3CL TAMBOON, JELLO S.

HAKODATE

Answer and submit individually the following questions based on your own
understanding;

1. What is a Gas carriers?

- Gas carrier ships are specifically built ocean-going vessels that are dedicated for carrying all
forms of liquefied natural gases (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) to their
destinations. These ships are built with flat surface tankers, spherical or cylindrical shaped to
carry the gas.

2. The transport by sea of liquid gases in bulk is internationally regulated with regard to safety,
through standards laid down by whom?
- International Maritime Organization (IMO)

3. As per Chapter VII of the IMO International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS),
1974, as amended, makes the provisions of the International Code for the Construction and
Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk mandatory, what International Code is it?
- IGC Code

4. The liquefied gas products transported by gas tankers are listed in Chapter 19 of which
international Code?
-
5. Describe the IBC Code gas cargoes into four groups as?
• liquefied natural gas (LNG) - natural gas from which impurities have been removed, and
consists mainly of methane.
• liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - common name for petroleum gases consisting mainly of
butane and propane.
• liquefied ethylene gas (LEG) - Ethylene carriers are the most sophisticated of the
semi-pressurized tankers and have the ability to carry not only most other liquefied gas cargoes.
• chemical gases - ammonia and vinyl chloride monomer as examples of chemical gases.

6. Explain the following terms used in the IGC Code:

• boiling point - The temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure is equal to its surface
pressure (the boiling point increases with the pressure)
• cargo area - - This portion of the boat that contains the containment system for cargoes,
freight pumps and compressor spaces, and the deck over the cargo containment system.
Where fitted, coffers, ballast tanks and void spaces areremoved from the cargo zone after the
end or the front end of the most holding space.
• cargo containment system - Arrangement for load containment and the required
structure to support these components including the fitted, primary and secondary barriers, the
related insulations, interbarrier spaces.
• gas carrier - - Gas transporters' vessels are primarily built for the delivery of all forms of
LNG and LGPs to their destination. Gas transporters are specialist ships for ocean-going
transports. These ships are designed with flat, spherical or cylindrical fuel tankers for gas
transport. The capacities of a gas carrier vary from 3,500–1,50,000 m3 depending on the trade
in which it was designed.
• gas-dangerous space or zone - A room or region within the cargo area of a ship that is
designated to contain inflammable vapor and is not fitted with permitted arrangements to
maintain a safe environment at all times.
• gas-safe space - A space on a ship not designated as a gas-dangerous space.
• hold space - The region covered by the construction of the ship, which includes a cargo
containment device.
• interbarrier space - - The distance between a main and a secondary barrier of the
containment device whether or not the insulation or other substance is completely or partly
occupied.
• MAR VS - This is the abbreviation for the Maximum Allowable Relief Valve Setting on a
ship’s cargo tank — as stated on the ship’s Certificate of Fitness
• primary barrier - This is the interior region to protect the cargo while a secondary shield
is contained in the cargo containment device.
• secondary barrier tank dome - The liquid-resistant exterior part of a cargo containment
device intended to temporarily contain liquid cargo flight through the main obstacle to avoid the
temperature of the ship structure from being reduced to an insecure level.

7. Explain that the IGC divides ships into four types, IG, 2G, 2PG and 3G
- Type 1G ship is intended for the transportation of products considered to present the greatest
overall hazard and Types 2G/2PG and 3G for products of progressively lesser hazards.

8. Describe, in simple terms:

• integral tank - Integral tanks are the constructional portion of the hull of the ship and
impact the adjacent hull structure with the same loads.
• membrane tank - Membrane tanks consist of a thin sheet (miparrane) that is protected
by insulation by the neighboring hull frame. Non-self-supporting tanks The membrane is
designed to compensate for thermal expansion or contractions without excessive stress on the
membrane and other expansion or contraction.
• semi-membrane tank - Half-membrane tanks are filled and consist of a layer and not
self-standing tanks. The adjacent structure protects parts of the layer by insulation while
therounded portions of the layer linking the above-mentioned supporting elements are often built
to accommodate thermal expansion and other contraction.
• independent tank - Specific tanks are entirely autonomous and are not in the hull
construction of the ship. Furthermore the hull strength of a ship doesn't lead. There are three
distinct types of individual tanks for gas transporters as specified by the IGC code, mostly based
on the construction pressure. These are classified as A,' 'B and C' type.
• internally insulated tank - Within independent freight tanks mimic integral tanks. To
contain the cargo, they use insulating materials. Inside the inner hull of the ship, or on a different
carrying board, the insulation is fixed. The non-autonomous system eliminates the need for an
independent tank and enables the transport of fully cooled cargoes at carriage temperatures up
to -55o C.

9. What is a safety pressure and relief valves and how does it works?
- A Pressure Relief Valve is a protective mechanism intended for the preservation of an
over-pressure vessel or structures. An overpressure event is a situation that induces a pressure
increase in a vessel or device beyond the design pressure or maximum permissible working
pressure (MAWP). The primary function of a pressure relief valve is to protect life and property
from overpressurized vessels by releasing liquid.

10. What is ESD?

Emergency Shutdown Device
● A device that is designed to shutdown the system to a safe condition on command from the
emergency shutdown system.

11. Which are incorporated with the ESD?

● shut off valves located as close to the tank as possible for all liquid and vapour connections
except for safety relief valves.
● remotely operated emergency shutdown valves in the cargo piping system.
● operation of the ESD system also stops pumps and compressors.

12. Why is that cargo pumps are usually centrifugal, either deep well pumps or submerged
electric pumps, in the tanks with deck-mounted booster pumps, if required?
● Centrifugal pumps are often chosen for their high flow rate capabilities, abrasive solution
compatibility, mixing potential, as well as their relatively simple engineering.

13. Describe the uses of cargo heaters and vaporizers

Cargo heaters and Vaporizers – means of controlling the pressure in tanks.
● insulation of tanks, to reduce heat transfer
● leading cargo boil-off to the ship‘s boilers or main engine as fuel (ONLY with LNG)
● leading cargo boil-off to the ship‘s reliquefaction plant, where vapour is liquefied and returned
to the tank
● cooling the liquid in a heat exchanger (indirect system - only used for those products which
cannot be compressed for safety reasons)

14. Explain the effect of transfer of heat to the cargo on cargo temperature and tank pressure.
- Every heat input into the cargo vaporizes some of the liquid and raises the tank pressure
steadily. Pressure vessels are intended for this rise, but boil-offs condense the reliquefaction
device on full or semi-chilled ships and return as a boiling liquid to cargo tanks. The cargo tank
pressure in the LNG vessels is almost always managed by burning the boil-off in the main
propulsion system or by venting it into the air in rare circumstances (e.g. emergency). The
vaporization of the surface is decreased as pressures over a boiling liquid increase.

15. Describe the single-stage direct liquefaction cycle.

- Single stage processes were the first generation DCL technologies, developed in the 1960s,
though most such programs and facilities have since been superseded or abandoned. A
single-step process aims to transform coal to liquids in a single reaction stage. Such procedure
can involve an automated online hydrotreating reactor to upgrade the distillates.

16. How we measures the volume of liquid inside the tanks?

- You can measure from the inside of the tank or, if preferable, measure the outside and then
subtract the width of the tank walls to determine the inside measurement. Next, multiply the
length, width and depth measurements in order to find the cubic volume in cubic inches.

17. Why each cargo tank is fitted with a high-level alarm and automatic shutoff valves?
- is fitted in each cargo tank to prevent overflow.

18. What are the other safety devices install in each cargo tanks?
● ESD
● Detection equipment (Gas, Liquid)
● Pressure alarms and gas monitoring points
● Temperature and Pressure indicator
● High-level alarm and Automatic shutoff valves

19. How cargo leakage through the primary barrier can be detected?
● It can be detected by a gas analyzer by virtue of its contaminating the inert.
● A device to detect leakage inside a dual walled liquefied gas storage tank in which the internal
and external walls establish a sealed region and the liquefied gas is held inside the internal
boundary by environmental pressure, a method that includes, at least in part, cold gas, which
includes a gas of the same nature as the fluid to be contained.

20. How did we monitor accumulation of gas in enclosed spaces such as cargo pump-rooms,
compressor rooms, hold spaces and inter-barrier spaces?
- By Fixed gas-detection system, gives audible and visual alarms of the accumulation of gas in
enclosed spaces such as cargo pump-rooms, compressor rooms, hold spaces and inter-barrier
spaces

21. Describe briefly the arrangements for firefighting on deck in the cargo area describes the
water-spray system for ships carrying flammable or toxic products.
- This equipment includes pumps, firefighting, main line, switches, couplings, hose and controls.
A minimum of two main pumps and one rescue pump are used by this system. Fire Fighting
arrangements must bring seabed water from the seafloor to fire hydrants. Main pumps must be
located in different compartments with an A0 bulkhead separate and must however be driven by
main engines, but emergency fire pumps must be located outside the engine room and
operated by a separate engine or emergency power system. The Main fire line between deck
and engine room is a valve which must pressurize the main line in case of fire in the engine
room.
22. Where can we find the safety guidance information of the including the emergency
procedure to apply in case of spillage, incident, fire and etc?
- PA Manual
23. Describe briefly the following cargo operations;
● drying- Drying is achieved by introducing dry air into areas to be dried.
● inerting- is done by supplying an inert gas to cargo tanks and associated piping in order to
produce non-explosive atmosphere in these areas.
● purging - The deletion and substitution by another gas or liquid is the act of the contents of the
pipe or bottle.
● cooling down - This also includes the insertion of cargo tanks and piping of low-temperature
liquid vapor or the spraying of the tanks with liquefied cargo.
● loading - Cargoes are loaded into cargo tanks through cargo liquid lines by means of shore
side pumps. ● cargo conditioning on passage - refers to the care and attention given to the
cargo on passage.
● discharging - Cargoes are discharged on board with container pumps and shore terminal
cargo gasses are supplied. This procedure is done in a closed loop.
● changing cargoes - Before changing cargoes or gas-freeing it is most important to remove all
cargo liquid from tanks, piping, reliquefaction plants and any other part of the cargo system.
● gas-freeing - The procedure of removing dangerous and explosive gases from the interior of
tanks (usually vapours originating in the cargo of oil tankers and chemical carriers).
● preparing for tank inspection - Cargo tanks are to be inspected internally during every
dry-docking and in circumstances where a particular tank is required to be gas freed for repairs.

24. All operations involving cargo, ballast and bunkers should be carried out in accordance with
the applicable international and local pollution regulations States that some gas cargoes are
subject to the regulations of Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 (True of False)?
- TRUE

25. How you calculate the vapour mass.

- It may be defined as the mass of a certain volume of a substance divided by the mass of the
same volume of hydrogen. vapour density = mass of n molecules of gas / mass of n molecules
of hydrogen. (and thus: molar mass = ~2 × vapour density) For example, vapour density of
mixture of NO2 and N2O4 is 38.3