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Vector and rodent Control

By: Zewudu A.(BSc, MSc)

•1 •Zewudu A. •19 May 2019


Learning objectives
By the end of the session, the students will be able to:

 Describing impacts of insects on public health

 Illustrating factors that affect vector effectiveness

 Describing vectors of public health importance

 Identify method of arthropods control

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Introduction
Vectors

 Arthropod/other invertebrates which transmit infection


though inoculation of M/Os by biting, or depositing infective
materials in the skin or on food

 Are insects, ticks, rodents, some bird and other animals that
can transmit disease and cause discomfort in humans

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Cont…
 Advantages of insects

 Pollenization of plants

 Natural silk production

 Honey & wax production

 Improve soil

 Predation (spider on small insects)

 Scavengers up on decaying organic matter

 Serve as food

 Important in biological research


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Impacts of insects on public health
 Economical problems

 Injure sense organs

 Allergic reactions

 Dermatitis , fever, blisters

 Disease transmission/ vectors/

 Nuisance

 Entomophobia

 Evenomization

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Cont…
 Economical problems

 Insects spread disease

 Insects eat & spoil grains, seeds flour, vegetables, fruits

 Grain weevils, grasshopper

 Insects destroy wooden structures, furniture, etc.

 Termites destroy wooden buildings

 Silverfish  destroy paper

 Ants, cockroaches  destroy food

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Cont…
 Economical problems…

 Insects destroy clothing materials

 Insects destroy growing plants & seeds

 Affect animal & animal products

 Fleas, lice, mosquitoes

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Cont…
Accidentally injure our sense organs

 Enter eyes, ears, mouths, nostrils

Allergic reactions

 Allergic reaction like asthma, rash, Irritation & itching are


caused by the following ways:
 When fragments of arthropods inhaled
 When arthropods bite/sting
 Odors of arthropods

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Cont…
Dermatitis , fever, blisters

 Arthropods attack human tissue & cause dermatitis, fever,


blisters

Disease vectors/ disease transmission

 Flies = Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis, Trypanosomiasis,


Typhoid

 Mosquitoes= Yellow F., Filariasis, Dengue F., Malaria

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Cont…
 Disease vectors/ disease transmission…

 Lice = RF & Typhus fever

 Rodents = Salmonellosis, Leptospirosis, Rat bites, Rat-


bite fever

 Fleas = Plague & Endemic typhus

 Bed bugs = Chagas diseases


 Flies, mosquitoes, & lice are the most important vectors in
Ethiopia

•10 •5/19/2019
Cont…
Nuisance
 Interference with human comfort
 Buzzing , biting of lice, bed bugs, & rodents
 Blood lose

Entomophobia
 Fear of insects

Evenomization (venom applying)


 Apply venom into the body of man
 Ants ,wasps, bees, & spiders
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Cont…
 Disease transmission by Arthropod
 Mechanical

 Biological

 Mechanical

 When a vector transports M/Os on its feet, body hair or


other surfaces from filth to human food or directly to
humans

 E.g. House fly, cockroaches etc

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Cont…
 Biological

 When the disease organism multiplies or undergoes


changes in the vector or

 Involves biological process, e.g. passing a stage of


development of the infecting agent in an intermediate host
 Propagative

 Cyclodevelopmental

 Cyclopropagative

 Transovarian/ hereditary
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Cont…
 Propagative
 The agent multiplies in disease transmission
 Multiplication, e.g. Plague in fleas, yellow fever in
mosquitoes

 Cyclo -developmental
 Cyclical change
e.g. Filariasis

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Cont…
 Cyclo- Propagative
 The agent undergo both development and multiplication
in the transmitting vehicle
 Cyclical changes & multiplication e.g. Malaria

 Transovarian/ hereditary/
 Disease transmitted to the generation by infection of
the egg;Tick- borne RF

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Vector control
Factors that affect vector effectiveness in diseases transmission

1) Receptivity- Ability to support the pathogen to develop

2) Specificity - Exclusive to a specific vertebrate host

3) Longevity- Live a sufficient period of time

4) Frequency of feeding- Nature of vector- host contact frequency

5) Mobility- Superior mobility aids in the rapid dissemination of pathogens over


a wide area

6) Number- Large number increases the chance of feeding & infecting the host

7) Physiological & behavioral plasticity- Ability to develop resistant


mechanism by physiological & behavioral means

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Public health importance vectors

Vector Disease
Sand fly Leishmaniasis
Black fly Onchocerciasis (eye blindness)
Tsetse fly Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)
House fly Typhoid
Mosquitoes Yellow Fever, Filariasis, Malaria respectively
(Aedes, Culex, anopheles)
Lice Relapsing & typhus fevers
Fleas Plague, endemic typhus
Rat Salmonellosis, leptospirosis
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Method of arthropods control
 Environmental control principles targeted at the:-
 Control targeted at the Host
 Control targeted at the Vector
 Control targeted at the Environment

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Cont…
 Environmental control principles targeted at the:-…

1) Personal Protection

2) Environmental Control

3) Biological Control

4) Chemical Control

5) Health Education

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1. Personal protection

Physical barrier

 Screening of openings

 ITN (insecticide treated net)

 Clothing- long trouser, long sleeved shirts

 Electric sound generator to repeal mosquito

Chemical barriers/repellant:

 Applied to body/clothing
 Diethyl tolumide (DEET), Diethyl phthalate( DAMP) and
Benzyl benzoate
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2. Environmental control

 Env’tal manipulation

 Removal of vegetation to reduce breeding of shade-loving


mosquitoes

 Planting of vegetation to eliminate sun-loving species

 Drainage of impounded water

 Filling

 Appropriate sitting of houses

 General sanitation

 Source reduction and Removing container-habitats


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3. Biological Control

 Predator insects

 Fish, frogs & dragonfly

 Pathogens & parasites

 Viruses, Protozoan, Fungi, Nematode worms, Bacteria (


bacillus thuringiensis subsp, Israelensis)

 Genetic control

 Altering the reproductive potential of vectors by altering


their hereditary material

 Sterilizing male insects by irradiation/ chemical


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4. Chemical Control

Mists, aerosols, & fogs

 Application of insecticidal mists (51-100µm), aerosols


(<50µm) or fogs (<15µm)

 Kill outdoor resting (exophilic) adult mosquitoes

Ultra-low-volume applications

 Application of minimum (15L/ha) of concentrated


insecticides

 Malathion, Pyrethroids & Propoxure

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Cont…
 Residual house-spraying

 DDT at rate of 2g/m2 at 6 months intervals

 Kill indoor resting (endophilic) adult mosquitoes

 Oils

 Spraying mineral oils onto the water surface of breeding


places to kill mosquito larvae by poisoning & suffocation

 Paris green

 Application of a fine dust of Paris green to breeding places

 Stomach poison to anopheles species etc.


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5. Health education

 Dissemination of information to communities about chain of


disease transmission & prevention & control of vector borne
diseases

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Thank You

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