WORKSHOP PORPHYRY Cu-Au System

Lombok - Batu Hijau, 2012

MAPPING ALTERED & MINERALIZED ROCKS

IN PORPYRY Cu-Au Environment

A. Maryono, J. Arif & 3, E. Priowasono

1
Talk Outline

 Introduction

 Mapping Tools & Basic Mapping

 Color Codes

 Mapping Outcrops

 Weathering Product

 Porphyry Mapping best practice

 Pit Mapping and it’s uses

2
Introduction

 Mapping technique Based on Marco Einaudi

(1996)
 Color-coded mapping of key features:
 Alteration/Mineralization
 Quantitative estimates of mineral/vein abundance
 Measurements of attitudes (strike & dip, core axis)
 Greater flexibility and freedom (rather than
numerical category).
 Allow quick visual correlation of common
features.

3
Objective

- Initiate and enhance geological understanding

- Build comprehensive data set (geology as base)
- Determine discriminators and vectors
- Determine vectors to ore
- Resolve production-related issues
- Make discovery

4
Mapping Tools

– Compass (brunton or sunto and clino)

– Hammer
– Hand lens
– Magnetic pen
– Scratcher pen
– Flagging tape
– Stake
– Tape measurement
– Spray water
– Clip board
– Millimeter and transparency Mylar
– Color pencils and permanent marked pen
– Protector rule scale
– Mapping vest
– Radio/Cell phone communication
– Pocket PC

5
Mapping Vertical Faces

A. General Aspects
 Project everything to a horizontal plane
 The map is being produced as you map
 Color code the various features of rock type, structure, veins,
alteration minerals and ore minerals
 Color coding means reducing note-taking
 Notes are used when can not be drawn
 Mapping minerals, not alteration types
 Ideal of recording observations rather than interpretation
 Map what you see

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Mapping Vertical Faces

B. Key Features of Mapping Scheme

 Baseline (trench wall)

 Used gridded field sheet
 Locate your baseline
 Coordinates, locality, scale, date, your name
 Notes and sample locations are written on the mapping sheet
 The rock and air side
 Distribution of quartz veins

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Organizational hints for efficient mapping

 Use a double-sided aluminum clipboard, a hard-lead color

pencil, applying color, mapping vest
 Partition your work
 Stand up (facing the rocks)
 Representative outcrops be mapped first at large scale
(In regional exploration)
 Spend a larger proportion time in the area of suspected contact
 Use water sprayers to wet the rock
 More observations found concerning contact relationship

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VIII. Organizational hints for efficient mapping
Faults, joint and Contact Lithology measurement

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VIII. Organizational hints for efficient mapping
Quarts vein stockworks measurement

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VIII. Organizational hints for efficient mapping

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 Vein Types

JA 2 (Bench 330)

JA 5 (Bench 330)

B vein

B vein

C veinlet

1.5 cm

1.5 cm

Chalcopyrite JA 6 (Bench 330)

Bornite D veinlet

A family
vein

A veinlets

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The Tonalites

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Batu Hijau Color Codes
Pen Color for Logging and Mapping at Batu Hijau
Group Mineral Color name Pen # Color
Fresh Hornblende Blank No color
Biotite Olive green 739.5
Mafic
Horblende Olive green 739.5
Chloritized Grass green 738
Fresh Feldspar Blank No color
Secondary Feldspar Pumpkin orange 736.5
Feldspar to epidote Peacock green 739
Feldspar
Feldspar to sericite Golden Rod 755
Feldspar Destructive (texture preserved) Golden Rod 755
Feldspar Destructive (texture destroyed) Dark umber 756
Contact, joint, fracture w/out movement Black
Structure
Fault Indigo Blue 741
A quartz vein Orange 737
A family quartz vein Orange 737
B quartz vein Orange 737
Veins
C (cp) sulfide vein Orange 737
D (py) sulfide vein Golden Rod 755
Epithermal vein Pumpkin orange 736.5
Bornite Violet 742
Chalcopyrite Terra cota 745.5
Cu_Sulfides Chalcocite Parma violet 742.5
Covellite Peacock blue 740.5
Digenite Parma violet 742.5
Pyrite Canary yellow 735
Other Sulfides Sphalerite/galena Apple green 738.5
Molybdenum Cool grey 747.5
Magnetite, Hematite Black
Malachite/Jarosite Canary yellow 735
Oxides
Goethite Dark umber 756
Limonite Golden rod 755

Group Description Color name Pen # Color

Secondary Biotite Zone Olive green 739.5
Pale Green Mica Zone grass green 738
Alteration
Feldspar Destructive (texture preserved) Golden Rod 755
Feldspar Destructive (texture destroyed) Dark umber 756
Volcanic Undifferentiated Grass green 738
Fine Grain Volcanic Apple green 738.5
Volcanic Lithic Breccia Apple green 738.5
Volcanic Conglomerate Olive green 739.5
Andesite Intrusive Cool grey 734.5
Lithology Hornfelsic Volcanic Cool grey 734.5
Quartz Diorite Peacock blue 740.5
Feldspar Porphyry Canary yellow 735
Old/Intermediate Volcanic Orange 737
Young Tonalite Golden rod 755
Eruptive vent breccia Dark umber 756
Oxide Orange 737
Zone Supergene Pumpkin orange 736.5
Primary Black
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Color Codes for Hypogene & Supergene ore minerals

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Color Codes for mapping alteration & vein mineral

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Bench Map in Unoxidized rocks

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Bench map in Oxidized rocks

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Mapping outcrops : use multiple overlays

Color separation is maintained by plotting :

 Lithologic contacts, faults, veins and other structure on a base map

 Pervasive alteration and alteration halos on the first overlay
 Minerals or their oxidation products on second overlay

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Fact Maps and Interpretations : The “Folio”

 The fact maps and their interpretative maps drawn

from the fact map should retain all of the structural
information shown on the original field sheet mapping
(the “Folio”)

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Batu Hijau PIT Mapping

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Batu Hijau Exploration Mapping

Layer lithology & structure Layer alteration

Layer mineralogy
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Batu Hijau Blasthole Mapping
Lithology, Alteration, Mineralisation

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Weathering products : how to map & Recognize them

Mapping in altered and weathering surface :

 Degree to which metals have been leached,
transported & redeposit
 Original hypogene distribution of wallrock
alteration & ore minerals
 How do we read through all the punky clay

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A. Hypogene Vs Supergene Alteration

Difficulty aspects to differentiate :

 Contained abundant pyrite in both types
 Sulfuric acid generated by oxidative
weathering of pyrite attacks minerals
(especially plagioclase)
 Converts them to new mineral assemblages
that similar to forms of hypogene Intermediate
Argillic alteration or Advance Argillic (even
acid-sulfide)

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Hypogene Vs Supergene Alunite
FEATURES SUPERGENE
Alunite in open fractures without
other minerals (e.g.,monomineralic
Vein
alunite, possibly with chalcedonic or
opaline silica and jarosite
Alteration halos Lack of halos on alunite veins
Lack of evidence of former sulfies
Sulfides
associated with alunite
Textures Massive, porcelanous
Color White, yellow, mixed with jarosite
HYPOGENE
Alunite in association with
hydrothermal minerals in
veins (e.g., with quartz,
pyrophyllite, barite, etc.)
Presence of hydrolytic
alteration halos alunite-
bearing veins.
Evidence that sulfides were
present intergrown with
alunite
Fine and coarse grained
White, yellow, pink
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B. Leached and Oxidized Outcrops

‘Limonities” are very useful in broadly outlining

original, hypogene patterns of alteration and
mineralization.

 Keeping track of the degree of leaching of primary sulfide

sites.
‘Glassy limonite” (Fe-hydroxide) that commonly contains
copper.
Relict sulfides locked in unbroken quartz.
Exotic limonities, The iron has been transported in solution in
surface water and precipitate along fractures in the rock.

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B. Leached and Oxidized Outcrops

Degree of Leaching

Leached cavities (in some cases filled with jarosite/alunite)

represent high of leaching in very acid environments, sericitic or
High advantage argillic alteration, acid-sulfate zone, silica-pyrite-alunite,
vuggy silica; Cu-oxides and carbonates absent.

Partly leached cavities, increasing hematite: goethite ratios

indicates increasingly acid conditions; all cu leached, most of the Fe
leached

Partly leached cavities (rimmed with goethite or hematite):

indicative of high pyrite, chalcopyrite ratios, likely that sericitic
alteration is present; Cu-oxides and carbonates unlikely
Goethite boxworks : leaching increasing
Goethite pseudomorphs: low degree of leaching of Cu and Fe in
near neutral environments associated with potassic protores ( or
propylitic fringes, less or no glassy limonite, lack of A,B veins etc)
Glassy limonite: copper still present in glassy limonite and in
Low malachite and/or tenorite; indicates absence of abundant pyrite and
neutral surface waters; pottasic or propylitic alteration

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Porphyry Mapping Best Practice

 Multiple phase intrusions and intrusive

breccia
 Shreddy chlorite-green sericite after
biotite, clay overprint
 Distal-proximal alteration and clay
zoning/species
 Magsus mapping
 Relict sulfide study (types, ratio,
texture/structure)
 Vein mapping (types, distribution, veins
ratio, density)
 Leached cap mapping (limonite
species, relict sulfides/veins, relict
magnetite, hypo-supergene clays, Cu-
oxides, alunite vein, zoning of exotic
Cu)
 Mapping on diatreme breccias (clast-
matrix proportion/shape/comp,
structures, etc)
 PIMA (alteration/clay zoning, feeder-
distal-proximal)

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Geology Quarterly Compilation Map

 Maps produced in 1:2500 scale (lithology, alteration,

mineralization)

 Based on data collected during the quarter period

 Commonly 85% of bench length were covered or 10

km, 10,000 blasthole mapping data

 Additional data from core drilling and assay information

 Compilation results reviewed by all geologists and

geotechnical engineer in a peer review session prior
finalised

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Field Checking

GP 01A

GP 01B

GP 01C

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BATU HIJAU PORPHYRY MINE Geology Compilation – Q3 2011

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BATU HIJAU PORPHYRY MINE Alteration Compilation – Q3 2011

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BATU HIJAU PORPHYRY MINE Mineralisation Compilation – Q3 2011

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Benefits

• Help understanding geology as the deposit

becomes exposed

• Optimizing ore for operation/mill & marketing

• Improve & update geologic models

• Exploration insights and applications

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Benefits – Understand Geology

2006 2007

2008 2009

36
Benefits – Understand Geology

2006 2007

2008 2009

37
Benefits – Understand Geology

2006 2007

2008 2009

38
Benefits - Best Ore

Ore polygon
shape based on
lithology boundary

Blending strategy
(throughput,
recovery, con
grade)

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Benefits – Model Update

Actual vs Model : Young and Intermediate Tonalite

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Benefits – Geology Structure Model Update

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STRUCTURAL DOMAIN IN THE PIT AREA

EXPLANATION

North Katala Domain

Katala Domain

Tongoloka Puna Domain

E-W Family Domain

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STRUCTURAL TRENDS IN THE PIT AREA

N N N N
5a. 5b. Planes
(Strike) Weighted Histogram
Planes
(Strike)
Planes
(Strike) Weighted Histogram
Planes
(Strike)
Planes N 20

(Strike) Weighted Histogram N

6 6
6

Planes
10

(Strike)
6 6
6 6 20 10 10 20 6 6 6 6

10

6 6
6

20

Polar Faults N = 81 Polar Joints N = 16 Polar Faults N = 1284 Polar Joints N = 282

6 6
6 6

Planes N N N
Planes Planes
Planes N (Strike) (Strike) (Strike)
(Strike)
6
6
3

5b.
6 6 3 3 3 3
6 6

6
6

Polar Faults N = 2294 Joints 6

3

Polar N = 538 6

Polar N = 225 Polar N = 1815 Polar N = 740

Polar
Porphyry Quartz Veins N = 41 ‘D’ Veins Porphyry Quartz Veins ‘D’ Veins

5e. North Katala Domains 5f. Katala Domains

N N N N
5c. 5d. Planes
(Strike) Weighted Histogram
Planes
(Strike)
Planes
(Strike) Weighted Histogram
Planes
(Strike)
Planes N Planes N 6
6
6

(Strike) (Strike) 10

5 4

6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10

10
6
6
6
Polar N = 526 Polar N = 134 Polar N = 403 Polar N = 106
Faults Joints Faults Joints

5 5 4 4
Planes N Planes N Planes N Planes N
(Strike) (Strike) 12 (Strike) 10
(Strike)

3
6

3 3 12 6 6 12 10 10 4 4

6
5
‘D’ Veins 4
Polar Porphyry Veins
3

N = 3463 Polar N = 1132 4

10
Polar N = 1355 Polar 12 N = 88 Polar N = 252 Polar N = 79
Porphyry Quartz Veins ‘D’ Veins Porphyry Quartz Veins ‘D’ Veins

Batu Hijau Mine Area 5g. Tongoloka Puna Domains 5h. E-W Family Domains
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 TOUR GUIDE PORPHYRY WORKSHOP, BATU HIJAU, FEBRUARY 2012
TOUR GUIDE PORPHYRY WORKSHOP, BATU HIJAU, 2008
# Stop 1. Volcanic, Propylitic (Chlorite-epidote-calcite) Explanation
# Stop 2. Leached cap & very weak Cu enrichment
2 Ty -Young Tonalite
# Stop 3. Volcanic, PGM-2nd Biotite Ti - Intermediate Tonalite
Qde - Equigranular Quartz Diorite
# Stop 4. Intermediate Tonalite, Quartz Vein Stockwork 2 nd Biotite
Vxl - Volcanic Lithic Breccia
Young Tonalite, Pale Green Mica (PGM)-2nd Biotite

Qde

4
Ti N
Ty

3
Vxl

44