6-Early Magmatic Deposit-1

~18500C
Chromite
Anorthite
Chromite
PGE
~9000C
Albite
~6000C
Orthoclase
Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Olivine
The mineral olivine is a
magnesium iron silicate
with the formula
(Mg,Fe)2SiO4 in which the
ratio of magnesium and iron
varies between the two
endmembers of the series:
forsterite (Mg-rich) and
Minerals in the olivine group fayalite (Fe-rich). It gives
crystallize in the orthorhombic its name to the group of
system (space group Pbnm) with minerals with a related
isolated silicate tetrahedra meaning structure (the olivine group)
that olivine is a nesosilicate. In an which includes monticellite
alternative view, the atomic and kirschsteinite. Olivine
structure can be described as a occurs in both mafic and
hexagonal close packed array of
ultramafic igneous rocks,
oxygen ions with half of the
octahedral sites occupied with and as a primary mineral in
magnesium or iron ions and one certain metamorphic rocks.
eighths of the tetrahedral sites It is one of the most
occupied by silicon ions. common minerals on Earth.
Crystal structure
Olivine crystallizes
from magma that is rich in
magnesium and low in silica,
which forms mafic to
ultramafic rocks such as
gabbro, basalt, peridotite,
and dunite. The
metamorphism of impure
dolomite or other
sedimentary rocks with high
magnesium and low silica
content also seems to
produce Mg-rich olivine, or
forsterite. Olivine or high
The atomic scale structure of pressure structural variants
olivine looking along the a axis. also constitute over 50% of
Oxygen is shown in red, silicon in the Earth's upper mantle
pink and magnesium/iron in blue. making it one of the Earth's
A projection of the unit cell is most common minerals by
shown by the black rectangle volume. Olivine has also been
discovered in meteorites, on
Mars, and on Earth's moon
The classification of igneous rocks. This graphic model describes the difference
between nine common igneous rocks based on texture of mineral grains, temperature
of crystallization, relative amounts of typical rock forming elements, and relative
proportions of silica and some common minerals

Modified Bowen's Reaction Series and other
geologic associations.
Below is a version of Bowen's reaction series, which is very useful for understanding
mineral associations and crustal evolution. A given melt that crystallizes into a rock
does not follow the entire series. It starts out somewhere in the continuum and then
typically goes through 3-4 mineral in the discontinuous series before it becomes
totally crystallized. In other words a gabbro melt would typically start out with
olivine and end up with hornblende.

Crystal Fractionation
• Dominant mechanism by which

most magmas, once formed,
differentiate?

Gravity settling
– The differential motion of crystals
and liquid under the influence of
gravity due to their differences in
density

Gravity settling Figure 7-2. After Bowen
(1915), A. J. Sci., and
Morse (1994), Basalts
– Cool point a → olivine layer at base and Phase Diagrams.
Krieger Publishers.
of pluton if first olivine sinks
– Next get ol+cpx layer
– finally get ol+cpx+plag
Cumulate texture:
Mutually touching
phenocrysts with
interstitial crystallized
residual melt

Olivine in basalt
– Olivine (rs = 3.3 g/cm3, r = 0.1 cm)

– Basaltic liquid (rl = 2.65 g/cm3, h =
1000 poise)
– V = 2·980·0.12 (3.3-2.65)/9·1000 =
0.0013 cm/sec

Introduction of a new magma (Ro = 0.705 - 0.706) as an active fountain results in
entrainment of the resident mafic liquid and if there is sufficient upward momentum
roof-rock melt (Ro > 0.72) is also entrained. This results in contamination by a silica-
rich component with the resulting forced crystallisation of chromite. The mixed
liquids are out of equilibrium with the floor cumulates and react and erode to form an
unconformity onto which the chromite/PGM ore is deposited.

General map of the Bushveld Complex (centre), with sectors showing the
different mining operations (exploded views). The grade of PG-Mand
thickness of the Merensky and UG2 reefs are shown for each mine.

Stratigraphic section through the
Bushveld Complex, showing the
locations of the platiniferous layers,
the UG2 Chromitite and Merensky
reefs.

Comparison of proportions
of pgms (platinum group
minerals) in UG2
Chromitite: Western and
eastern limbs of the
Bushveld Complex
Typical UG2 Chromitite

Layer grade profiles for
different Implats areas

Stratiform chromite outcrops of
Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Microscopic features of chromite band
The Mid-Ocean Ridge System
Figure 13-1. After Minster et al.

(1974) Geophys. J. Roy. Astr.
Soc., 36, 541-576.

A modern concept of the axial
magma chamber beneath a Figure 13-15. After Perfit et al.
(1994) Geology, 22, 375-379.
fast-spreading ridge
Oceanic Crust and Upper Mantle
Structure
Layer 2 is basaltic
Subdivided into
two sub-layers
Layer 2A & B =
pillow basalts
Layer 2C = vertical
sheeted dikes
Figure 13-4. Modified

after Brown and Mussett
(1993) The Inaccessible
Earth: An Integrated
View of Its Structure and
Composition. Chapman &
Hall. London.

Oceanic Crust and
Upper Mantle
Structure
Discontinuous diorite
and tonalite
(“plagiogranite”) bodies
= late differentiated
liquids
Figure 13-3. Lithology and

thickness of a typical ophiolite
sequence, based on the Samial
Ophiolite in Oman. After Boudier
and Nicolas (1985) Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 76, 84-92.

Layer 4 =
ultramafic
rocks
Ophiolites: base of 3B
grades into layered
cumulate wehrlite &
gabbro
Wehrlite intruded into
layered gabbros
Below → cumulate dunite
with harzburgite
xenoliths
Below this is a tectonite
harzburgite and dunite
(unmelted residuum of
the original mantle)

ORTHOMAGMATIC COOPER –
NICKEL – IRON [PLATINOID]
DEPOSITS ASSOCIATED WITH
BASIC AND ULTRABASIC ROCKS

Simplified geological map Cu-Ni Sulfide of Sudbury Complex - Canada

Meteorite Impact continued by
shock metamorphism and Cu-
Ni sulfide mineralization in
Sudbury crater

Massive Cu-
sulfide
associated with
basic magma of
Talnakh
Intrusion, RUSIA

Massive Cu-sulfide associated with basic magma of Talnakh
Intrusion, RUSIA

Massive Cu-sulfide
associated with
basic magma of
Talnakh Intrusion,
RUSIA

Stratiform chromite of Muscox Intrusion, USA
Stratiform chromite deposit of Stillwater Complex, Montana
Stratiform chromite deposit of Stillwater Complex, Montana
Stratiform chromite of Skaergard, Greenland

6-Early Magmatic Deposit-1

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~18500C

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

• Dominant mechanism by which

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

– Next get ol+cpx layer

– finally get ol+cpx+plag

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

– Olivine (rs = 3.3 g/cm3, r = 0.1 cm)

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Typical UG2 Chromitite

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Figure 13-1. After Minster et al.

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Figure 13-4. Modified

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Figure 13-3. Lithology and

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology – ITB ©Andri S.Subandrio. M. 2006

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