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SS oa StS Sain ye cares flows Xuw oe Sint cae yor SCs eure, vee “ss af, Oe \ Fae st rs a l Scanned with CamScannerFinu Hence fo cue @ 08 GP = Se Res) Ure can ware pre Tas T (ec) aa Scanned with CamScannerr if bay fe, 7 r att gf. & pr reer beer an werisr ek 2 beqar | R&R ce Lv vert teen Scanned with CamScannerEt foe aed wrorlelig 49" for Kevin's brie, TE ntiede Wak as. J Vanek: Asad V) tas mm eSfeck om Rae meaBuretanrtee ovis) Ye, equ b te fMeveorr if 13 aesiralle to Bry Gd et grmble to avoid erat Leccrure g Peron ey enn’ hy ) bes yi ww %, ; Ve “Ne avy Scanned with CamScannerpwosurement of Resistance 435 eee o ith P+Q qeseor of 1” P+Q -2 we grgcrandg apo or _ We can write Eqn. 14.37 as (14.38) Therefore we conchide that making the galvanometer connection as at dthe resistance of leads does not affect the result. The process described above is obviously not a practical way of achieving the desired result, as there would certainly be a trouble in determining the correct point for galvanometer connections. It does, however, suggest the simple modification, that two actual resistance units of correct ratio be connected between points mand r, the galvanometer be connected to the junction of the resistors. This is tke actual Kelvin bridge arrangement, which is shown in Fig. 14.17. ‘The Kelvin double bridge incorporates the idea of a second set of ratio arms ~ hence the name double bridge - and the use of four terminal resistors for low resistarice arms. Figure 14.17 shows the schematic diagram of the Kelvin bridge. The first of ratio arms is Pand Q The second set of ratio arms, pand qis used to connect the galvanometer to a point d at the appro- Priate potential between points mand 1 to eliminate the effect of connecting lead of resistance r between theknown resistance, R, and the standard resistance, S. — "0-147 Kelvin double bridge NM The ratio p/q is made equal to P/Q Under balance conditions there is no current through Balvanometer, which means that the voltage ee between a and b, Ey, is equal to the voltage 4t0P Fang between @ and c 1n(14.39) and Egg = 1] R+ —P_| (Pe ‘nt p+ql p+aer 5 [r pr | (14.40) eager, For zero galvanometer deflection, amd or 15-828) feo | peer pear? or R= 2.547 al (14.41) Q” p+a+rlQ 4 Now, if P/ Q=p/q, Eqn. 14.41 becomes, P R=—S. (14.42) Q Equation 14.42 is the usual working equation for the Kelvin bridge. It indicates that the resistance of connecting lead, r, has no effect on the measurement, provided that the two sets of ratio arms have equal ratios, Equation 14.41 is useful, however, as it shows. the error that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly 0 equal. It indicates that it is desirable to keep r as small as possible in order to minimize the errors in case there is a difference between ratios P/ Qand p/q. The effect of thermo-electric emfs can be eliminated by making another measurement with the battery connections reversed. The true value of R being the mean of the two readings. Ina typical Kelvin bridge, the range of resistance covered is 0.1 pM to 1.02. ‘The accuracies are as under : From 10004 to 1.02 — : 0.05%. From 10019 to 1000 ua : 0.2% to 0.05%. From 1042 — to 100 WO : 0.5%. to 0.2, limited by thermoelectric emis. In this bridge there are four internal resistance standards of 1.9, 0.1 9, 0.01. and 0.001 2 respec- tively. Scanned with CamScanner fF)k repor 14.3.3 Unbalanced Kelvin Bridge The galvanometer current of unbalanced Kelvin bridge can be found by the same Thevenin method as was used for Wheatstone bridge. The Thevenin source generator voltage, referring to Fig. 14.17 i lecronic Measurements and Instrumentation h trical and El . | ase fe srcuit for the Thevenin equivalent resistance The crealvanometer terminals cand d is shown as see ote where is the resistance in the batery in Fig. 14. circuit. @ © Fig. 14.19 Equivalent circuit for calculation of resistance of Kelvin bridge. However, R,S,r and R,, are usually very small and may be neglected with no appreciable-loss, in accuracy. The equivalent circuit then reduces to the ‘one as shown in Fig, 14.19(b). Therefore, Thevenin equivalent resistance PQ Pa =S,0'ont (14 eeneeas (1445) ‘The galvanometer current ia gee (14.46) TRG Example 14.15 A4 sl ple 14.15 A 4 terminal resistor of approximateh [Out resistance was measured by means ofa Kelvin bridge having the following component resistances Standard resistor = 100.03 Q ; I "nner ai ars and 200.9 ; outer ratio arms 0.24 a OY Solution. From Eqn. 14.41 the unknown resistance P Ra S+_ |P p Q meds H| 10024 = 309 * 10003. 10-¢ ] 100.31 +200 +700 10% 200 200 49.97 10-4 + 200700 19°* [ims 100. 2 = 49.97 no Scanned with CamScannerMeosurement of Resistonce 437 fmple_14-16 A Kelvin double brid Fx. hi oak of te to ams P=Q= po a tooo censfof the battery is 100 V and a resistance of 5. is included in the battery circuit. The galoanometer has a resistance of 500 © and the resistance of the link connecting the unknown resistance to the standard resistance may be neglected. The bridge is balanced when the standard resistance $ =0.001. (a) Determine the value of unknown resistance. (&) Determine the current (approximate through the unknown resistance R at atone (€) Determine the deflection of the gatvanometer ‘when the unknown resistance, R, is changed by 0.1 percent from its value at balance. The galoanometer has a sensitivity of 200 mmisA. Solution. (@) At balance, the value of unknown resistance 1000 1000 () If we examine the Kelvin bridge circuit, we find the resistors P, Q and p,q are in parallel with the resistance of link, r Since ris negligible and P, Q, pand qhave large values, the effect of ratios arms can be neglected for the purpose of calculation of current. -. Current under balance conditions E 100 ao 1-_~_-__™ __, R,+R+S 5+0.01+0.0001 where R, = resistance in the battery circuit. (c) The value R is changed by 0.1 per cent. 2. New value of R =1.001x0.001 =0,001001 9. Voltage between points a and c (Fig. 14.17) = —RtStt pe Rt$ Bas rad WC R,+R+S+r | Ry+R+S _ R+S _0.001+0,001001 , 199 - 491079 Ry 5 From Eqns. 14.43 and 14.44, Fy= Fay Fama P R==-S=—~x0,001 = 0.0019. a 001 9. =0.01 mV. (considering r=0). =0.01x10 Since R,S, rand R, are quite small as compared to P,Q, pand q we can use circuit of Fig. 14.19(0), For the calculation of internal resistance, Ry as viewed from terminals d and b. PQ, PL P+Q p+q = 1000 1000 , 10001000 _ 1999 ¢ 1000+ 1000 * 1000 +1000 Galvanometer current Fy 001x107 Rj+G 1000+500 = 0.0067 x 10-6 A = 0.0067 wA. «Deflection of galvanometer 51, = 200 0.0067 =1.34mm. Ry 14 Scanned with CamScannerMewuremert ) Medium Ruristance O Avwmely — Wp tteeher metned GW) Substiubion melrod GS) Whetstone boi ye warttrad Substfubon smethed wo Rw olan unber measurement ex uvkuown Ta. Xb vamitle Krew ves atier] vases droutd be coat With 32 cle add 5) om Bad @ a the detlerkien of auamneher or elavoncter 4s oleae): The St ke How dy thd “8 ad variafle se. BB oNJUD ty teed dare Jeflechon ig offelned ea hiet, ete—aediat “pe valet | YR unter Hie cond” wr & vale dR, Acurny 4 this method 4 greatly asfected if dhere is any chanpe im batlery emf auetg Hwe » meativds on tum ating, . La | Scanned with CamScannerSR Wh ertstne Baye pehiven That it math populard va) penn fer tee FO wtuwrennmar eben a Nlawahtcs : THE tt cece ad geltable instrument. bx ot ( - Vv ¢ yt - VA" \ 3 oY roy or? i The curreng Hrd Gi geptents om ex PD beth! ta “td ile 1 ana) to be balan) win Hens Hive current Hire! gtlvtvometer gr bey ped: awow Apivrvemter is tev Ths geewrey arlon vole fam ghd tee! equal the vosbaye fram ph ye Ae game tonathon om other ne ke, abd’. > fer Galened betye, rpenR a) Tas hs ee Ro unnnew™ v4 - ag 2/8 / Pao Abd ver ‘ Sa varnatle res. Pyiseoss sensitivity J Whsefstore Brad raghe rr Moe His lye operates on matt tivation Pinal RoI ave inaicabion 4 independent J talibvraton { a idahos Anafrywent or ayy Ff iB chan. TH giver) tir repre Y_acturay, Scanned with CamScannerMeasurement of Resistance 425 For the galvanometer current to be zero, the 14.2.4 Sensitivity of Wheatstone Bridge following conditions also exist : It is frequently desirable to know the galvano- meter reaponse to be expected in a bridge which is E P+O ~(1412) Gightly unbalanced so that a current flows in the 5 ‘galvanometer branch of the bridge network. This may and MRS (1413) be used for A) selecting a galvanometer with which a given where E = emf of the battery. unbalance may be observed in a specified Combining Eqns. 14.11, 1412 and 14.13 and bridge arrangement, simplifying, we obtain ‘Udi determining the minimum unbalance which PR ndings can be observed with a given galvanometer Pro” Res sl in the specified bridge arrangement, and trom which QR = PS “(4415 WH). determining the deflection tobe expected for « Equation 14.15 is the well known expression for given unbalance, rene ne ensitivity to unbalance can be computed the balance of Wheatstone bridge. If three of the : 3 an known te be A solving the bridge circuit for a small unbalance. The eis eee may be determined <> ton is approached by converting the Wheatstone foom Bap. 1425 and we open : bridge of Fig, 14.3 to its “"Thevenin Equivalent” circuit. Rasa (14.16) _Assume that the bridge is balanced when the branch 2 Tesistances are P,Q R, S 50 tat F/O R/S Suppo the resistance Rig changed to R+AR creating an where R is the unknown resistance, Sis called the ‘standard arm! of the bridge and P and Qare called the “unbalance. This will to cause an emf eto a ‘across ‘ratio arms. the galvanometer branch. With galvanometer branch In the industrial and laboratory form of the Pet the voltage drop between points ¢ and bis bridge, the resistors which make.up P, Q and S are 5, = 1,Pp=— mounted together in a box, the appropriate values ‘ab PQ being selected by dial switches. Battery and galvano- _ _E(R+AR) meter switches are also included together with a Similarly, Fug =h(R+OR)-Ry aRas galvanometer and a dry battery in the portable ses. Py rofore voltage difference between points dand | and Q normally consist of four resistors’ each, the | values being 10, 100, 1000 and 10,0022 respectively S | consists of a 4 dial or 5 dial decade arrangement of [rinse Fe] resistors. Figure 14.4 shows the commercial form of R+AR+S P+Q ( Wheatstone bridge. (14.17) fat fs] R+aR+S Res ne 04 ‘i —__FSAR__ v0 ole sesstance rsh +aR(R+H) Ratio selector ste ESAR 7 5 5 s . 4.18) Py PY. es aig a g as AR(R+S)<<(R+8) ion i #30 xi Let §, be the voltage sensitivity of galvanometer. Lockler toc foe oO ‘Therefore, deflection of galvanometer is galvanometer 9 Ohm at 20°C ae 0=5,¢=5, 254%. (04.19) (R+9} q Scanned with CamScannere OO OE EE EEE ON 426 Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation The bridge sensitivity S, is defined as the deflection of the galvanometer per unit fractional change in unknown resistance. Bridge sensitiity @ fea (14.20) SESR a 4.21 (R+5) y From Eqn. 14.21, itis clear that the'sensitivity of the bridge is dependent uy joltage, bridge Parameters and the voltage sensitivity of the galvano- “meter. Rearranging the terms in the expression for “sensitivity, SESE (14.22) From Eqn. 14.22, it is apparent that maximum sensitivity occurs Where R/'S=1. As the ratio becomes either larger or smaller, the sensitivity decreases, Since the accuracy of measurement is dependent uy sensitivity a limit can be seen to the usefulness for a given bridge, battery and galvanometer combination. F a bridge with equal arms, R=S=P=Q, (14.23) bndgenniiviy SE As explained above the sensitivity is maximum when the ratio is unity. The sensitivity with ratio P/Q=R/S=1000 would be about 1/250 of that for unity ratio. The sensitivity with P/Q=R/$=1000 ‘would similarly be about 1/250 of that for unity ratio. Thus the sensitivity decreases considerably if the ratio P7Q= R/ Sis greater or smaller’ This in sensitivity is accompanied by a reduction in accuracy with which a bridge can be balanced. current. The current through the gaivanometer caf be found out by finding the Thevenin equivalent circuit. The Thevenin or open circuit voltage appearing between terminals b and d with galvanometer circuit open circuited is, By = Eug~ Ea Iy(R+ QR) P E(R+AR)__EP R+AR+S P+Q aeR+aR __P spite ata] 00 For a bridge with equal arms, R=S= P=Q. R+AR+R R#R =f Rak 4 | “"T2R+aR 2 | AR = ESS as ar he-ed & reno ey solotay AaB otifereutial og eel S- & af -%, Then Re IE @ yeyete OMe GY we 2 Mee Re oN UbIRe & £ < CK) So . ohak chet Ye Scanned with CamScanner