip is based On the cOmpOnents as

Anirban Ghosh
they prOpagate thrOugh the system. Extensive simulatiOn studies Of the
B. Tech. (Electrical
technique were carried Out tO examine the respOnse tO different pOwer
Engineering)
system and fault cOnditiOn. The cOmmunicatiOn unit is used tO transmit and

+91 9432979681 receive cOded digital signals Of the lOcal infOrmatiOn tO and frOm the

assOciated relays in the system. At each substatiOn , the relay determine

the
Anirban9432@gmail.com
lOcatiOn Of the fault by cOmparing the GPS time stay measured lOcally

01-Mar-2013 with thOse received frOm the adjacent substatiOns, extensive simulatiOn

studies presented here demOnstrate feasibility Of the scheme .

 Protection of March 1
smission Lines using GPS
2013
This is a new technique fOr the prOtectiOn Of transmissiOn systems by using the glObal pOsitiOning system (GPS) and fault
generated transients. In this scheme the relay cOntains a fault transient detectiOn system tOgether with a cOmmunicatiOn unit,
which is cOnnected tO the pOwer line thrOugh the high vOltage cOupling capacitOrs Of the CVT. Relays are installed at each bus bar
in a transmissiOn netwOrk. These detect the fault generated high frequency vOltage transient signals and recOrd the time
instant cOrrespOnding tO when the initial traveling wave generated by the fault arrives at the busbar. The decisiOn tO trip is
based On the cOmpOnents as they prOpagate thrOugh the system. Extensive simulatiOn studies Of the technique were carried
Out tO examine the respOnse tO different pOwer system and fault cOnditiOn. The cOmmunicatiOn unit is used tO transmit and
receive cOded digital signals Of the lOcal infOrmatiOn tO and frOm the assOciated relays in the system. At each substatiOn , the
relay determine the lOcatiOn Of the fault by cOmparing the GPS time stay measured lOcally with thOse received frOm the
adjacent substatiOns, extensive simulatiOn studies presented here demOnstrate feasibility Of the scheme .

A Full Report By-

Anirban Ghosh
B. Tech. (Electrical Engineering)
 ABSTRACT

This is a new technique for the protection of transmission systems by using the global positioning
system (GPS) and fault generated transients. In this scheme the relay contains a fault transient detection
system together with a communication unit, which is connected to the power line through the high
voltage
coupling capacitors of the CVT. Relays are installed at each bus bar in a transmission network. These detect the
fault generated high frequency voltage transient signals and record the time instant corresponding to when
the initial traveling wave generated by the fault arrives at the busbar. The decision to trip is based on the
components as they propagate through the system. Extensive simulation studies of the technique were carried
out to examine the response to different power system and fault condition. The communication unit is used to
transmit and receive coded digital signals of the local information to and from the associated relays in the
system. At each substation , the relay determine the location of the fault by comparing the GPS time stay
measured locally with those received from the adjacent substations, extensive simulation studies presented
here demonstrate feasibility of the scheme .
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to Department of Electrical Engineering, Seemanta Engineering

College, Mayurbhanj, Orissa for his cooperation and encouragement.

Gracious gratitude to all the faculty and staff of Seemanta Engineering College and friends for
their valuable advice and encouragement.
 CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1
2 Fault generated transients and associated protection techniques 2
3 Characteristics of high frequency current signals 3
4 Basic principles and relay design 5
5 Modeling and simulation 7
6 Conclusion 13
7 References 13
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1. INTRODUCTION
A century has passed since the applicatiOn Of the first electrO chemical Over current relays in
pOwer system prOtectiOn. The majOrity Of prOtectiOn principles where develOped within the first three
decades Of century. A rOugh guide tO their develOpment is shOwn in fig1

Distance prOtectiOn has played an impOrtant rOle in pOwer line prOtectiOn since it was first
intrOduced in the early part Of the century. It has many advantages Over the pOwer line prOtectiOn
techniques and can be adOpted fOr fault lOcatiOn and back up prOtectiOn. HOwever, like Other pOwer
frequency based prOtectiOn techniques it suffers frOm limitatiOn due tO pOwer system frequency wave
fOrm, fault path resistance, line lOading and sOurce parameter variatiOns. In particular, the respOnse speed
Of the relay cannOt meet the requirements when very high speed fault clearance is required.

With the cOntinuOus develOpment Of mOdern technOlOgy, prOtectiOn relays have advanced
with the develOpment Of electrOmechanical, semicOnductOr, integrated circuits and micrOprOcessOr
technOlOgies. Al tOugh decades Of research have been put in tO the cOntinued develOpment and perfectiOn
Of the relay technOlOgy; many Of the basic relaying principles Of prOtectiOn have nOt been changed and are
still playing a dOminant rOle tOday. the intrOductiOn Of cOmputer technOlOgy have been an impOrtant
milestone in the history of power system protection .since the concept was first raised in the late 60‟s relay
technOlOgy has gOne thrOugh rapid develOpment. Digital techniques fOr transmissiOn line prOtectiOn have
been quickly develOped and have included variOus digital and numeric impedance algOrithms fOr
distance prOtectiOn.
MOdern develOpment fOr pOwer system netwOrk , the demand fOr fast fault clearance tO imprOve
system stability and the need fOr alternative prOtectiOn principles have resulted in the search fOr
methOds to increase the speed of relay response .in the late 70‟s this led to the development of “ultra
high speed protection “ based On the use Of traveling waves and super impOsed cOmpOnents these
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relays Offered the
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advantage Of fast respOnse , directiOnality , and where nOt affected by pOwer swing and CT saturatiOn.
HOwever many distinct advantages Of the cOnventiOnal prOtectiOn techniques where nOt retained fOr
e.g. Inherent back up prOtectiOn.
In recent years, there is a grOwing interest in the use Of fault generated transients fOr
prOtectiOn purpOses and extensive research wOrk has been cOnducted tO develOp new relaying
principles and techniques based On their detectiOn. This led tO the new cOncept Of “transient based
prOtectiOn “(TBP). AmOng these the “pOsitiOnal prOtectiOn” Offers attractive sOlutiOns fOr pOwer line
prOtectiOn.
This technique is based On the detectiOn Of fault generated high frequency transient signals
and determines the actual pOrtiOn Of the fault On the line by measuring the traveling time Of the high
frequency transient vOltage Or current signals alOng the line. In cOntrast tO the cOnventiOnal traveling
wave based prOtectiOn techniques, this technique cOncentrates On the fault generated signals during
arcing and their assOciated high frequency signals. With this apprOach nOt Only the clOse in faults can
be detected , but alsO the prOblem Of lOw fault inceptiOn angle , vOltage zerO faults is effectively
OvercOme since the faults arc signals vary little with the inceptiOn angle.
The pOsitiOnal prOtectiOn uses it‟s assOciated GPS scheme tO determine the instant when it
detects the fault generated high frequency transient signals and uses the pOwer line cOmmunicatiOn
system tO cOmmunicate this infOrmatiOn tO the relays at the Other substatiOns. By cOmparing the
arrival time Of the transient at different pOints in the netwOrk, relay is able tO identify where the fault is
On the system and pin pOint its lOcatiOn. The system can alsO respOnd tO the high frequency transient
generated by switch gear OperatiOn, which prOvides an immediate OppOrtunity fOr cOmprehensive self
testing and calibratiOn checking. ElectrOmagnetic transient prOgram (EMPT) sOftware has been used tO
simulate a mOdel EHV transmissiOn system in Order tO examine the respOnse Of the prOtectiOn scheme tO a
variety Of different system and fault cOnditiOn. Results demOnstrate that the prOpOsed technique Offer a
very fast relay respOnse and high accuracy in fault lOcatiOn. It has alsO been shOwn that the scheme is
immune tO pOwer frequency phenOmena which can affect established types Of relaying.

2. FAULT GENERATED TRANSIENTS AND ASSOSIATED PROTECTION TECHNIQUES

A cOmparisOn Of different prOtectiOn techniques in the frequency dOmain is shOwn in fig. a

pOwer system fault indicates a variety Of additiOnal transient cOmpOnents in additiOnal cOmpOnents
cOntain extensive infOrmatiOn abOut the fault and are spread thrOughOut the spectrum ranging frOm Dc tO
may kilOhertz and even mega hertz.

In cOnventiOnal prOtectiOn scheme, the high frequency signals are cOnsidered tO be nOise and
filtered Out and as a result, cOnsiderable research has been spent On the designing Of the filters, prOtectiOn
schemes based On detectiOn Of fault generated transient, such as the “ultra high speed prOtectiOn”
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schemes are generally limited by the band width Of transducers used.
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It is accepted hOwever that the fault generated high frequency transient cOmpOnents cOntain
a wealth Of infOrmatiOn abOut the fault type, lOcatiOn, its directiOns and duratiOn. The use Of these
high frequency transient signals enables the realizatiOn Of new prOtectiOn principles that cOuld nOt be
implemented using Only pOwer frequency signals. This has led tO the develOpment Of the “transient
based prOtectiOn “and the “transient identificatiOn” shOwn in fig 2.

The transient based prOtectiOn technique Operates by extracting the fault generated high
frequency signals thrOugh specially designed detectiOn devices and their assOciated algOrithms. The
high frequency current signals are directly extracted frOm the CT Out puts. althOugh cOnventiOnal irOn
cOred CT‟s alternate the high frequency signals, their characteristics are such that sufficient signals can
be detected fOr relaying measurement and several researchers are studying there use fOr high frequency
relaying. FOllOwing initial analOgue filtering, fast signal prOcessing algOrithms are then applied tO the
measured signals fOr fault identificatiOn.

3. CHARECTERSTICS OF HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENT SIGNALS

The theOretical aspects Of the characteristics Of the prOpagatiOn Of high frequency signals On
transmissiOn lines have been well dOcumented.
3.1 detectiOn Of fault pOsitiOn and fault generated current transients
When a fault Occurs On a transmissiOn line, wide band vOltages and current signals prOpagate
away frOm the fault pOint alOng the pOwer cOnductOrs. In time, these signals reach discOntinuities On
the transmissiOn line and sOme Of the signals are reflected back tOwards the fault pOint. The
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characteristics Of
 Page |

these waves are dependent On several factOrs including, the fault pOsitiOn On the line, fault path resistance
and the characteristics impedance Of the pOwer cOnductOrs. This prOpagatiOn can be shOwn graphically.
Here relays are lOcated at all Of the substatiOns in the pOwer system and independently
mOnitOr the pOwer system. The frequency range Of interest fOr mOnitOring these fault generated high
frequency signals is between 40-80 KHz and the signal prOcessing is designed as tO determine the arrival
Of high frequency transient characteristics Of thOse generated by a fault. At these frequencies, bus bars
are dOminated by their capacitive elements, and as a result, the incOming high frequency current signal
is bOth inverted and reflected. A resistive fault in their frequency range will alsO reflect a current wave Of
the OppOsite pOlarity.
3.2 Fault current transient detectOr
The prOpOsed scheme uses a specially designed transient current detectOr fed frOm the primary
CTs. This extracts are high frequency signals assOciated with the fault generated current transients. A
simplified blOck diagram Of the detectOr arrangement is shOwn in the figure. The circuit cOmprises Of
an analOgue input circuit fOr signal cOnditiOning and a digital circuit fOr determining the transients.
Particular emphasis has been placed On the develOpment Of digital circuit.
The detectOr is designed tO interrOgate signals in the range Of frequencies frOm 40-80KHz.
analOg circuit acts as a band pass filter which extracts the band Of fault generated transient current
signal frOm the line. As a result, the respOnse Of the scheme is nOt affected by the pOwer frequency
shOrt circuit band at the busbar Or the precise cOnfiguratiOn Of the sOurce side netwOrks.
3.3 Signal PrOcessing Unit
MOdel transfOrmatiOn is emplOyed tO decOuple the signal in tO their respective aerial
mOdes. The signals mixing circuits receives the signal frOm the 3 phase CTs and cOntinue these tO fOrm
mOde2 and mOde3 signals. There are filters tO remOve any spuriOus nOise. The Outputs Of the analOg
circuit are then passed tO the digital circuit.
The sampling frequency Of the analOg tO digital A/D cOnverter is 1 MHz and the speed Of
prOpagatiOn Of the high frequency transient is similar tO the speed Of light. The digital prOcessing
includes filters sequence recOrding, amplitude cOmparisOn, cOunters and decisiOn lOgic.
 Page |

4. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND RELAY DESIGN

A shOrt circuit fault On a pOwer transmissiOn line generates vOltages and current signals Over
a wide frequency range. These signals prOpagate away frOm the fault pOint in bOth directiOns alOng the
transmissiOn system with velOcity clOse tO the speed Of light. It has been lOng recOgnized that the
actual faulted pOsitiOn cOuld be determined On line if the transient signals cOuld time tagged at key
pOints On the pOwer system netwOrk. The glObal pOsitiOning system, with its ability tO prOvide
synchrOnizatiOn with an accuracy Of micrOsecOnd Over the wide area, prOvides an ideal tOOl fOr
perfOrming this time tagging Of the receipt Of fault generated transients.

4.1 Basic Principle

The basic principle Of the technique can be demOnstrated by referring tO the 400Kv, EHV
transmissiOn netwOrk, shOwn in figure. Relays are installed at the bus bars P, Q, R and S and are
respOnsible fOr the prOtectiOn Of the netwOrk. FOr this paper, the study has been cOncentrated On the
prOtectiOn Of the netwOrk PQR and tripping Of the breakers assOciated with that netwOrk, high
frequency signals are generated at the fault pOint and travel Outward frOm that pOint alOng the netwOrk
cOnductOrs. In time they will reach the mOnitOred bus bar and be detected by the relays cOnnected tO
them. Each relay recOrd the arrival instant Of the signal generated by the fault.
The relays then cOde this time infOrmatiOn with details Of their identificatiOn and transmit
this tO their neighbOring relays. All relays are cOntinuOusly ready tO receive the cOded massages send by
Other
 Page |

devices. Data prOtOcOls are used tO avOid cOnflict between infOrmatiOn sent by different devices alOng the
same line. FOllOwing an event, the relays cOmpare the fault transient arrival time recOrded at its sight
with thOse send by Other relays .frOm this they determine whether the fault is within the prOtected
zOne. ApprOpriate tripping instructiOns are then send tO the relevant lOcal circuit breakers. The actual
lOcatiOn where the fault Occurs can be clearly identified at each relay lOcatiOn by this methOd.

4.2 Relay Design

A simplified blOck diagram Of the relay unit is shOwn in fig. the transient detectOr uni5t is
cOnnected tO the line using three phase CVTs. These are able tO detect the fault generated high
frequency vOltage signals. The cOmmunicatiOn unit, cOntaining a transmitter and a receiver circuits, alsO
uses the CVTs tOgether with a hybrid unit tO separate the transmitted and received transmitted signal.
The transient detectOr is respOnsible fOr detecting the fault generated fast transient signals
and recOrding the time tag Obtained frOm the GPS clOck.
The transmitter
circuit sends this time tag
cOrrespOnding tO the
instant when the transient
is captured, tO the
receivers Of the Other
relays installed invOlved in
the netwOrk scheme.
PreviOus
research has investigated
the use Of digital filters tO
detect the high frequency
signals generated by the
fault and had shOwn that the accuracy Of fault lOcatiOn was a functiOn Of the sampling rate used tO
 Page |

digitalize the measured signal. The accuracy was directly related tO the sampling rate and higher the
sampling rate, the mOre accurate the measurement. In this system it was therefOre prOpOsed tO use
cOntinuOus sampling. I.e. an analOg system and a pass band filter tuned tO Operate between 40 and 80
KHz. The prOtectiOn technique is therefOre divOrced frOm the pOwer system frequency.

The cOmmunicatiOn link used in the scheme mOdeled and shOwn in fig. used pOwer line
carrier techniques. AlthOugh this has several advantages, Other cOmmunicatiOn system cOuld be used,
such as pilOt wire, Optical fiber Or micrOwave.
The decisiOn tO trip the lOcal breaker depends On the cOmparisOn between the times
measured by the GPS system at that lOcatiOn and thOse measured by Other relays. Unlike the cOnvectiOnal
prOtectiOn scheme, where each relay assOciates with One circuit breaker On that line sectiOn, the
prOpOsed relaying scheme will be respOnsible fOr prOtectiOn Of several lines cOnnected tO the bus bar
where it is installed. FOr eg as shOwn in fig the relay at bus bar “R” respOnsible fOr the prOtectiOn Of
bOth line sectiOn , cOnnected tO the busbar, by cOntrOlling bOth circuit breakers CB-RP and CB-RQ.
TherefOre the technique Offers a netwOrk prOtectiOn scheme rather than One which cOncentrates On
specific units Of plant. This prOvides several technical advantages Over cOnventiOnal relaying.

5. MODELLING AND SIMULATION

5.1 System MOdeling
The respOnse Of the cOmplete system was evaluated by mOdeling the transmissiOn line system
tOgether with the relays in the scheme using the EMTP simulatiOn prOgram. EMTP is a general purpOse
cOmputer prOgram fOr simulating high speed transient effects in electric pOwer systems. The EMTP
prOgram features an extremely wide variety Of mOdeling capabilities encOmpassing electrOmagnetic and
electrO mechanical OscillatiOns ranging in duratiOn frOm micrO secOnds. Its main applicatiOn includes
switching and lightning surge analysis, insulatiOn cO-OrdinatiOns, shaft tOrsiOnal OscillatiOns ferrO
resOnance and HVDC cOnverter cOntrOl and OperatiOns.

The EMTP simulatiOn studies include

1. SimulatiOn Of line and transfOrmer energizatiOn, lOad rejectiOn and fault clearing which are dOne tO
help determine the required transfOrmer, circuit breaker and Other equipment characteristics.
2. AdditiOnal simulatiOns used tO develOp recOmmended prOcedure fOr line and transfOrmer energizatiOn.
3. COmparisOn Of several recOrded wavefOrms with the result Of EMTP simulatiOn Of same events.
5.2 SimulatiOn Studies
The cOnfiguratiOn Of a transmissiOn line netwOrk used in the studies is shOwn in the fig. The
line lengths, sOurce capacities and fault pOsitiOn studies are shOwn 9in fig. CB-PQ, CB-PR, CB-RQ are
circuit breakers respOnsible fOr isOlating the different line sectiOns.
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Fig 3(a) shOws the primary system vOltage at the bus bars experienced during an earth fault
at the pOint F1 in the fig. as expected, the seviarity Of the fault depends On the impedance Of the line
cOnnecting the busbar and the fault pOint. It is evident that the high frequency cOmpOnents are
prOduced at the faulted and unfaulted phases.
Fig 3(b) shOws the cOrrespOnding transient vOltage signals captured by the relays at P, Q and R. it
can be seen that the magnitude Of the captured transient signal decreases with increasing distance
between the relay and the fault pOint. UpOn detecting the arrival Of the transient signal, each relay time
tag the signal and details Of the time are sent tO Other relay lOcatiOns.
The time taken fOr the cOmmunicatiOn will depend On the cOmmunicatiOn system used. In
this study a high speed cOmmunicatiOn system has been mOdeled. The time taken fOr the
cOmmunicatiOn is the system OverlOad, which will be added tO the prOcessing time required in the
decisiOn making unit.
Determining which is the faulted sectiOn is reduced tO a cOmparisOn Of time tags recOrded
when the fault transients where detected at the relaying pOints thrOughOut the netwOrk .each relay
cOmpares
the time instant Of the first wave tO arrive
at the lOcatiOn with thOse recOrded at the
Other lOcatiOn. .a time difference smaller
than the time taken tO travel thrOugh the
cOrrespOnding line length indicates that
the fault is within the cOrrespOnding
sectiOn .the actual fault lOcatiOn can be
determined with an accuracy Of within 300
meters using the difference between time
measurements taken at the end Of the
faulted line.
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The relatiOnship between the tag times and determining which feeder is faulted and hence
which breaker need tO be tripped is given by
Tp-Tq < Lpq/V
Tp - arrival time Of the transient wave as bus bar P
Tq - arrival time Of the transient wave as bus bar
Q Lpq - length Of the line between busbar P and Q
V - Wave velOcity On the line.
FrOm the respOnse shOwn in fig indicates that the fault Occurs On the line sectiOn PQ. Since this a
TEED feeder , the trip decisiOn will be made up by the relays at lOcatiOns P,Q and R respectively and
subsequently these relays trip their assOciated circuit breakers, as shOwn in fig 5(b). FOr this fault, the
relays at P and R are able tO discriminate between the TEED feeders PQR and line PQR and line PR by
cOnsidering their respOnse and that frOm the relay at Q.
The distance we tO the fault is calculated at bOth terminals line sectiOn between bus bar P and
Q. the time tag data and the measured fault lOcatiOn are given in the table1. The tripping signals shOwn
assume a high speed cOmmunicatiOn system.
Fig 4 shOws the cOrrespOnding respOnses fOr an „a‟ phase tO grOund fault Occurring at the pOint
F2 in fig. In this case , the time difference between Tp and Tq , Tp and Tr cOrrespOnd tO the wave travel
time frOm P tO Q and P tO R respectively, and therefOre the fault is Onside the area cOnsidered in the study.
Tp - Tq = Lpq/V
Tp - Tr = Lpr/V
The relays therefOre restrain the circuit breakers assOciated with sectiOns PQR frOm tripping.

The relay installed at bus bar „S‟ will detect the time tag the fault generated transient wave
tOgether with the time tag data received frOm the relay at bus bar „P‟ sectiOn is SP and trip the
cOrrespOnding breaker. The relay lOcated On the bus bar P will respOnd in a similar manner.
Fig 5 shOws the relay respOnse fOr a „b‟ phase tO grOund fault Occurring near a vOltage zerO
at pOint F3. As expected althOugh the magnitude Of the transient signal has been reduced as cOmpared
tO
 Page |

thOse shOwn in fig 3 & 4, relays able tO make cOrrect decisiOn based On the signals detected. Details Of the
relays respOnse is shOwn in table 1.
Again althOugh the magnitudes Of the signals captured are relatively lOwer due tO increase in
fault path resistance, the result clearly shOws that the scheme is still able tO Operate.
Fig 6 shOws an „a‟ tO „b‟ fault at pOint F5 On the TEED feeder PQR. The high frequency transients
are readily detected at the relay lOcatiOn and summary Of results are shOwn in table 1.

Switching OperatiOns at any substatiOn will alsO generate high frequency transients, which will
be detected by the relays. HOwever the time difference between the time tags will cOrrespOnd tO the
transient time alOng the feeders and the prOtectiOn will diagnOse that the disturbance is nOt On the
prOtected feeders. The respOnse Of the system tO thOse Of the system tO these switching OperatiOns Offers
the OppOrtunity fOr a cOmprehensive self-testing Of the fault detectiOn GPS and the cOmmunicatiOn system.
 Page |

The GPS clOck has an accuracy Of 1 micrOsecOnd rOughly cOrrespOnds tO an accuracy in fault
lOcatiOn Of 300 meters. This assumes that the transients travel at the speed Of light in vacuum, where
as their speed will be less alOng the pOwer cOnductOrs.
 Page |

ErrOr in the time tagging tO intrOduce an uncertainty fOr faults Occurring clOse tO a bus bar. tO fOr
a cOmplete prOtectiOn scheme which cOvers, faults On any part Of the transmissiOn line system, the
technique need tO be cOmplemented by a high speed directiOnal relaying technique . Such relays cOuld
be prOvided by measuring either current Or vOltage, transient signals. In the cOmplete scheme, the directiOn
a fault as determined at a bus bar alsO is transmitted tO the adjacent relays using the cOmmunicatiOn
link.
 Page |

6. CONCLUSION
A new technique fOr the prOtectiOn Of a transmissiOn line netwOrk is presented in this paper. This
uses a dedicated fault detectOr tO extract the fault generated high frequency vOltage transient signal
and GPS system tO time tag these signals. The traveling time Of the transient high frequency signal frOm
the pOint Of fault tO the adjacent substatiOn is used tO determine the fault pOsitiOns.
SimulatiOns studies have been carried Out the OperatiOn Of the system when applied tO an
EHV transmissiOn netwOrk cOntaining bOth plain and TEED feeders. Results shOw that the prOpOsed
scheme is able tO identify the faulted sectiOn Of a transmissiOn netwOrk and issue the trip cOmmand tO
the circuit breaker assOciated with the faulted sectiOn. The prOtectiOn is inherently high speed but is
dictated by the data cOmmunicatiOn system used.
Studies shOw that the prOpOsed technique is able tO Offer a high accuracy in fault lOcatiOn.
Since the accuracy Of fault lOcatiOn is prOpOrtiOnal tO digital sampling was chOsen, i.e. an analOg fault
detectOr.
Unlike traditiOnal prOtectiOn schemes, this technique Offers a new cOncept in netwOrk prOtectiOn.
The prOtectiOn inherently mOnitOrs the netwOrk tO which it is cOnnected and is nOt limited tO individual
units Of plant.

7. REFERENCES
o Zhiqian Q BO Weller, TOm LOmas and Miles A, Redfern “POsitiOnal PrOtectiOn Of TransmissiOn system Using
glObal POsitiOning System” IEEE Trans. On POwer delivery, vOl 15 nO 4 Oct 2000
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