Topic 14A

Mineral and Energy Resources

Mineral Resources & Plate Tectonic System

Hamblin & Christiansen 2014

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PRIMARY ORE DEPOSITS

Hydrotherm
al vein
Contact
Metamorp
hism

Magmatic
Segrega
tion

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MINING
Open pit
SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITS
Weathering and accumulation of ore deposits
SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITS
Placer deposits
SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITS
Placer deposits
Kimberlite Pipe
INTAN
OIL & GAS TRAPS

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EXAMPLES OF OIL TRAPS
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FORMATION OF COAL
FORMATION OF COAL
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Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Resources can be either renewable or nonrenewable
A renewable resource can replenished or
regenerated.
For example, a food crop which can be consume
each season.
Groundwater drawn from wells may eventually be
replenished by rainwater.
But what does “eventually” mean? Some resources
take a very long time to regenerated – longer than
humans are willing or able to wait. For instance, it
may take hundreds of years for groundwater
supplies to be replenished.

So we must modify our definition:

A RENEWABLE RESOURCES IS ONE THAT CAN BE
RENEWED ON A HUMAN TIME SCALE
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Some mineral deposits are known to be forming
today, but the rate of formation is exceedingly slow.
For example, it may take 600,000 years for a large
copper deposit to be formed.
From a human point of view, resources such as coal,
oil, copper, iron, gold and fertilizers are one-crop
resources. The Earth’s supply of those “crops” is
fixed.

Our modified definition:

RENEWABLE RESOURCES ARE THOSE THAT CAN
BE RENEWED ON A HUMAN TIME SCALE, THE REST
ARE NONREWABLE RESOURCES
Quaternary Volcanoes Belts of Indonesia
Geothermal Energy

Hamblin & Christiansen 2014

Distribution of Magmatic Arcs of Indonesia
(source: Carlile & Michell, 1994)
 Distribution of Magmatic Arcs and Ore Minerals
of Indonesia

LAUT CINA SELATAN

KALIMANTAN
MALAYSIA Busang MINDANAO
Mt. Muro (Au)
(Au,Ag)
Gosowang
Borneo Tombulilato
Masupa Ria (Ni) Mesel
Malala
(Au)
Calang Bintan (Au,Ag) (Ni) Gebe
(Al) (Ni) Grasberg/Estberg
Geumpang
(Cu, Au)
SUMATERA Kelian Bulagidun
Logas Burung Mandi (Au) (Cu,Ag)
(Au) Gag
Lebong Tandai Ampalit
(Au) Soroako (Ni)
(Au,Ag)
(Ni)
Lebong Donok
(Au,Ag) Kelapa Kampit Mirah Pomalaa
(Sn) (Au,Ag) (Ni)
Lebong Simpang Lerokis/
(Au,Ag) JAWA SULAWESI Kali Kuning IRIAN
WETAR (Au,Ag) JAYA
Endapan bijih utama Cikijang SUMBAWA
(Au)
Busur magmatik termineralisasi Gunung Pongkor
( sumber: Carlile dan Mitchel, 1994 ) Cikotok (Au,Ag)
(Au,Ag)
Trenggalek Batu Hijau
(Cu, Au) Primalirang

SAMODRA HINDIA AUSTRALIA

Sedimentary Basins of Indonesia
(after Padmosukismo at al., 1989)
Earth’s human population

Hamblin & Christiansen 2014

Thank You