Metabolism (Sugar)

1. Glycolysis(EMP pathway):
Position: In the cytosol
Net reaction of glycolysis:

Reaction:
2. Fates of pyruvate:

NOTE: The creation of lactate or ethanol to recreate NAD + and not create ATP

3. Regulation of glycolysis:
Principles:

(1) The regulation points: In irreversible process (1), (3), (10)

(2) The productions will negatively regulate reaction
(3) The reactants will positively regulate the reaction

Regulators:

Reaction Positive regulator Negative regulator

(1) Glucose-6-phosphate
(3) AMP ATP, pH, citrate
(10) Fructose-1,6 biphosphate ATP
4. Gluconeogenesis:
Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon
substrates such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acid.
- Regulation:
Vì đây là quá trình ngược lại với Glycolysis nên các regulators của Glycolysis sẽ có tác dụng
ngược lại
5. The Cori Cycle:

6. PPP (pentose phosphate pathway)

a) Functions:
(1) To generate NADPH, for reductive biosynthesis reactions.
(2) To provide the cell with ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) for the synthesis of the nucleotides and
nucleic acids.
(3) To operate to metabolize dietary pentose sugars derived from the digestion of nucleic acids
(4) To rearrange the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into glycolytic/gluconeogenic
intermediates.

b) Process:
7. Beta-oxidation even chain fatty acid:
- Break down of fatty acid into actyl-CoA
- Occur in the mitochondria
- Strickly aerobic(required O2)
- Process:
(1) Activation of fatty acid in the cytosol
(2) Transport of activated fatty acid in the mitochondria (Carnitine shuttle)
(3) Beta-oxidation in the matrix of the mitochondria

(1) Fatty acid + CoA + ATP -> Fatty acid-CoA + AMP + 2P

(2) Fatty acid-CoA + Carnitine -> Fatty acid-Carnitine -> (inner membrane of mitochondria) -> Fatty
acid-CoA
(3) 4 steps of beta-oxidation: