● Introduction to Parasitology and Medical Mycology

List three main classes of protozoa involved in human parasitology: Amoeba, Flagellate,
Ciliates, Apicomplexa
Three main classes of helminths: Nematoda, Cestoda, trematoda
Three main modes of action: Spoliation, Mechanical, traumatic action, Irritative action
Define what is an “indirect parasitic cycle”: has 2 hosts, heteroxenous development
Define what is an “direct parasitic cycle”: has 1 host, monoxenous development
Parasitic form found in definitive host: Sexual or adult form
Parasitic form found in intermediate host: Asexual or larval form
Modes of transmission of a parasite to human: Direct contact, Oral, Sexual contact,
Transplacental, Blood transfusion, Transcutaneous penetration
● Diagnostics in Parasitology and Medical Mycology
Cite the three major types of medical imaging used in parasitology and medical mycology:
Ultrasounds, X-rays, Magnetic Resonance (MRI)
Quantitative and Qualitative analysis of 3 blood cell lines: RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs
(leukocyte), Platelets (thrombocyte)
From a blood sample, the serodiagnosis is based on a set of immunological techniques to
reveal the presence of antibody or antigen
Cite 2 main slide preparation techniques for the parasitological examination of blood: thick
drop, thin smear
How do you name the method of concentration of helminth egg in stools using an aqueous
solution with very high density: Diphasic concentration (?)
Name the methods of concentration of protozoan cysts present in the stools using an aqueous
solution and organic solution: Thick smear of Kato
Name the methods of concentration of Strongyloides/Hookworm larvae Baermann
Name the methods of concentration of Graham scotch test Egg/adults of enterobius
What does the Baermann technique reveal from a stool sample? Larvae
What can be evaluated by using the technique thick smear Helminth egg
Name of surgical procedure to revolve a harmful or useless element from the body Exersis
The name of the medical act of introducing part of a hollow needle or catheter into the body
to collect a biological fluid or cell Punctures
● Medical Entomology
Surround the hematophagous species among the following: Phtirus pubis, Pulex irritans ,
Cimex lenticularis, Pediculus capitis
Which anophera called:
body louse Pediculus humanus
head louse pediculus capitis
pubic louse Phtirus pubis
Give the main mode of transmission of
Phtirus pubis: sexually transmitted infection
Pediculus humanous: clothing
Pediculus capitis: hair, brushes, combs, collars, scarves, pillows
Disease caused by chigoe flea: tungiasis
Common name of ptrirus pubis: pubic/crab louse
Common name of Gimex lentalarius(Cimex lentularius): Bedbug
4 typical forms of scabies in human: Infant, Adult, Ederly, Scabies in immunocompromised
patients.
Define the term « myiasis »: all types of parasitism by a fly larva under the skin (of a mammal)
● Medical Mycology 
Biomolecule dermatophytes eat on your body Keratin (?)
Concerning dermatophytosis -> 3 major origins of contamination of humans
● contact sports
● soils contaminated by dander of parasitised skin
● various object carrying dander + spores/infesting filaments
What is the medical word used for fungal infections of folds? Intertrigo
What is the medical word used for fungal infections of nails? Onychomycosis
Standard local treatment for dermatophytosis of the nails: nails polish
4 forms of superficial aspergillosis
● Otomycosis
● Ocular aspergillosis
● Cutaneous aspergillosis
● Aspergillary onyxis
What is the name of the most dangerous infection with Aspergillus fumigatus: Invasive
Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA)
Treatment molecule for aspergillosis ITRACONAZOLE Sporanox® or VORICONAZOLE VFEND®
Cite the three major forms of mucosal candidiasis: Oral thrush, Esophageal, Vulvovaginitis
Most dangerous form of Cryptococcus infection: meningo-encephalitis
What is the association of molecules indicated in first intention in the treatment of this very
serious form of cryptococcosis? AMPHOTERICIN B /  5-FLUOROCYTOSINE 
For Pneumocystis Jirovecii pneumonia: Mode of transmission + sampling for diagnosis
Inter-individual transmission by air - BAL
In nature, what is the main reservoir of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum? soils with
bird droppings and guanos of bat
● Human Parasitology
● Protozoan infections
Concerning the mortality and morbidity of parasite disease, amoebiasis at which rank Ranks 3
among the most morbid parasitic infections
The most common species responsible for intestinal amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica
Cite two clinical forms of tissue amoebiasis: Liver abscess, Lung abscess, Brain abscess
Regarding tissue amoebiasis, major element bring you to  a definitive diagnosis antibody
detection ( serodiagnosis)
Detail the therapeutic protocol that treat intestinal amoebiasis
First: diffusible antiamoebic to treat tissue colonization
Second: (3 days after) contact amoebicide to treat the intestine colonization
Cite an apicomplexan species that provokes digestive disorders in humans?
Latin name : Cryptosporidium (or Cyclospora cayetanensis or Sarcocystis or Isospora belli)
Cite a ciliate species that provoke digestive disorder in human: Balantidium coli
From the point of view of classification, to which class do Giardia intestinalis belong?
Flagellate
Why the stools of patient infected with Giardia are smelly and discolored steatorrhea 
What is the main mode of contamination by Trichomonas vaginalis? STI
Other name of African Trypanosomiasis: sleeping disease
What clinical form does the terminal phase of African Trypanosomiasis correspond to?
anarchic fever, trypanids, heart problem, liver problems
What disease does Triatominae bugs are the main vector? Chagas disease
In acute phase, what is observed in the patient if Trypanosomacruzi has penetrated:
at the level of skin, conjunctiva
Class of Leishmania Kinetoplastea (?)
In endemic areas, main mode of contamination by leishmania 
Sandfly bite +++
▪ syringe in addiction
▪ blood transfusion
▪ transplants
▪ congenital transmission (rare)
Which type of human cell will leishmania penetrate?
● granulocytes
● macrophages\
List the four main clinical forms of human leishmaniasis.
Form 1 : LCL (localized cutaneous leishmaniasis)
Form 2 : DCL (disseminated ~)
Form 3 : MCL (muco ~)
Form 4 : VL (visceral ~)
Disease evoke the below cycle 
Most common species responsible for malaria Plasmodium falciparum
Which phase of the plasmodium cycle is responsible for malarial periodic fever? Erythrocytic
cycle (?)
What is the most dangerous form of malaria? Cerebral malaria
Presumption element in malaria diagnosis 
▪ fever
▪ disorders of consciousness
▪ convulsions…
Quote the 2 complementary reference techniques for a definitive diagnosis of malaria
<emergency> Thick drop, Thin smear
● Roundworm infections
Which is the prominent species involved in lymphatic filariasis?
● Wuchereria bancrofti
● Brugia malayi : Malaysia
● Brugia timori : Timor island
Three vector general for lymphatic filariasis. Mosquito, human, animals
Give a main clinical manifestation for lymphatic filariasis: Inflamed and Inflated body parts
(arms, legs, testicles) or Obstruction/Blocking of circulation in lymphatic vessels
Vector of loiasis? Mango fly
Using the map below, specify (briefly) the geographical distribution of loiasis.
Onchocercoma? encystment of 1-15 adult worms in a fibrous outer capsule
Major complication of onchocercoma? blindness
Common name of onchocerciasis  River blindness
How human infected by dracunculiasis Copepods
Main clinical sign of dracunculiasis ulceration
Which worm can you detect by using Graham test (adhesive cellophane = scotch test) ?
Enterobiasis (Pinworm)
2 diseases caused by anemia
3 elements found in the loeffler syndrome, which worm
o Cough
o Pulmonary labile opacity
o Eosinophilia
2 diseases whose mode of infestation is carried out transcutaneously
Cite two digestive parasitic diseases whose mode of infestation is mediated by raw fish
ingestion.
Parasitosis 1 : Anisakidae
Parasitosis 2 : (Fluke) Opisthorchis (or (Taenia) Diphyllobothrium)
● Flatworm infections
What is the etiological agent of intestinal schistosomiasis?
Latin name : Schistosoma mansoni
The process allowing amplification of the number parasites in intermediate host Transmission
How to become infested by schistosomiasis?
You put some body part into a water area that contain cercaria (the infected form of the worm)
A synonym of pulmonary fluke infection  Paragonimiasis
Fasciolopsis buski, metagonimus yokogawai and heterophyes are etiological agent for
Intestine (ruột) fluke infections
Helminth species responsible for alveolar echinococcosis in human Echinococcus multilocularis
= Cestoda
What disease can be contracted following the ingestion of taenia solium eggs? Cysticercosis
What is the most common and serious clinical form of this infection? Neurocysticercosis
Parasite? Clinical form? Spirometra mansoni, sparganosis