ASSIGNMENT

CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT IN SHIPS AND PORT TERMINAL

MACHINERY AND STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT IN DIFFERENT
SHIPS

PRESENTED BY

NAME: OGHENERUEMU EMMANUEL

OGHENERUKEVWE

MAT. NO: DE.2015/0786

DEPARTMENT: MARINE ENGINEERING

FACULTY: AGRICULTURE

COURSE TITLE: NAVIGATION AND METEOROLOGY

COURSE CODE: MAR 382

LEVEL: 300

LECTURER: ENGR. DICK IBITORU FESTUS

JUNE, 2018

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TANKER SHIP

Oil tanker are known also known as petroleum tanker, is a merchant ship designed for the bulk
transport of oil, there are two basic types of oil tanker, crude tanker and product tanker

The Crude tanker which moves large quantities of unrefined crude from point of extraction to point
where it will be refined, and Product tanker which carries already refined product from refineries to
ports near consuming market.

The different Subclasses of tanker ship are panama, aframan, suezmax. e.t.c

 CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT IN TANKER SHIP

Oil tank: These are oil cargo spaces built on tanker ship for containing or holding the fluid being
transported by the tanker . A tanker have 8 to 12 tanks. Each tank is split into two or three
independent component by fore-and-aft bulkhead. The tanks are numbered, with tank one being the
forward most

Pumproom: Pumprooms are ship compartment which houses all the pumps connected to a tanker’s
cargo line. It usually spans the total breadth of the ship. For larger tanker ship two pumprooms are
usually present.

Inner gas system:- The inert gas system is one of the most important part of the oil tanker design.
Fuel-oil itself is very difficult to ignite but it’s hydrocarbon vapour are very explosive when mixed with
air in certain concentration, hence the inert gas system, which is supplied inert gas from either a
separate inert gas plant or from flue gas produced by the ship’s boiler spreads inert gas over the oil
cargo hydrocarbon mix to help increase the [lower explosion limit] of the oil cargo inside the tank.
Since the inert gas contains insufficient oxygen to help suppress combustion of flammable gas, the
however system helps create an atmosphere in which the hydrocarbon vapour cannot burn

Automated Tank Cleaning Machine: These are programmable crude oil washing machine with
capacity of 80cu.m/k at a thrust. They are used for oil tank cleaning from time to time e.g, when there
is need to change the type of product carried inside a tank, or when the tanks are to be inspected or
maintained. They operate by spraying water or other washing chemical at high pressure on the entire

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area of the tank to remove wax and asphaltic deposit. After cleaning, the tanks are reed of gases
released by the previous cargo carried.

Tank gauging system: The accuracy required of chemical carrier level guage is high because of the
nature and value of the cargo, hence, there is need for a tank gauging system which is used to
measure the amount of fluid /oil being carried by the tanker.

Tanker ship cargo and ships tanks are fitted with various gauging equipment like saah tank radal,
level guage system, with built in high low level alarm remote controlled from the cargo control
room. This gauging device are different and ranges from the flat guage, radar guage which uses
same principle used by echo sounder and radar set to measure the time taken for which pulse
transmitted on the fluid are reflected back to measure cargo quantity, they are more reliable and can
be easily performed. Also is the pressure gauge which makes use of the difference between
atmosphere pressure and the pressure in the liquid near the tank bottom to give out the reading of
the quantity of fluid in the tank.

Hose Loading Crane: These are heavy hose lifting crane with electro – hydraulic design, installed at
the hazardous cargo manifold area on tanker, they have 15tonnes lifting capacity and are explosion
proof. Their major use is for lifting oil/fluid hose around the deck of the tanker manifold area.

Gar freeing system: They are used in carrying out operation which helps in removing gases which
have being released by the fluid previously carried on a particular tank, before loading the tank with a
different fluid, hence when tank cleaning must have being done, the gas tank is fan and vent after
which an O2 meter is used to check for any presence of oxygen. Also the tank is checked with a
explosimeter [Gas indicator] which check the amount of combustible gas still present in the tank.

Cargo oil heating system: These are heat providing equipment which are use to supply heat to the oil
in order to maintain the temperature and viscosity of cargo oil required for discharge. This system is
usually employed in case when the tanker travels through a cold environment which causes the oil
cargo to become heavy, thick and sluggish and this can block pumps and pipes during discharge. This
oil cargo heating can however be achieved by the circulation of steam or thermal fluid [mixture of
water] through heating coil made of either aluminum bronze or stainless steel which are located at

2
the bottom of the tank. The major equipment of this system is the thermal oil heater, which consist
of a burner, water, fuel pump and fan.

Cargo Oil and Gas Manifold: Oil and gas manifold diverts oil or gas without flow interruption. it is the
terminal point of the tanker deck piping. It consist of a number of pipes and valves, each of them
branches off into or more open end for Cargo loading or discharging oil cargo and also used for
measurement in the gauge tank.

Cargo Hose: Cargo hose are frequently used on board oil tankers, during loading and discharge of
cargo at a terminals, during cargo transfer between ships, and during tank cleaning. The ships own
cargo hose must be tested and certified as required for a bursting pressure 5 times the maximum
pressure that the hose will be subjected to cargo transfer operation. flexible hose are suspended by
suitable stamps and not subjected to excessive bending or put excessive strain o the cargo manifold.

Flange connection: These are member which are used in connecting pipe, values, pumps and other
equipment together to form the ship piping system, they are usually welded or screwed and the
flanged joints are made by bolting together, two flanges with gasket between them to provide proper
seal during loading and discharge oil cargo.

Pipeline system: Pipeline are network of pipe mounted on the main dark of the tanker and at other
places to help load and unload Cargo oil to and fro the tanker. They are divided into the Bottomline
which connects from the cargo tank to the pump, Riser which connects pumproom up to deck,
decklines pipes which are on the tanker deck, and the Droplines which lead from deck to tank, and
finally Marpol line which is use to discharge last part of the cargo from the ship.

Cargo oil pump: Tanker cargo oil pumps can be steam turbine driven pumps which are used to
discharge cargo either from the tank of one tanker vessel to another tanker, or between tanks of a
particular ship or to a reservoir storage from which it will be consumed. For steam turbine driven
cargo oil pump, they are fed by a boiler. Pressurized steam from the turbine rotate the impeller and
impeller shaft and this is used as the cargo oil pump driving energy to be able to turn and push liquid
by centrifugal force.

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Deepwell cargo pumps : Deepwell cargo pumps are used for oil cargo discharge, they electrically or
hydraulically driven cargo pump used in tanker pumping system .Deepwell cargo pumps is submerged
in the fluid that it is pumps with its impeller placed in a well on the tank top, which means that it’s only
suitable for double hutted tanker.They have greater pumping and stripping efficiency than most cargo
pumps.

CONTAINER/CARGO SHIP

Cargo ship is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and material from one port to
another. Cargo ship at usually equipped with crane and other mechanism for loading and unloading of
containers and cargo, they are grouped into General cargo vessel, container ship, tanker, Dry
bulk carrier e.t.c. since not all cargo/container vessel are not equipped with inbuilt crane to execute
unassisted lifting operation, this makes sometimes, majority of cargo handling are mainly done in
ports.

CONTAINER/CARGO SHIP HANDLING EQUIPMENT

Cargo derrick: Cargo Derricks are also similar to cargo crane and are used onboard a vessel for
loading and discharge of cargoes from pier without assistance. it consist of a movable boom equipped
with cables, pulley and connected to the base of an upright stationary beam.

Cargo deck cranks: Cargo cranes are shipboard crane of various types and capacity fitted in
multipurpose cargo vessel; geared bulk carrier, heavy lift vessels etc, for picking up cargoes and for
landing permitted loaded anywhere within it working radius. Their safe working load is generally of the
order of 10-15 tonnes and there are also larger cranes capable of lifting 30-40 tonnes weight of
cargo. They are often positioned on the ship centre line. It principal movement during cargo carrying
operation are governed by the hoisting motor for lifting the load, lifting motor for raising or lowering
the jib, and slewing for rotating the crane.

Heavy lift Cranes: The maritime and ship-building industry has high need to constantly move world’s
heaviest load between ship and shore, hence, the job of a heavylift crane vessel is for moving mega-
bulk, large section of newly constructed ship around shipyard throughout the world.

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Cell guide: The cell guide on container ships generally includes cell guide in hold and cell guide on
deck. Cell guide in hold include fixed cell guide and removable cell guides.containers are commonly
stowed below deck and sometime on deck within fixed vertical cell guide however It is the function of
the cell guide to guide them into place and ensure that they do not move during voyage since
containers have little strength in any direction other than vertically through the corner post. The cell
guide thus provides a substantial support for them.

Ship to shore gentry Crane: This is a type of large dockside gantry crane found at container
terminal for loading and unloading intermodal containers from containers ship. Container crane
consist of a supporting frame work that Travels the length of a quay or yard on a rail track, instead
of hook or shackle, they are equipped with a specialized handling tool called spreader.

Spreader: Spreader is a device used for lifting container and unitizes cargo. The spreader has a
locking mechanism at each corner that attaches the four corners of the containers [corner casting]
called the twist lock mechanism.

Twist lock Mechanism: The twist lock mechanism goes together with the corner casting, forming a
standardized rotating connector for securing shipping containers. its primary use is for locking a
container into place on a spreader, semi-trailer truck, and side lifter etc.

Straddle carrier: This is a port cargo handling equipment: A straddle carrier is a freight
[container] carrying vehicle that carries its load underneath by straddling it, rather than carrying it
on top like a normal truck does. It has the advantage of being able to load or unload containers
without the assistance of a crane of forklift straddle carrier are capable of stacking container up to
4high, through at a relatively low speed.

Forklift: This is a port cargo handling equipment, also known as lift truck, fork hoist. It is a powered
industrial truck used in lifting and moving packed cargo in pallets or in crates within it’s lifting
capacity over short distance. It also used for loading and unloading of cargo from containers to and
fro storage facilities and trucks.

Lashing Cargo Rod: If the storage of cargo is not secured enough then there is no escape from sea
and wind once at sea, and this will take toll on the loaded cargo in the vessel, and even throw cargo
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overboard. This gives room for use of lashing rod. They are rods of different length which are used
for holding container from one end, and are tied up to the deck surfaces from the other end.

Lashing Ropes / straps / wire / cable / chain / net: This cargo handling equipment are used for
securing of cargo during voyage with aim of minimizing shifting. They are anchored to the container
and tensioned against the cargo. In order to boost, and also make their tensioning easier to achieve,
they are utilized jointly with wire tension device of different design.

Reach Stacker: A reach stack is a vehicle for handling inter-medial cargo container in small terminal
or medium – sized spot. They are used for transporting container within short distance very quickly
and pile them in various rows depending on it’s access. They are very flexible and highly utilized for
their high stacking and storage capabilities.

Empty container handler: This is large forklift type piece of equipment that is being utilized at the
port for storage of 20, 40, 45 foot empty container, in a designated empty container yard.

Pallets: A pallet is a platform made of wood [the most common] with enough clearance beneath its
top surface [or face] to enable the insertion of the forks of a forklift for subsequent lifting purpose
breech.

Base twist lock: It’s the name implies, it is used on deck and is mounted on the socket deck, for
firmly securing bottom containers to the base of the deck. The shipping container is loaded over the
base twist lock, after which the handle is used to push the twist lock into lock position with the socket
on the deck.

Lashing Midlocker: These are cargo securing equipment used on board container vessel for securing
container. They are placed between containers in stacks and slotted into the corner casting. They are
used on the deck between 20-foot containers in 40 foot bay at the mid-bay position.

Emergency Tool: It’s a tool which is used when a twist lock cannot be unlocked by pulling the wire
handle. It is used in such a way that the emergency tool is in a position that will keep the twist lock
open and the container can be then lifted along with the tool.

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 Car carriers/Ro-Ro Ship
Vessels specially designed for efficient transport of cars (pure car carriers), or variety of cars,
trucks, tractors and buses (pure car/truck carriers). Cargo access/transfer equipment of typical
car carrier consists of a stern quarter ramp, side ramps, internal ramps with covers and hoistable
decks. Vehicles drive directly into the ship and via internal ramp system to various decks

 CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT IN RORO SHIP

Tugmaster : Tractor for moving cargoes in the terminals and in the ship.
Roll Trailers : Roll tailers are very low cargo carrying platform ,with one or more wheel axle at the
rear and a support at the front, designed for carrying very heavy cargo up to 140 tonnes up and off
the terminal and Ro-Ro ship,
Trailer Trestle : A terminal trailer trestle is a device which releases the towing truck for more
productive use while the semi-trailer is loaded or unloaded in a terminal
Cassettes For Container : The cassettes are detachable steel platforms, which containers can be
loaded on for transporting.
Mafi Trailer: Platforms for cargo towing, moved by tractors designated by Tugmasters
Translifter : A translifter is a steerable lifting trailer which can be used with pallets or trestles , It
has soft wheels
Trailer And Truck Lashing Device : Lashing shall consist of chain or any other device made of steel
or other material with equivalent strength and elongation characteristics used for securing the
vehicles onboard this achieved by attaching the securing point of the lashing device the with hooks or
other devices

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GENERAL STRUCTURE FOUND IN MOST SHIP

Aft/Astern: This back position of the ship or behind of the ship

Beam: The widest part of the ship, normally in the central part of the ship

Bow: The front position of the ship

Passenger Cabin : A room for the passenger on board the ship, also called a stateroom

Deck: Location of a floor level on the ship or floor of the ship especially the open area

Galley: the ships kitchen

Gangway: A ramp that is used to get from the shore to the ship while it is alongside. It’s an opening in
the side of the ship through which it is boarded or provisioned.

Muster station: This is a location or area to assemble is case of emergency

Ocean view cabin: An outside cabin that has a fixed window

Starboards: The right side of the ship

Suite: This is largest category of cabin on the ship and normally includes living and sleeping area

Keel: A heavy steel shaft along the bottom of the ship that keeps it upright

Port: A facility for a ship to interface with land or left side of the ship when facing forward

Stern: the rounded back end of the ship

Veranda: This is a private balcony attached to the cabin

Bridge: Navigational command and control Centre of the ship, where the captain and other deck
officers works

Elevator: Mechanical device for conveying passengers from one deck to another

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Fantail: The rear of aft overhang of a ship

Hawse holes: the opening from which the ship anchor extends and also a hole in front of the ship
through which a cable passes.

Stall: The ships outer shell, excludes anything built above the main deck

Larboard: The left side of the side also known as port

Stabilizer: Hydraulic activated underwater fins to minimize ship roll

Helicopter deck: A helicopter deck is a pad on the deck of the ship usually located on the stem and
always clear of obstacle that would from hazardous to helicopter landing.

Life boats hanging in davits: A crane like device used on a ship for supporting, raising and lowering
equipment such as boats and anchor.

Stacks/Funnel: This is a smoke stack or chimney on a ship used to expel boiler steam and smoke or
engine exhaust.

Upper deck: This is the horizontal structure that forms the root of the hull; strengthening it and
serving as the primary working surface..

Fan room: This portion of the ship which houses equipment which circulate fresh air throughout a
vessel.

Radar mast: Is a tall spar or arrangement, erected more less vertically on the centre line of a ship
for giving necessary height to navigation light, signal yard etc.

Wheel house: This is an enclosed area where the ship is plotted by the captain and crew.

Orlop deck: This is deck or part of a deck where the cable are stowed, its usually below the waterline
and it’s the lowest deck in the ship.

Decks: Decks are found on several types of ship, it usually extends from bows to stem on both side.

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Seawater inlet chest: A seat chest is a rectangular of cylindrical recess in the hull of a ship, which
directly allow inlet of sea water into ship, which can be used for cooling.

Steerage: Lower deck of a ship, where the cargo is stored above the closed holds

Engine room: This is the part of the ship which houses equipment necessary for propulsion of the
ship e.g., diesel engine.

Handrails: These are found on the balconies of cruise ship cabin and on the edges of open deck. they
are fitted to prevent passengers and crews from falling overboard

GENERAL MACHINERY FOUND IN MOST SHIPS

Compressed air system: This is concern with compressing air and any fluid in order to reduce its
volume, as this compressed air can be used for starting the main propulsion engine.

Thruster: These are machines mounted close to the propeller, which can suck or blow water from
port to star board [i.e., left the right] or vice versa, for the maneuvering e.g., ducking operation.

Cooling systems: This system uses heat exchanger onboard ship, mainly cooler for cooling of hot
liquid with chilled sea water.

Distillation system: The system is involve in the production of pure water from sea water by
evaporation and re-condensation using boiling or flash process.

Marine diesel engine: The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine which ignite the fuel
by injecting it into hot, high pressure air in a combustion chamber. It is responsible for the generation
of power for propulsion and supply of rotation power to the propeller shaft for propulsion.

Centrifugal Pump: the centrifugal pump is a machine used to raise liquid from a low point to a high
point. In a centrifugal pump liquid enters the Centre or eye of the impeller and flows radically out
between the vanes with its velocity being increased by the impeller rotation.

10
Emergency power supply system: In the event of a main generating system failure an emergency
supply of electricity is required for essential service. This can be supplied by batteries and in some
cases it is emergency generator.

Steering gear system: The steering gear provides a movement of the rudder in response to a signal
from the bridge in order to execute steering operation as well as control of the ships direction. It
comprises control equipment, power unit and transmission to the rudder stock. It’s capable of putting
the rudder over from 35 degrees on one side to 35 degrees on the other side.

Oil water separator: Use for bringing down the oil content of water which has been used for internal
engine cooling or water the present in the oil tank and oil contaminated space before discharging
overboard.

Marine boiler: They Pressure vessel in which water or other liquid is heated to evaporate and
generate steam, the generated steam is superheatedc to high pressure for cranking ship propulsion
engine.

Refrigeration system: Refrigeration plant on merchant vessel play a vital role of refrigerating
cargo and provision for crew and passengers on board to prevent damage to cargo or perishable
material.

Heaters: Also known as immersion heaters are used with tank and vessel to heat up different liquid
like oil, chemical, water and gases.

Purifier: They are Centrifuges arranged for separating two liquid of different densities e.g, water
from oil.

Air conditioning system: for treating air so as to control simultaneously it’s temperature, humidity,
cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirement of the conditioned vessel.

Oil tanks: Contains oil used inside combustion chamber between the piston and the liner which is
necessary for lubrication.

Boiler tank: Contains water from the fresh water Generator [FWG] for the boiler plant usage

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Water tank: For storage of clean water used in accommodation, engine room and deck.

Ballast Water tank: for storage sea water used for ship ballasting.

Rudder: submerged component that pivots on a vertical axle and is used to steer the ship.

Propeller: Device with blades integrated onto a shaft that is driven by the engine to provide thrust
and thus impel the ship.

Stabilizer Fin: Small pivoting wing on each side of the hull, used to reducing the rolling motion of the
ship.

Ballast system: this include piping and pumping system arranged so that water can be drawn from
any ballast tank or sea and discharge to any other ballasting tank or sea
Ballast pump: these are electrically driven pump, usually vertically mounted and fitted with separate
motor-driven priming system. They are used in moving large amount of sea water into or out of the
ballasting tank in order to achieve the correct ship ballasting require for a voyage with respect to the
cargoes carried
Ballast tank: watertight compartment for holding ballast water
Rudder: submerged component that pivot on a vertical axle and its used to steer the tanker vessel
Propeller: device with blades integrated onto a shaft that is driven by the engine to provide thrust
and thus impel the ship
Guardrail: Railing along the edges of the ship deck that protects crew from falling overboard
Bulb : bulb in the bottom of the sterm reduces the hull water resistance
Accommodation: This is where the crew lives and operates the vessel
Tank hatch cover: Watertight door that provides access to a tank

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 Cruise/Passenger Ship
Cruise vessel – A luxury passenger ship designed to provide holidays afloat. Cruise liners are now
basically designed as a hotel accommodation fitted inside a ship, where public spaces and leisure
areas demand larger space.

 STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO A CRUISE SHIP

Passenger Cabin: A room for the passenger on board the ship, also called a statesroom

Private balconies: These are balcony which are individually attached to every

Promenade: The ship’s shipping mall

Ocean view cabin: An outside cabin that has a fixed window

Panorana lounge: This is specially designed for provide an uninterrupted view of the day’s
destination from inside the cruise ship.

Open Air terrace: Outdoor platform that is formed from the roof of the deck below and is protected
by guardrails
Forecastle: open foremost part of the main deck
Captain quarter: Lodging for captain located aft of the bridge on the starboard side
Radar mast: mast with radio wave detective device used to prevent collision

Suite: This is largest category of cabin on the ship and normally includes living and sleeping area

Veranda: This is a private balcony attached to the cabin

Lounge: Areas with a counter and table where alcoholic drink are sold

Handrails: These are found on the balconies of cruise ship cabin and on the edges of open deck. they
are fitted to prevent passengers and crews from falling overboard

Gymnasium: Hall for practicing indoor sports onboard a cruise

Elevator: Mechanical device for conveying passengers from one deck to another

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Accommodation : this is where the crew lives and operates the Vessel

 MECHINERY IN A PASSENGER/CRUISE SHIP

Compressed air system: This is concern with compressing air and any fluid in order to reduce its
volume, as this compressed air can be used for starting the main propulsion engine.

Thruster: These are machines mounted close to the propeller, which can suck or blow water from
port to star board [i.e., left the right] or vice versa, for the maneuvering e.g., ducking operation.

Cooling systems: This system uses heat exchanger onboard ship, mainly cooler for cooling of hot
liquid with chilled sea water.

Distillation system: The system is involve in the production of pure water from sea water by
evaporation and re-condensation using boiling or flash process.

Marine diesel engine: The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine which ignite the fuel
by injecting it into hot, high pressure air in a combustion chamber. It is responsible for the generation
of power for propulsion and supply of rotation power to the propeller shaft for propulsion.

Centrifugal Pump: the centrifugal pump is a machine used to raise liquid from a low point to a high
point. In a centrifugal pump liquid enters the Centre or eye of the impeller and flows radically out
between the vanes with its velocity being increased by the impeller rotation.

Emergency power supply system: In the event of a main generating system failure an emergency
supply of electricity is required for essential service. This can be supplied by batteries and in some
cases it is emergency generator.

Steering gear system: The steering gear provides a movement of the rudder in response to a signal
from the bridge in order to execute steering operation as well as control of the ships direction. It
comprises control equipment, power unit and transmission to the rudder stock. It’s capable of putting
the rudder over from 35 degrees on one side to 35 degrees on the other side.

14
Oil water separator: Use for bringing down the oil content of water which has been used for internal
engine cooling or water the present in the oil tank and oil contaminated space before discharging
overboard.

Marine boiler: They Pressure vessel in which water or other liquid is heated to evaporate and
generate steam, the generated steam is superheated to high pressure for cranking ship propulsion
engine.

Refrigeration system: Refrigeration plant on merchant vessel play a vital role of refrigerating
cargo and provision for crew and passengers on board to prevent damage to cargo or perishable
material.

Heaters: Also known as immersion heaters are used with tank and vessel to heat up different liquid
like oil, chemical, water and gases.

Purifier: They are Centrifuges arranged for separating two liquid of different densities e.g, water
from oil.

Air conditioning system: for treating air so as to control simultaneously it’s temperature, humidity,
cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirement of the conditioned vessel.

Oil tanks: Contains oil used inside combustion chamber between the piston and the liner which is
necessary for lubrication.

Boiler tank: Contains water from the fresh water Generator [FWG] for the boiler plant usage

Water tank: For storage of clean water used in accommodation, engine room and deck.

Ballast Water tank: for storage sea water used for ship ballasting.

Rudder: submerged component that pivots on a vertical axle and is used to steer the ship.

Propeller: Device with blades integrated onto a shaft that is driven by the engine to provide thrust
and thus impel the ship.

15
Stabilizer Fin: Small pivoting wing on each side of the hull, used to reducing the rolling motion of the
ship.

Ballast system: this include piping and pumping system arranged so that water can be drawn from
any ballast tank or sea and discharge to any other ballasting tank or sea
Ballast pump: these are electrically driven pump, usually vertically mounted and fitted with separate
motor-driven priming system. They are used in moving large amount of sea water into or out of the
ballasting tank in order to achieve the correct ship ballasting require for a voyage with respect to the
cargoes carried
Ballast tank: watertight compartment for holding ballast water
Rudder: submerged component that pivot on a vertical axle and its used to steer the tanker vessel
Propeller : device with blades integrated onto a shaft that is driven by the engine to provide thrust
and thus impel the ship
Guardrail: Railing along the edges of the ship deck that protects crew from falling overboard
Bulb : bulb in the bottom of the sterm reduces the hull water resistance
Accommodation: This is where the crew lives and operates the vessel
Tank hatch cover: Watertight door that provides access to a tank

16
Car carriers/Ro-Ro Ship
Vessels specially designed for efficient transport of cars (pure car carriers), or variety of cars,
trucks, tractors and buses (pure car/truck carriers). Cargo access/transfer equipment of typical
car carrier consists of a stern quarter ramp, side ramps, internal ramps with covers and hoistable
decks. Vehicles drive directly into the ship and via internal ramp system to various decks.

 STRUCTURES AND MECHINERY PECULIAR TO A RO-RO SHIP

Hatch Cover: A large watertight steel structure fitted over a hatch opening to prevent the ingress of
water into the cargo hold, they are also supporting structure for deck cargo
Parking Spaces: these are the open spaces on the different deck upon which car are parked and
lashed
Side Shell Door: They are found on the side shell of the ro ro ship, they are also passages for To and
fro movement of wheel vehicles during loading or unloading operation. Their opening and closing
mechanism can either be Sliding, top-hinged or side hinged
Basement Bulkhead Door: This is a watertight and hydraulic or electric operated which covers the
base deck
Side Ramp : They just like the stern ramps, which acts as a drive way for loading and unloading
wheeled vehicles on the roro ship, but in this case they are found on the the side.they are equipped
with anti-skid system
Ramp Cover : Ramp cover is a side-hinged watertight door fitted to cover the main deck, and through
it, is an access to the lower fold
External Stern Ramp: Usually stern ramps are used for loading and discharging of rolling cargo.
they are also water tight when pivoted or folded into its closed position
Stern Door: The stern door of a roro ship is a watertight door install at the stern of the ship,
through which wheeled cargo on the stern ramp cam access the immediate main deck
Stern Ramp :They are specially constructed short driveway of length 6.0m and width 19.8m which
lead to the main car deck of the ro-ro vessel. They are mounted at the stern of the vessel and are
used for discharging and loading wheeled vehicles.
Internal Bow Doors: This is a watertight part of the ship forbody that can be opened to provide
clear access to the bow ramp. bow door are used on RoRo ship to enable handling of freight on
driven basis, It is such that vehicles enter the ship through the stern ramp and leave through the bow
ramp at the bow door
Bow Ramps: They are foldable and unfoldable driveway used on Ro-Ro ferries to unload vehicles. The
bow ramp are usually an axial ramp linking the ship to the quay through the bow opening having a
visor or side hinged bow door

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Quarter Stern Ramp : Quarter stern ramp allows access with the ship in a peer (without Ro/Ro
terminal),they are angled ramp usually offset at an angle between 30 and 45 degrees to Centre-lines
Internal Ramps : Fixed or hinged internal ramps are used for distribution of car, trailers or
cassettes within the ship. They provide access from deck to deck.they are hydraulically operated steel
cover installed over fixed internal ramp, and they are watertight. Internal ramps typically have
inclination of abt. 7°
Hoistable Car Ramp : They are lightweight, watertight or gastight hydraulically operated driveway
decks on roro ship,for moving wheeled vehichles onto the car deck,they are employed for effective
management of car space,such that when not in used, they can be raised into a locked position by a
hydraulically operated securind device to form an intergral part of the deck
Car Deck : They are light temporary or permanent storage platform on the RoRo ship upon which car
are parked .The temporary decks are designed to be movable and can be stowed away when not
required
Hoistable Car Decks : this is movable car deck with integrated lifting device, it is electrically or
hydraulically driven and allow the additional stowage of cars on it
Liftable Car Deck : this is movable car deck which does not have integrated lifting mechanism, they
are moved by lifts of the scissors type
Cargo Lift : Cargo Lifts are used to carry vehicles between decks, in ships where the longitudinal
space is limited

Tanker ship

Tankers ships are ships carrying liquid cargoes in bulk; crude oil, oil products, chemicals, liquefed
gases, molten sulphur, even orange juice. The nature of their cargo requires special forms of
construction and outfitting.
 Structures and Equipment Peculiar to tanker ship
Oil tank: They oil cargo spaces built on tanker ship for containing or holding the fluid being
transported.
Ballast system: this include piping and pumping system arranged so that water can be drawn from
any ballast tank or sea and discharge to any other ballasting tank or sea

Marine diesel engine: the diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine which ignite the fuel
by injecting it into hot, high pressure air in a combustion chamber. It is responsible for the
generation of power for propulsion and supply of rotation power to the propeller shaft for propulsion.

Ballast Pump: They are used in moving large amount of sea water into or out of the ballasting tank in
order to achieve the correct ship ballasting require for a voyage with respect to the cargoes carried
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Ballast Tank: watertight compartment for holding ballast water
Pumproom: pump room are ship compartment housing all the pumps connections to a tanker’s cargo
line. It usually spans the total breadth of the ship for larger tanker ship. Two pump room are usually
present.

Inner gas system: The inert gas system is one of the most important part of the oil tanker design.
this system helps in creating an atmosphere in which the hydrocarbon vapour cannot burn

Automated Tank Cleaning Machine: These are programmable crude oil washing machine used for oil
tank cleaning when there is need to change the type of product carried inside a tank, or when the
tanks are to be inspected or maintained. .

Tank gauging system: The tank gauging system which is used to measure the amount of fluid /oil
being carried by the tanker.

Hose Loading Crane: Their major use is for lifting oil/fluid hose around the deck of the tanker
manifold area.

Gar freeing system: They are used in carrying out operation which helps in removing gases which
have being emitted by the fluid previously carried on a particular tank before loading the tank with a
different

Cargo oil heating system:- These are heat providing equipment which are use to supply heat to the
oil in order to maintain the temperature and viscosity of cargo oil required for discharge.

Cargo Oil and Gas Manifold: Oil and gas manifold divert oil or gas without flow interruption. It
consist of a number of pipes and valves, each of them branches off into or more open end for Cargo
loading or discharging oil cargo and also used for measurement in the gauge tank.

Cargo Hose: It slip own cargo hose are frequently used on board oil tankers, during loading and
discharge of cargo at a terminal, during cargo transfer between ships and during tank cleaning

Flange connection: Are member which are used in connecting pipe, values, pumps and other
equipment to form the ship piping system.

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Pipeline system: Pipeline are network of pipe mounted on the main dark of the tanker and at other
places to help load and unload Cargo oil to and from the ship

Cargo oil pump: Tanker cargo oil pumps are steam turbine driven pump which are used to discharge
cargo from the tank of one tanker vessel to another tanker, or between tanks of a particular ship to a
reservoir or storage from which it will be consumed.

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