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6. 7.
BUY AND HOMEWORK, NO ONE EVER MADE
NOT BUY AND HOLD A DIME BY PANICKING
One thing we can clearly take away from Emotion, especially panic, has no place in
rule No. 5 is that over time, the facts investing. When we panic, we don’t think
change, the leaders become followers, the clearly. And when we aren’t thinking
disrupters disrupt, consumer preferences clearly, we make mistakes. If you associate
change and so on. The facts change and so the value of what you own with the price
must our investment thesis. If you’re not a stranger is willing to throw at it, it can be
doing the homework then how are you easy to panic when the bids come in low.
going to be sure that what you bought in However, just because someone offers you
the past is still what you own today? less for your house today than the price
you paid yesterday doesn’t mean it is any
The two reasons people often don’t to do less valuable. It may simply mean that the
the homework is because they have either current bidders don’t see the value
(wrongly) convinced themselves that if you see.
they hold long enough that ultimately all
stocks make a comeback, or that since they When volatility strikes, you should focus
don’t have the time to do it, nobody does. more on the value of what you own than
the price being put on it. By doing that and
On the first reason, that’s just nonsense. keeping level head, you can make rational
Stocks represent ownership in a business. decisions and perhaps realize that there
The notion that a business that is doing will be a better time to sell— either when
poorly will always improve and return to things calm down or your investment thesis
strength is just silly. If that was the case, materializes and other buyers begin to see
there would be no bankruptcies or the value that you’ve seen all along.
disrupters displacing leaders. Industry
landscapes are always changing,
businesses are living, breathing entities
and without proper stewardship will fail.
Ultimately, the stock will follow the
fundamentals.
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portfolio and acknowledge that some of 10.
those holdings that you bought during
better times simply do not have what it THE FUNDAMENTALS
takes to rally in the new environment. They
don’t fit the “profile” of what investors are
MUST BE GOOD IN
now favoring. TAKEOVERS
These past few years provide a perfect Given how incredibly lucrative it can be to
example. In 2020 and 2021, when monetary own a stock that receives a takeover bid,
policy was loose and money was flowing, speculators often look to buy a basket of
investors were willing to pay anything for stocks that they wouldn’t even bother to
the best story. They didn’t care for own were the focus on fundamentals.
earnings, they just wanted sales growth, a They think that if they throw the net wide
larger addressable market, or simply the enough, eventually one or some will get
promise of one day disrupting an industry. taken out. The problem with this thinking:
Jump to 2022: With heightened inflation Companies putting an offer on the table
fears at the forefront and geopolitical aren’t dumb. They aren’t going to pay a
tensions rising, the exact opposite is true. good price for a crummy company; they
Investors have no time for the promise of would rather pay a fair price, maybe even
one day turning a profit and no interest in a bit more for a strong company with a
sky-high valuations. They want earnings bright future than bail out a bad one and
now, cash flows today and valuations that work to turn it around.
accurately reflect the underlying
fundamentals. That means that no matter When you buy the shares of strong
how beaten down that high-flying price-to- companies, you don’t need a bailout. The
sales stock may have gotten, it doesn’t company itself will provide— and should
have what it takes to rally in today’s an offer materialize, great. However, if
market. That pre-revenue genomics play you buy a company on fundamentals and
that did so well in 2020 simply is not going then those fundamentals turn out to not be
to reverse course in this environment. That as strong as you thought, don’t convince
means that you can’t waste your ammo yourself that some other company is
defending it. coming to your rescue. The money tied up
in that investment would be better
Even if you do decide to own stock in a allocated to a fundamentally sound one.
sector that is out of favor, as tech is now,
you can’t buy the entire cohort. Rather, you
should focus on the best-of-breed players,
the ones that should they continue to sell
off, you’ll add to your position — not regret
defending in the first place.
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11. 12.
DON’T OWN TOO MANY CASH AND SITTING ON
STOCKS THE SIDELINES ARE FINE
One hour of research on each stock per
ALTERNATIVES
week. That’s the rule of thumb on keeping
The aversion to cash that most investors
up with the homework. If you can’t manage
have is truly to their detriment. So
that then you own too many stocks.
many are fearful of the “cash drag” on
the way up— meaning that they fear
Back in my hedge fund days, I would
underperforming due to part of their
maniacally review the prior day’s losing
portfolio not being invested, that they fail
trades – usually between the hours of
to think of the positive addition that same
4 a.m. and 7 a.m. Ultimately, I realized that
cash drag can add to performance in a
while there may be many reasons for a
down market. Believe it or not, you can
trade to not work out, having too many
keep some of your portfolio in cash. If you
positions on at once was often a direct
don’t have a feel for the market, step to the
cause because I was stretched too thin.
sidelines. That’s the beauty of a no-called-
I lost money when my position sheet was
strike game, you can sit there for as long
the size of a textbook. But when it was a
as you like waiting for that perfect pitch.
single page long, double spaced at that,
that’s when the profits flowed in, and I was
Some investors believe they should be fully
managing hundreds of millions of dollars.
invested, or they’ll lose out to inflation.
It doesn’t matter if you are a home-gamer
That’s not a reason to invest. You only
or a professional, anyone can be guilty
want to take a position, long or short,
of having too many names on their book.
when you have an edge. If you have
nothing compelling to buy, meaning you’re
Bad fund managers have hundreds of
only going to find it more attractive if it
positions on at once, with low conviction
goes down in price, then step to the side.
and only a surface level knowledge of each
It’s better to lose a few percentage points
— assuming they have any idea what they
of buying power to inflation than it is
own to begin with. Good managers, on the
to lose money on a low conviction, no-
other hand, maintain a few positions, know
edge position. The idea that you should
them like the back of their hand, and as a
invest so that you have “enough exposure”
result, have the kind of conviction you need
is just nonsense. There is one reason and
to buy on the way down.
one reason only to invest— to make money.
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13. long it will last. But as certain as death or
taxes, there will always be another
NO WOULDA, SHOULDA, correction. So then why is it that so many
investors are always shocked when it
COULDA happens.
It is important to review your past mistakes
You know why people are shocked?
and learn from them. We do it every day
Because they get greedy. When stocks are
for the Investing Club and use that
ripping to the upside, they think the music
knowledge to help members learn from
never stops, they press their bets, they let
our mistakes. However, it is also important
cash levels dwindle and end up
not to dwell on the past. What’s done is
overexposed. When I was at my hedge
done, you can’t go back and change that
fund, those were the times I was most
bad trade or take advantage of that missed
worried, when it felt like I made too much
opportunity. Once you’ve reviewed what
money too quickly. Up 2% in a single day
went wrong and pulled the lesson from it,
and I knew I had to pare back my exposure
leave it in the past and refocus on the here
because it was likely that a big down day
and now with your sight set on the future.
was right around the corner. Sometimes
The market is forward looking and if you’re
that day didn’t happen, and I had to
always looking in the rearview mirror,
swallow my pride and step back in at
you’re going to miss opportunities.
higher levels. But consider this: During the
time that I was running my fund, I
If you can’t seem to let a name go, take it
compounded at 24% after all fees— roughly
off your screen, that’s what I would have to
doubling the performance of the S&P
do at my hedge fund because I took
during that time— and the reason is
dwelling on past mistakes to an absolute
because my obsession with protecting
extreme, and it was psychologically
downside at the cost of missing some
destructive, emotionally damaging and
upside allowed me to make way more
threw me off my game. You need a clear
money. Avoiding large drawdowns allowed
head and positive energy when making
me to more effectively compound to the
investment, dwelling on past mistakes will
upside, even if it meant realizing some of
provide you the exact opposite.
that upside with less exposure.
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15. eventually they can close it out for a
breakeven or in the green. So, what do they
DON’T FORGET BONDS do when they need to raise cash? They
sell winners. Now, you always want to be
I’m not talking about your asset allocation; booking some profits in your winners, but
I’m talking about the fact that bonds are if you’re selling winners just so you don’t
the competition to stocks. When rates rise, have to realize losses, then eventually you
the reduced risk offered by bonds becomes will be left with portfolio full of losers.
even more attractive and those investors
that bought higher-yielding stocks for As Peter Lynch once put it, “Selling your
income are going to rotate out of those winners and holding your losers is
names and into bonds. like cutting the flowers and watering
the weeds.”
Bonds are also going to key you into
expectations for the economy. For If you just can’t stomach the idea, just try
example, if the yield on longer duration this: Sell the loser and wait a day. If you
bonds fall, it may be time to move on from really want it back, go ahead and buy it
the deeply cyclical names. That’s because back the next day. But my bet is you will
it’s a sign the economy is weakening. feel better with it off your book and
never look to buy it back.
Consider the recent actions we took for
the Investing Club. Higher yields on
longer-term bonds signals that we needed
to lighten up on some of our growthier 17.
names. Those same names investors HOPE IS NOT A PART OF
flocked to when rates were low and
economic growth was scarce — making THE EQUATION
companies that could grow sales and
earnings more attractive. Instead, we Hope, like panic, is an emotion. And like
added to more cyclical names such as panic, is not a strategy you can rely on
those in the energy complex which benefit to make you money. Winners in this game
the most in a booming economy. rely on hard work, research, logic, the
numbers, and being a realist— not
emotions. In some things in life emotion is
great. Hoping and praying have their place
16. in religion and can makes sports more fun
Never subsidize losers to watch, but if you want to leverage hope
as a strategy when it comes to making
with winners money you’re better off booking a trip
to Vegas.
Investors— professionals and home-gamers
alike — hate selling losers. They think the
loss isn’t real until its realized and hope
upon hope that if they just hold on,
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18. are the highest level jobs a corporate
executive can hope to attain. You don’t
BE FLEXIBLE get these jobs by maintaining a healthy
work-life balance. So, when a person that
Imagine if a CEO was so rigid that she has finally achieved this level in their
failed to adapt to changing consumer professional life— an accomplishment he
preferences; eventually the business would sacrificed family time, friends, leisure time
fail. A good investor, like a good CEO, has and other joys of life to reach – ups
to adapt to the market. Of course, this also and quits, you need to ask yourself why.
speaks the problem with buy and hold
investing and why buy and homework is a Every now and then there is an exception
much better strategy. If you fail to realize to this rule. A CEO may be getting up
and adapt to a change in the story, you there in years and want to spend more
will ultimately be invested in something time with family, or really have found
you didn’t bargain for. somewhere else to work. But in this game
we want to focus on the rule, not the
If we failed to be flexible for the Trust and exception and the rule of thumb is that top
didn’t consider that inflation and bond executives don’t quit for “personal
yields were on the rise, we wouldn’t have reasons.” Chances are there is something
any oil stocks and would be even more else at play, some reason the executive
exposed to the problematic technology doesn’t want to be associated with the
sector than we are now. company any longer. You usually don’t
want to stick around to find out the reason.
By the same token, had we acknowledged
that PayPal wasn’t giving us what they
promised several quarters ago, we would
have saved ourselves a whole lot of 20.
hurt and not be stuck battling with our PATIENCE IS A VIRTUE —
worst performer.
GIVING UP ON VALUE IS
A SIN
19.
Just ask all those geniuses that were
WHEN HIGH-LEVEL paying anything and everything in 2020
PEOPLE QUIT A COMPANY, and 2021 for companies without sales
or companies with revenue growth but
SOMETHING IS WRONG massive losses— all the while tossing aside
those companies with real assets that
Pay attention to what is happening at the make stuff and do things: In the end,
upper echelons of management. I’m talking everyone knows price, few know value
about the C-suite. When the folks in these and even fewer have the patience to wait
positions leave, you need to take notice for the cycle to turn and value to become
and figure out why. These aren’t mid-level attractive to the broader market.
jobs that people take for a pay raise, they
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We have battled with a few of these value 21.
names in the past for the Investing Club.
Two that come to mind are AbbVie and JUST BECAUSE SOMEONE
Broadcom. AbbVie we picked up in the
$70s, attracted to its single digit p/e and a
SAYS IT ON TV DOESN’T
sustainable dividend in the 5% to 6% range. MAKE IT SO
Sure, the market was on edge about the
Humira patent cliff, but at those levels we Television is about entertainment; if it’s not
were being paid to wait thanks to the entertaining, the ratings will stink and
healthy dividend. The company also had nobody will watch. Financial television is
two promising drugs in the pipeline, which no different and guess what: Just because
combined are expected to exceed peak someone says it on TV doesn’t mean
Humira sales. As for Broadcom, we bought it’s true.
shares during the depths of the pandemic
lows as the dividend yield paid about 8%. Stations are often just scrambling to get
We knew the company had real assets. We a money manager on-air to talk about the
also knew the chipmaker’s management headline of the day. It doesn’t matter if
team was one of the best in the world she’s any good at what she does.
when it comes to M&A. Plus, its products They’re looking for commentary and
are critical to the secular growth trends entertainment. Oftentimes executives will
investors love like the cloud. But what we come on television and tell a great story or
had that other investors didn’t was even an embellished one. They know they
patience. We said the value here is so great can get away with it and will rarely be
that we are willing to step in and wait for challenged. They are going to minimize the
it to be realized. That focus on value negatives— if they acknowledge them at
combined with our patience rewarded all— and exaggerate the positives as much
us greatly. as they can without breaking any rules.
We saw this on full display during the
Patience is the greatest advantage home- SPAC insanity that defined the 2020-2021
gamers have over the hedge funds. market.
Nobody is sitting there, threatening
redemptions if you don’t perform every It may still be worth listening to what the
three months. Use that to your advantage talking head has to say, but you should do
and let a good story play out. If a stock your own research and ask yourself if there
does nothing for 18 months before going are any conflicts. Executives are easy: they
on a 40% run in 6 months, that’s a heck of work for the company and their
a good investment. compensation is largely stock based. Guess
which way they want their stock to move?
As for the money managers, do you think
the guy telling you why Nvidia is going
lower is long the stock? Or did they just
buy puts the day before releasing that
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report they were so eager to come on TV We have seen stocks at big as Johnson &
to talk about? Even the commentary sell- Johnson go down 10% on harebrained
side analysts, arguably the most objective headlines, only to be contradicted ten
of the bunch given their restrictions, should minutes into the meat of the real
be taken with a grain of salt. After all, conference call. We see it all the time with
management isn’t going to make time to Microsoft. Investors who do so little
talk to the analyst that is always bearish, so homework that they don’t even realize that
they’re conflicted in that they get more Microsoft doesn’t provide guidance on the
access to management if they play up the release will sell even a great print before
bull case. hearing the guidance about 45 minutes
into the call. We saw it with Danaher’s
first-quarter earnings release as shares sold
off more than 2% premarket, only to
22. bounce back and into the green as the call
WAIT UNTIL YOU HAVE got underway.
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Things have gotten better, and analysts Not only will doing so help you better
these days realize that their job is to understand the story, but in doing so you
provide sober, objective opinions on will better discover if there is something
companies and their valuations. But that you missed. Ideally you will even find
doesn’t mean analysts don’t sometimes fall someone with the opposite view of
in love with a company or story and look your own and have a good old fashion
for any way possible to make the data fit bull-bear debate.
their emotional view. Sometimes it is just
the wrong interpretation of the data. We do this religiously for the Investing
Sometimes it is the result of data mining as Club. It’s like a debate club behind the
they dig and dig until they find something scenes. If one of us is bullish, then someone
that meets the narrative they want to spin has got to take the bear side, even he is
— even if that data is meaningless. also bullish. His job for the moment is to
find all the bad so that we can objectively
Just remember: The hype will go on until figure out the positives and negatives
the momentum dies down and those of a potential investment.
pumping the stock aren’t going to tell you
the run is over until long after it has ended. To help you do this, here are eight
That’s why the price cuts always seem questions my ex-wife, the “Trading
to follow the stock lower and never seem Goddess,” would ask me over and over
to come when shares won’t quit and again whenever I wanted to put on a
valuations are getting stretched. new position:
YOUR STOCK PICKS TO 3. Is this really the best time to buy it?
SOMEONE ELSE
4. Haven’t we already missed a lot of the
I like to say that if you can’t explain why move?
you want to own the stock in three bullet
points, you shouldn’t buy it. You need to 5. S
houldn’t we wait until it comes down
sell your picks. I made every portfolio a little more?
manager at my fund sell me their picks, as
if he was a salesperson for the company. 6. What do you know about this stock
That way, I could nitpick points and that others don’t?
together we could figure out if the stock
was a buy or if they missed a key item that 7. What’s your edge?
meant it was to be avoided.
8. Do you like this stock any more than
any of the others you own and why?
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That last one was especially important
because she never liked to add another
stock without taking one off. After all, how
many good ideas can a person have at
once? Moreover, sticking to that rule will
help you abide by rule 11 and keep up
with your homework.
25.
THERE IS ALWAYS A BULL
MARKET SOMEWHERE
At the end of the day, the money is out
there. It’s floating around and it needs a
home, and chances are it won’t stay in cash
for long. That means that while it may at
times seem like everything you are looking
at is in bear-market mode, there is a bull
market somewhere. The money flowing
out of one thing is most certainly flowing
into something else. That means that if you
are going to play this game, it is your job to
go out and find it. You may be a little more
active than usual and do more research
than you usually do. It may mean you have
to put on more of a trader hat than you are
used to, and that’s OK. What is not OK is
resigning yourself to the bear market
because you are too lazy to find the bull
market. As long as I’ve been at it, there has
always been a sector or industry that is
working when others aren’t. And while I
want to empower you as much as I can to
go out and find it on your own— that’s my
No. 1 goal for the Investing Club— I also
promise to help you find it!
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