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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

17 EL Section (I+II+III)
Engr. Suhaib Ansari

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

MUET, Jamshoro
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 LECTURE # 04

Laws of Perfect Gases

&
Thermodynamic Processes

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 AN IDEAL GAS , PERFECT GAS, REAL GAS
• An Ideal gas obeys Ideal gas laws (Charles’ Law, Boyle’s Law) and Equation of State.
The two Specific heats and a gas constant for an ideal gas are related by the
following relation 𝑹 = 𝑪𝑷 −𝑪𝒗 .
• A perfect gas or a Calorically ideal gas is ideal gas whose specific heats remain
constant at all temperature.
• The real gas behavior deviates from that of an ideal gas. It does not obey equation
of state. Different Equations of state are used for real gases.
• An Ideal gas is some what similar to perfect gas , it obeys gas laws, and the
only difference is specific heat is a function of temperature, and at high
temperatures and low pressure real gases acts like as ideal gas.
IDEAL GAS Vs REAL GAS
• Ideal gas has no definite volume while real gas has definite volume.
• Collision of ideal gas particles is elastic while non-elastic for real gas.
• Pressure is high in ideal gas compared to real gas.
• An ideal gas is infinitely compressible, a real gas will condense to a liquid at some
pressure.
• The particles of an ideal gas lose no energy to its container. A real gas conducts and
radiates heat, thereby losing energy.
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• Ideal gas follows the equation PV=nRT, Real gas does not follow that equation.
 LAWS OF PERFECT GASES
• A perfect or an ideal gas, is a gas whose
temperature, pressure, & volume are related by:
Pv=nRT
• The physical properties of a gas are controlled by
the following three variables;
1. Pressure exerted by the gas ,
2. Volume occupied by the gas ,
3. Temperature of the gas.
• The behavior of a perfect gas undergoing any
change in these three variables, is governed by
the following Laws.
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 LAWS OF PERFECT GASES
• Boyle’s Law:
The absolute pressure of a given mass of a perfect gas
varies inversely with its volume, when the
temperature remains constant. Mathematically;
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p∝ or p𝑣 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑣
• Charles’ Law:
The volume of a given mass of a perfect gas varies
directly with its absolute temperature, when the
absolute pressure remains constant. Mathematically;
𝑣
𝑣 ∝ 𝑇 or = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
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 LAWS OF PERFECT GASES
• Gay-Lussac Law:
The absolute pressure of a given mass of a perfect gas
varies directly with its absolute temperature, when the
volume remains constant. Mathematically;
𝑝
𝑝 ∝ 𝑇 or = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
• General Gas Equation:
The general gas equation is derived from the above
laws of perfect gases. i.e, Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law &
Gay-Lussac Law.
𝑝1 𝑣1 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑝𝑛 𝑣𝑛 𝑝𝑣 𝑝𝑣
= =⋯= 𝑂𝑅 = 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 =𝑅
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇𝑛 𝑇 𝑇
OR 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 7
 PROCESS & PATH OF PROCESS
• Any change that a system
undergoes from one equilibrium
state to another is called a
process.
• The series of states through
which a system passes during a
process is called the path of the
process.
• To describe a process completely,
one should specify the initial and
final states of the process, as well
as the path it follows, and the
interactions with the
surroundings. 8
PROCESS & PATH OF PROCESS

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 STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
• The terms steady and uniform are used frequently in
engineering, and thus it is important to have a clear
understanding of their meanings.
• The term steady implies no change with time. The
opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient. The term
uniform, however, implies no change with location over a
specified region. These meanings are consistent with
their everyday use (uniform properties, etc).
• A large number of engineering devices operate for long
periods of time under the same conditions, and they are
classified as steady-flow devices. Processes involving
such devices can be represented as steady-flow
processes. 10
 STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
• Steady flow process can be defined as a process during which a fluid
flows through a control volume steadily. That is, the fluid properties
can change from point to point within the control volume, but at
any fixed point they remain the same during the entire process.
• Therefore, the volume V, the mass m, and the total energy content
E of the control volume remain constant during a steady flow
process.
• Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated by devices that
are intended for continuous operation such as turbines, pumps,
boilers, condensers, and heat exchangers or power plants or
refrigeration systems.
• Some cyclic devices, such as reciprocating engines or compressors,
do not satisfy any of the conditions stated above since the flow at
the inlets and the exits will be pulsating and not steady.
• However, the fluid properties vary with time in a periodic manner,
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known as un-steady flow process.
 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
• Thermodynamic Process is defined as “the process of
heating & cooling of a system (gas).”
• It has been observed that during a thermodynamic process
change takes place in various properties of the gas such as
pressure, temperature, specific volume, specific energy,
specific enthalpy, etc.
• The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for
which a particular property remains constant.
• An isothermal process, for example, is a process during
which the temperature T remains constant; an isobaric
process is a process during which the pressure P remains
constant; and an isochoric (or isometric) process is a
process during which the specific volume v remains
constant. Also, Adiabatic Process and Polytropic Process.
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 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Isochoric or Constant Volume Process:
• When the gas is heated at a constant volume, its
temperature and pressure will increase. Since
there is no change in its volume, no external
work is done by the gas.
• All the heat supplied is stored in the body of gas
in the form of internal energy. It may be noted
that this law is governed by the Gay-Lussac Law.
• Q 1-2 = (U2 - U1) + W1-2
Since W1-2 = 0
• Q 1-2 = U2 - U1 , Q 1-2 = U2 - U1 = mCV (T2 - T1)
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 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Isobaric or Constant Pressure Process:
• When the gas is heated at a constant pressure, its
temperature and volume will increase. Since there is
a change in its volume.
• The heat supplied is utilized in increasing the internal
energy of the gas and also for doing some external
work. It may be noted that this process is governed by
Charles’ Law.
• Heat supplied to gas at C.P => Q1-2 = mCp (T2 - T1)
• Increase in internal energy => U2 - U1 = mCv (T2 - T1)
• Work done during the process or by the gas =>
W1-2 = area below the line 1-2= p(v2-v1) = m.R (T2 - T1)
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 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Isothermal or Constant Temperature Process:
• A process in which the temperature of working
substance remains constant during its expansion
or compression.
• This will happen when the working substance
remains in a perfect thermal contact with the
surroundings, so that the heat “sucked in” or
“squeezed out” is compensated exactly for the
mechanical work done by or on the gas
respectively.
• It is thus obvious that, in an isothermal process:
• There is no change in temperature & in internal
energy. 15
 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Isothermal or Constant Temperature Process:
When the process is considered as an Isothermal Expansion,
Work done during this process is:
2 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑣2
W= 1
𝑃𝑑𝑉 ⇒𝑊= 1 𝑣
𝑑V ⇒ 𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛
𝑣1
𝑣2
𝑊 = 2.303 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑙𝑛 = 2.303 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔)
𝑣1
𝑝1 𝑣2 𝑝1
𝑊 = 2.303 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( = )
𝑝2 𝑣1 𝑝2

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 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Adiabatic Process:
• A process during which there is no heat transfer is called
an adiabatic process .The word adiabatic comes from
the Greek word adiabatos, which means not to be
passed.
• There are two ways a process can be adiabatic: Either
the system is well thermally insulated so that only a
negligible amount of heat can pass through the
boundary, or both the system and the surroundings are
at the same temperature and therefore there is no
driving force (temperature difference) for heat transfer.
• An adiabatic process should not be confused with an
isothermal process. Even though there is no heat
transfer during an adiabatic process, the energy content
and thus the temperature of a system can still be
changed by other means such as work. We know that;
• Q1-2 = dU+W1-2 or dU = - W1-2 :. Q1-2 =0 17
 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
In an adiabatic process:
• If W>0 , work is done by the gas then T2< T1 i.e.,
temperature of gas decreases.
• If W<0 , work is done on the gas then T2 > T1 i.e.,
temperature of gas increases.
• The work done during adiabatic process is given by:
𝑝1 𝑣1 −𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑚𝑅(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
W1-2 = = (for Expansion)
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑝 𝑣 −𝑝 𝑣 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
W1-2= 2 2 1 1 = (for Compression)
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑝𝑣 𝛾 = Constant
where 𝛾 is the adiabatic index
𝑇1 𝑣2 𝛾−1 𝑃1 𝛾−1/𝛾
The relation between T, P, & v is: = ( ) =( )
𝑇2 𝑣1 𝑃2
• A frictionless adiabatic process is known as Isentropic
Process or constant entropy process.
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 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Isentropic Process:
• A process during which the entropy remains
constant is called an isentropic process.
• The entropy of a fixed mass does not change during
a process that is internally reversible and adiabatic.
• Isentropic processes enable us to define efficiencies
for processes to compare the actual performance of
these devices to the performance under idealized
conditions.
• It should be recognized that a reversible adiabatic
process is necessarily isentropic (𝑠1 = 𝑠2 ), but an
isentropic process is not necessarily a reversible
adiabatic process. 19
 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Adiabatic Process & Isentropic Process

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 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Polytropic Process:
• During actual expansion and compression
processes of gases, pressure and volume are often
related by 𝑝𝑣 𝑛 = C, where n and C are constants.
• A process of this kind is called as polytropic
process, as shown in figure.
• Below we develop a general expression for the
work done during a polytropic process.

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THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

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 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Polytropic Index: (𝒏)
Heat absorbed or rejected during polytropic process
is:
𝛾−𝑛 𝛾−𝑛 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
Q= ×𝑊 = × :.W=
𝛾−1 𝛾−1 1−𝑛 1−𝑛
𝑝
log( 2 )
𝑝1
𝑛= 𝑣 (𝛾= 𝑛 = 1.4) for air
log( 1 )
𝑣2
Adiabatic Index: (𝛾)
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑝 1.005
𝐾𝑔.𝐾
𝛾= [for air 𝛾 = = 𝑘𝐽 = 1.4] (at 300 K)
𝐶𝑣 𝐶𝑣 0.718
𝐾𝑔.𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅 𝑖 − 𝑒. (𝑅 = 0.2870 )
𝐾𝑔. 𝐾
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 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
• When n=0, 𝑃𝑣 0 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Isobaric Process.
• When n=1, 𝑃𝑣 1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Isothermal Process.
• When n lies between 1 & ϒ,
𝑃𝑣 𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,
Polytropic Process.
• When n=ϒ, 𝑃𝑣 ϒ = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,
Adiabatic Process.
• When n=α, 𝑃𝑣 α = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Isochoric Process.
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Any Question…???

THANK YOU…!

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