Vedantu NCERT 11&12

Today’s session

Microbes in
Human welfare
PART 02
 HOMEWORK

Bt cotton variety that was developed by

the introduction of toxin gene of Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) is resistant to

A
Fungal diseases

B
Plant nematodes

C
Insect predators

D
Insect pests
 HOMEWORK

Bt cotton variety that was developed by

the introduction of toxin gene of Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) is resistant to

A
Fungal diseases

B
Plant nematodes

C
Insect predators

D
Insect pests
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Microbes in Human welfare
PART 01
MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

★ It is important to treat
wastewater before disposal
because it contains organic
matter and pathogenic bacteria.

★ Sewage treatment plants (STPs)

are used for this purpose.

★ Microbes (heterotrophic), which

are present naturally in the
sewage water are used.
 MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

Primary treatment
● In the first step, filtration and
sedimentation are performed to
remove floating debris and grit, i.e.
soil and small pebbles, respectively.

● Primary sludge is the solid that

settles down and primary effluent is
the supernatant liquid
MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

Secondary treatment
● It is also called biological
treatment.

● Growth of aerobic microbes is

facilitated into large aeration
tanks by mechanically agitating
the effluent and pumping in the
air into it.

● This decreases biochemical

oxygen demand (BOD).
 MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

● BOD refers to the rate of oxygen uptake

by microorganisms and tells the amount
of organic matter present in the sample.

● After significantly reducing BOD, the

effluent is allowed to settle in the settling
tank.

● The bacterial flocs (bacterial mass

forming a mesh-like structure in
association with fungal filaments)
sediment and it is known as activated
sludge.
 Q.01

List the events that reduce the

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of
a primary effluent during sewage
treatment.

02 2016
 ANSWER

List the events that reduce the Biological

Oxygen Demand (BOD) of a primary
effluent during sewage treatment.

● Effluent from the primary settling

tank passed into aeration tank
● Agitated mechanically and air is
pumped into it
● Vigorous growth of aerobic microbes
into flocs
● Microbes consume major part of the
organic matter in effluent
 MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

● The activated sludge is digested in an

anaerobic sludge digester.

● Some of the sludge is allowed to

move back to the aeration tank and
serves as inoculum.

● Biogas (a mixture of gases, e.g.

methane, CO2, H2S, etc.) produced
from digested sludge, can be used as
a fuel.
 MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

● The secondary effluent is released

into rivers and streams.

● We can keep our rivers less polluted

by releasing only treated sewage
water into them.

● The Government has initiated the

Ganga and Yamuna action plan for
this purpose.
 Q.02

‘‘Microorganisms play an important role

for the biological treatment of sewage.’’
Justify

02 2020
 ANSWER
‘‘Microorganisms play an important role
for the biological treatment of sewage.’’
Justify

● Primary effluent passed into aeration

tanks, constantly agitated and air is
pumped in

● Allows growth of useful aerobic

microbes into flocs / (masses of
bacteria and fungal filaments)

● These microbes consume organic

matter and reduce Biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) of effluent
Methanogens, e.g. methanobacterium are
present in the anaerobic sludge and
produce biogas in sewage treatment, i.e.
predominantly methane and a mixture of
other gases.
 Q.03
Gas
Study the picture of biogas plant given
below and answer the questions that follow
Gas holder

Sludge (a) Name the components gaining entry from

A into the chamber.
(b) Mention the group of bacteria and the
A
condition in which they act on the
component that entered from A in the
digester.
(c) Name the components that get collected
Digester
in gas holder

03 2020
 ANSWER
(a) Name the components gaining entry
from A into the chamber.

Slurry of dung / dung and water

(b) Mention the group of bacteria and the

condition in which they act on the
component that entered from A in the
digester.

(b) (Microbial activity of) Methanogens /

Methanobacterium , grow anaerobically

(c) Name the components that get

collected in gas holder

Methane , CO2 / H2
 Q.04

1. Write the scientific name of

methanogen bacteria.
2. Where are these bacteria generally
found ?
3. Explain their role in biogas production.
4. Name the components of biogas.

03 2020
 ANSWER
1. Write the scientific name of methanogen
bacteria.
2. Where are these bacteria generally found
?
3. Explain their role in biogas production.
4. Name the components of biogas.

1. Methanobacterium
2. Found in the anaerobic sludge / rumen of
cattle
3. They grow anaerobically on cellulosic
material and cause its breakdown (into
methane CO2 and H2 )
4. Methane , CO2 , H2
 Q.05
Bacteria present in rumen of a cattle
digest cellulose to produce

(a) Polysaccharides
(b) Sucrose
(c) Ethanol
(d) Methane

01 2019
 ANSWER
Bacteria present in rumen of a cattle
digest cellulose to produce

(a) Polysaccharides
(b) Sucrose
(c) Ethanol
(d) Methane

(d) Methane
● Chemical pesticides and insecticides kill
both harmful and useful organisms.

● By understanding natural predation and

interacting webs, an appropriate method of
biocontrol can be developed.

● Dragonflies and ladybugs help in controlling

mosquitoes and aphids.

● Some plants have been genetically modified

and the gene coding for the toxin has been
introduced in the plant genome.
E.g. Bt-cotton is resistant to pests.
● Trichoderma (a fungus) is used to
biocontrol various plant pathogens.

● The fungus is commonly present in

the roots.

● Baculoviruses of the genus

Nucleopolyhedrovirus are excellent
biocontrol agents.

● They attack arthropods but are not

harmful to plants and other animals
such as birds, fish and mammals.
 Q.06

Name the genus of baculovirus that acts

as a biological control agent in spite of
being a pathogen.

Justify by giving three reasons that make

it an excellent candidate for the job.

02 2020
 ANSWER
Name the genus of baculovirus that acts
as a biological control agent in spite of
being a pathogen.

Justify by giving three reasons that make

it an excellent candidate for the job.

Genus -Nucleopolyhedrovirus,

1. Species-specific
2. Narrow spectrum
3. No negative impact on (plants
/mammals/ birds /fish )
4. Non-target organisms
 Excessive use of chemical fertilizers is
linked to pollution and harmful effects.

Biofertilizers are organisms that enrich the

nutrient quality of the soil.

Use of microorganisms as biofertilizers

is highly recommended.
Fungi, bacteria and cyanobacteria are
the main sources of biofertilizers.

Rhizobium is present in the root

nodules of leguminous plants, fixes
atmospheric nitrogen.

Growing leguminous plants

alternatively helps in increasing the
nitrogen content of the soil.
● Azotobacter and Azospirillum are free-living
nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in the soil.

● Fungal association in mycorrhiza also

enriches the nutrient content of the soil.

● Fungi of the genus Glomus absorbs

phosphorus for the plant.

● These symbiotic associations not only

benefit by enriching the nutrient content but
also provide disease resistance and
tolerance to drought and salinity.
 Q.07

Mention the kind of interaction

mycorrhizae exhibit.

How is Glomus in mycorrhizal

association beneficial to the plants ?

02 2020
 ANSWER
Mention the kind of interaction
mycorrhizae exhibit.

How is Glomus in mycorrhizal

association beneficial to the plants ?

● Symbiotic relationship / mutualism

● Absorbs phosphorus from the soil,
● Provides resistance to the root borne
pathogens
● Tolerance to salinity and drought,
overall increase in the plant growth
 ● Most of the cyanobacteria can fix
atmospheric nitrogen,
E.g.: Nostoc,
Anabaena, Oscillatoria

Cyanobacteria are
extensively used in paddy
fields as a biofertilizer

● Blue-green algae are autotrophic and

present everywhere in aquatic and
terrestrial habitats.
● They increase soil fertility by adding
organic matter.
 Q.08

Name two organisms belonging to two

different kingdoms, that are commonly
used as biofertilizers, and how ?

02 2020
 ANSWER
Name two organisms belonging to two different
kingdoms, that are commonly used as
biofertilizers, and how ?

(i) Mycorrhiza (fungi) , genus Glomus absorbs

phosphorus from soil and passes it to the plant
(ii) Rhizobium (monera) , fixes atmospheric
nitrogen
● Increases soil fertility
● Cyanobacteria (monera)
● fixes atmospheric nitrogen and increases soil
fertility
● Azospirillum / Azotabacter (monera) , fixes
atmospheric nitrogen and increases soil
fertility
 NEET:2020

Match the following columns and select the

correct option.

Column A Column B
a) Trichoderma i) Cyclosporin A
polysporum

b) Clostridium butylicum ii) Butyric acid

c) Aspergillus niger iii) Citric acid

d) Monascus iv) Blood cholesterol

purpureus lowering agent
 NEET:2020

Match the following columns and select the

correct option.

a b c d

A i ii iv iii

B iii iv ii i

C iii iv ii i

D ii i iv iii
 NEET:2020

Match the following columns and select the

correct option.

a b c d

A i ii iv iii

B iii iv ii i

C iii iv ii i

D ii i iv iii
 NEET:2017

Select the mismatch

A
Rhodospirillum – Mycorrhiza

B
Anabaena – Nitrogen fixer

C
Rhizobium – Alfalfa

D
Frankia – Alnus
 NEET:2017

Select the mismatch

A
Rhodospirillum – Mycorrhiza

B
Anabaena – Nitrogen fixer

C
Rhizobium – Alfalfa

D
Frankia – Alnus
 NEET:2017

Which of the following in sewage

treatment removes suspended solids?

A
Secondary treatment

B
Primary treatment

C
Sludge treatment

D
Tertiary treatment
 NEET:2017

Which of the following in sewage

treatment removes suspended solids?

A
Secondary treatment

B
Primary treatment

C
Sludge treatment

D
Tertiary treatment
 NEET:2014

What gases are produced in

anaerobic sludge digesters?

A
Methane and CO2 only

B
Methane, Hydrogen sulphide and CO2

C
Methane, Hydrogen sulphide and O2

D
Hydrogen sulphide and CO2
 NEET:2014

What gases are produced in

anaerobic sludge digesters?

A
Methane and CO2 only

B
Methane, Hydrogen sulphide and CO2

C
Methane, Hydrogen sulphide and O2

D
Hydrogen sulphide and CO2
 NEET: 2013

Microbe used for biocontrol of pest

butterfly caterpillars is

A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

B
Bacillus thuringiensis

C
Streptococcus sp.

D
Trichoderma sp.
 NEET: 2013

Microbe used for biocontrol of pest

butterfly caterpillars is

A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

B
Bacillus thuringiensis

C
Streptococcus sp.

D
Trichoderma sp.
 HOMEWORK

Which of the following is mainly

produced by the activity of anaerobic
bacteria on sewage?

A
Laughing gas

B
Propane

C
Mustard gas

D
Marsh gas
 NCERT 11th & 12th Schedule
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5:30 pm 5:30 pm 8pm

5:30 pm 5:30 pm 5:30

Class 12 Class 11
Reach out to me @
amrit.raj@vedantu.com
 HOMEWORK

Which of the following is mainly

produced by the activity of anaerobic
bacteria on sewage?

A
Laughing gas

B
Propane

C
Mustard gas

D
Marsh gas