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The Initial State Geochemical Model and Reservoir Response of 2 Years

Production at Silangkitang, a Fault-Controlled Geothermal System along the
Great Sumatera Fault

Conference Paper · April 2020

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Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020
Reykjavik, Iceland, April 26 – May 2, 2020

The Initial State Geochemical Model and Reservoir Response of 2 Years Production at
Silangkitang, a Fault-Controlled Geothermal System along the Great Sumatera Fault

Christovik Simatupang1, Koji Matsuda2 and Doddy Astra1

1Sarulla Operations Limited, The Energy Building, 51st Floor, SCBD Lot 11A, Jl. J. Sudirman, Jakarta 12910, Indonesia
2West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc., Denki Bldg. Annex, Watanabe-dori 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0004, Japan

christovik.simatupang@sarulla-geothermal.com; mazda@wjec.co.jp; doddy.astra@sarulla-geothermal.com

Keywords: initial state, geochemical model, reservoir response, fault-controlled system

ABSTRACT
The Silangkitang (SIL) geothermal field which located along the Great Sumatera Fault (GSF) is currently producing 110 MW with
the support from 4 production wells and 9 injection wells. Silangkitang is liquid-dominated system with high temperature (higher
than 280°C) and relatively moderate gas (below 1 wt.% in reservoir liquid). Most of the production and injection wells are drilled
perpendicular to the Great Sumatera Fault and some of the injection wells are drilled away from the fault. The production wells are
drilled toward the upflow zone in the central of the prospect while the injection wells are drilled in the outflow zone which located in
northwest and southeast of the field.

The produced NCG at the wellhead is within 3.0 – 4.2 wt.% in steam with the highest one is shown by the southernmost production
well. The fluid chemistry shows neutral pH with Na, K, Cl and SiO2 concentrations below 1000 ppm and very low Mg concentration.
In addition, the oxygen-18 and deuterium show meteoric origin and the Na-K-Mg Giggenbach demonstrates full equilibrium state of
reservoir fluid. The homogeneous chemical characteristic at Silangkitang strongly supports the good connection within the reservoir
as the response to the fault-controlled system. The 2 years operation starts showing the chemical response which indicates an injection
breakthrough without significant enthalpy impact. This result signifies the uniqueness of a geothermal reservoir within a mega fault
zone in Sumatera Island.

1. INTRODUCTION
The SIL geothermal field is located in Tapanuli Utara District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The field is approximately 310
kilometers southeast of Medan at an elevation 500 – 600 meters above sea level (Figure 1a).

Medan INDONESIA
0 1000 2000 3000
Legends:
Sarulla Graben Filled
Quarternary Alluvium & Sediments

Quarternary Rhyolite

Quarternary Dacite

Quarternary Andesite
Basement
Tertiary Lithic Tuff

Tertiary Sediments

Paleozoic Meta-sediments
SIL 2 Geological Structure
Unocal Well Trajectory (Exploration)

SIL 1 SOL Production Well Trajectory

Lake Toba SOL Injection Well Trajectory

P&A Well Trajectory

TSF Segments
SIL 1’ Fumarole & Spring

SIL 3

Tarutung

Namora-I-Langit Silangkitang
N

(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Map of Sarulla geothermal field which shows the location of the contract area from Medan (taken from Google
Map) and (b) a geological map of SIL and well distribution. Wells with a blue well track trajectory or circle were
drilled and tested during the initial Unocal exploration drilling campaign in the late 1990’s; brown and black well
track trajectory were drilled and tested during SOL development stage after 2010. The grey well track trajectory
are the plugged and abandoned ones due to problem during drilling (Satya, 2019).

1
Simatupang et al.

SIL is one of several prospects in the Gunung Sibualbuali Working Area that is currently operated by Sarulla Operations Limited
(SOL). This WKP was previously belong to Unocal and there were some wells that drilled during the exploration stage. SOL, a
special purpose company that sponsored by Kyushu Electric Power Co. Inc., Itochu Corporation, Medco Energi Internasional Tbk.,
INPEX Corporation, and Ormat Technologies, Inc. has been granted the rights to utilize the Sarulla geothermal resources for power
generation under the framework of a Joint Operating Contract (JOC) with Pertamina. SIL’s commercial generation of 110 MW was
started on Mar 18, 2017 with the support of 4 production wells and 9 injection wells (Figure 1b).

SIL is situated within the Barisan Mountains, which are both structurally uplifted and covered by young volcanic rocks. There are
eleven active volcanoes along the mountain chain, but none of those is positioned in the Sarulla vicinity. However, there are abundant
volcanic eruptive centers within and adjacent to the contract area that are less than 1 million years old.

The Paleozoic metasediments are considered to be the basement rocks beneath SIL. These metasediments rocks consist of marble,
phyllite, argillite, meta-quartzite and other deposits. Tertiary deposits composed of conglomerate, greywacke, mudstone and tuff
overlie the basement rocks. The basement rocks and Tertiary deposits crop out at the eastern side of the GSF. Mesozoic granites are
found distributed at the western side of SIL. Meanwhile the upper part is a recent alluvium layer consisting of poorly consolidated
sandstone and pebble conglomerate. Underlying the recent alluvial deposits, a thick sequence of fine-grained rocks interpreted as
lake deposits are found. Below the lake deposit, a thick accumulation of volcanic tuff flow presents with a thin mudstone layer at
depths. The deeper sequence consists of pre-volcanic valley-fill deposits with fine to coarse-grained deposits (conglomerate to shale)
above the Paleozoic metasediments that includes quartzites, marls and marble. This rock also exposed at the surface east of GSF
portion of the SIL geothermal field (Figure 1b).

There are two types of hydrothermal features associated with the geothermal system of SIL. The first one is represented by about a
dozen of fumarole vents aligned along the main trace of the GSF. These hydrothermal manifestations are categorized from weak to
quite vigorous and are confined to a segment of 1.75 km length along the GSF. The second one is represented by boiling chlorides
springs and weak fumaroles located in the eastern side of Sarulla graben at about 0.5 to 1 km south and west of the main GSF
fumaroles (Figure 1b).

Unocal exploration in the late 1990’s has drilled 5 wells in 3 different pads that located along the GSF. There were 3 wells that drilled
perpendicular to the fault while the remaining were drilled vertically on pad SIL 2 and SIL 1. Amongst these wells, only 1 well at
pad SIL 1’ is still being used by SOL to support the generation of 110 MW. The other wells are not used due to casing integrity issue.
In the development stage, SOL has drilled additional 3 production wells at pad SIL 1’ and 9 injection wells at pad SIL 2, 1’ and 3
(Figure 1b).

Chemical data from all production wells and surface thermal manifestations were collected to establish the initial geochemical model
of the field while no chemical data were sampled from the injection wells. It becomes limitation to fully understand the geochemical
characteristic of the northwest and southeast margin of the field. Additionally, the static pressure and temperatures measured
downhole for most wells during initial production flow tests did not exhibit stable temperature profiles.

2. INITIAL STATE GEOCHEMICAL MODEL

SIL geothermal system is geologically identified as fault-controlled system. The supporting evidences include the presence of the
fumaroles and chloride boiling springs along the fault and the highly productivity and injectivity of wells that drilled perpendicular
to the GSF. SIL is geochemically unique with its low chloride (<1000 ppm) and lighter ẟ18O (~ -6.5 ‰) but chemically benign and
high temperature.

2.1 pH

The initial pH, measured at 25 °C from separated brine samples, for wells drilled toward and beneath the main fumarole complex
demonstrate pH in the range of 6 - 7 while wells and springs that located aside of the GSF exhibit pH higher than 7 (Figure 2).

Initial pH

Road Access
8.5
6.9
7.2
6.8
6.8
8.9 7.1
7.2
7.3
9.1

8.7
8.4
8.9

Figure 2. Map of SIL geothermal field initial pH distribution from the production well data and surface thermal
manifestation. Numbers in blue font are pH values measured from separated brine at ambient temperature.
2
 Simatupang et al.

The higher pH possibly indicates a dilution effect. Unfortunately, this hypothesis cannot be validated by reservoir fluid data from
wells that drilled away from the fault due to the absence of initial flow test. This fact indicates the absence of acid fluid in this
prospect.

2.2 Cl-SO4-HCO3

The initial Cl concentration shows the uniqueness of SIL reservoir brine where the concentration is considerably low (Figure 3a).
This lower Cl (<1000 ppm) is suspected to be caused by its host rock type (metamorphic), mega fault-controlled permeability, or
higher dilution effect of meteoric water. The distribution of this species is used to define the fluid flow with dilution effect concept.
The high concentration is demonstrated by wells that drilled perpendicular to the GSF in the center of the field. The Cl decreases to
the other side of the fault which shows possible dilution with marginal recharge (MR) water. The ternary plot of Cl-SO4-HCO3 (Figure
3b) strongly indicates the water that being produced by the well in the central of the field is associated with a mature (neutral) chloride
geothermal system. The consistency of low SO4 concentration with pH data is another supporting evidence for the absence of acid
fluid in the system.

Initial Cl
total discharge Cl
(ppm)

90% SIL 1’

Road Access 80%

779 SIL 1
SIL 2 861
911 70%
874
SIL 1 887 60%
748 872
50% SIL 1 SIL 3
SIL 1’ 364
588 40% SIL 2
980
30%
947
SIL 3
572 20%
954
10%

Steam Heated Waters

SO4 HCO3

(a) (b)
Figure 3. (a) Map of SIL geothermal field initial Cl distribution from the well data. Numbers in blue font are reservoir
concentration in ppm and (b) Cl-SO4-HCO3 ternary plot that indicate liquid being produced is associated with
mature (neutral) chloride water.

2.3 Na-K-Mg

The initial Mg concentration supports the maturity of liquid that being produced at SIL (Figure 4a). The low concentration indicates
liquid that tapped by the production well has reacted with the reservoir rock intensively and the Mg has been precipitated when the
fluid circulates in the reservoir.

Initial Mg
total discharge
(ppm) Na

90%
Road Access
0.03 80%
SIL 2 <0.01
<0.01
<0.01 70%

SIL 1 <0.01
60%
0.13 <0.01 160 140 120
SIL 2
180
200 100
SIL 1’ 3.48 50% SIL 1
220 80
0.06 240 60
0.49 40% 260
SIL 1’ 280
0.02 30%
300 SIL 3
SIL 3 320
0.55 340 Partial Equilibration Seawater
20% SIL 1
0.51
Sandstone Immature
Diorite BasaltWaters
10% Granite
Shale Ultramafic
Limestone 1000
10 K
Mg^0.5

(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) Map of SIL geothermal field initial Mg distribution from the well data. Numbers in blue font are reservoir
concentration in ppm and (b) Na-K-Mg ternary plot that indicate liquid being produced is full equilibrium.
3
Simatupang et al.

The higher concentration of Mg at springs is suspected due to process while reservoir fluid is ascending to surface and flowing away
from the upflow. The Mg concentration is the major element in defining the equilibrium state of the fluid as indicated by Na-K-Mg
ternary plot (Figure 4b). This fact provides another evidence of the maturity of SIL reservoir liquid.

2.4 Stable Isotope (ẟ18O & ẟ2H)

The presence of enriched ẟ18O is explained by the exchange of ẟ18O with the rock or mixing between recharge/shallow (lighter ẟ18O)
and andesitic/magmatic (heavier ẟ18O) waters. Isotope data presented herein are corrected to total reservoir liquid.

Initial
total discharge
(‰)
0
Andesitic
280 C Water
260CC
240 300 C
-20 220 C
200 C
Water

180 C
160 C
Road Access
-6.4 140 C

SIL 2 -6.4 -40 120 C SIL 3 SIL 1

Delta Deuterium - per mil

100 C Steam
-6.1 SIL 2
-6.3 -60
-6.4
SIL 1
SIL 1 SIL 1’
-5.4 -6.4 -80
SIL 1’ -5.2
-100
-5.9
-5.1
-120
-5.3
SIL 3 -140
-6.4
-5.5
-160
-22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Delta Oxygen 18 - per mil

(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) Map of SIL geothermal field initial reservoir ẟ18O distribution from the production well and exploration well
data. Numbers in blue font are reservoir ẟ18O in ‰ (b) ẟ18O & ẟ2H cross plot that show the reservoir liquid is
associated with lighter isotope.

The heavier 18O values are observed at wells located away from the GSF, meanwhile the wells drilled perpendicular to the fault show
lighter ẟ18O (Figure 5a). The intense water rock interaction in the area away from the GSF due to relatively lower permeability
explains this phenomenon. This case is not applied in the GSF zone where permeability is relatively higher, thus it has not permitted
the brine to interact with the reservoir rock as intense as in the other side of the fault (Figure 5b).

2.5 Non-Condensable Gas (NCG)

The initial reservoir NCG distribution suggests the location of the fluid source in the area of higher gas (0.75 – 1.06 wt.%). This area
covers approximately 1.75 km fault length (Figure 6). The low NCG is suspected to be caused by boiling process that occurs when
the fluid flows away from the upflow. These amount of NCG in total discharge results to 3.0 – 4.2 wt.% in steam with steam fraction
in the range of 20 – 25%.

Initial NCG
total discharge
(wt%)

Road Access
0.21
1.06
0.75
0.76
0.96
0.33 0.85

0.46

Figure 6. Map of SIL geothermal field initial reservoir NCG distribution from the production well and exploration well data.
Numbers in blue font are reservoir NCG values in weight %.

4
 Simatupang et al.

2.6 Geothermometry

The initial geothermometry value is used to interpret the reservoir temperature, reservoir process and fluid flow of the system. Due
to different equilibrium rate, Na/K and SiO2 can be used to understand the reservoir process. Both Na/K and SiO2 show the same
distribution trend where higher temperature is observed at the central area and relatively lower temperature is identified at the other
side and southern area of the fault. The different value between Na/K and SiO2 geothermometry indicates a re-equilibration process
when fluid is ascending to the surface from the upflow. The lower temperature trend to the other side and southern area of the fault
show that fluid may mix with a diluted liquid from marginal area. Mineral precipitation due to conductive cooling is also possible to
explain this phenomenon, but further study is required.

Initial Na/K (G) Initial Quartz Adiabatic

Geothermometry Geothermometry
total discharge total discharge (°C)
(°C)

Road Access Road Access

205 189
310 246
313 252
310 253
298 254
194 308 183 247
355 158
272 225
276-285 202-210

277 179
309 159
277 176

(a) (b)
Figure 7. (a) Map of SIL geothermal field initial Na/K geothermometry distribution from the production well, exploration
well and surface manifestation data. (b) Map of SIL geothermal field initial Quartz Adiabatic geothermometry
distribution from the production well, exploration well, and surface manifestation data.

2.7 Enthalpy & Cl

The initial discharge enthalpy and chloride support the hypothesis that described in the previous section where mixing with diluted
liquid (lower Cl and enthalpy) explains the anomaly in fluid chemistry and temperature that shown by wells that drilled perpendicular
to the GSF and the ones that drilled in the other side or southern area of the fault (Figure 8).

3000
Steam

2500
Discharge Enthalpy - kj/kg

2000

1500
SIL 3 SIL 1’
SIL 2 SIL 1
1000

SIL 1
500

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Chloride - ppm

Figure 8. Enthalpy and Cl cross plot showing diluted and lower enthalpy liquid may present at the other side and southern
of the GSF.

2.8 Geochemical Fluid Flow Model

The integration of the fluid chemistry interpretation results to the initial state geochemical fluid flow model. The upflow is identified
from the geothermometry and NCG data where the highest temperature and relatively higher gas concentration located at the current
production area. The fluid flows out to the NW and SE along the fault and to the South as indicated by both Na/K and SiO2
5
Simatupang et al.

geothermometry value (Figure 7a and Figure 7b). The Marginal Recharge (MR) presence is recognized mainly by higher Mg and
lower Cl.

Injection Wells
Production Wells
UNOCAL Wells

SIL 2
Upflow

SIL 1

SIL 1’

SIL 3

Figure 9. Map of SIL geothermal field initial geochemical fluid flow model. Showing the location of upflow, the outflow and
the MR invasion.

3. LIQUID INTRODUCTION DURING EXPLOITATION

SIL started the production in first quarter of 2017 by utilizing the 3 new production wells and 1 old exploration well. The ~20%
condensate and ~80% brine from the power plant are mixed before injected into the injection wells that located in the northernmost,
southernmost and in the other side of the fault. The mixed liquid characteristic is chemically identified from its NCG and HCO3 since
these 2 species are observed in high concentration at the production wells (Figure 10b). The HCO3 and NCG content are low in
injectate liquid due to steam fractionation and gas release prior steam is utilized. This fluid is mostly injected at SIL 2 pad in the
northernmost due to higher permeability as compared with the other injection wells (Figure 10a). Qualitative tracer was conducted 2
months after the commissioning at 2 wells in the northernmost and 2 wells in the southernmost. The northernmost production well
exhibited the highest cumulative mass return at 1.59% from the SIL 2 injection wells during 4 months monitoring. The other
production wells also show chemical return with small cumulative number (Simatupang, 2017). This result indicates there is
connection between northern injection wells with the production wells hence routine geochemical monitoring is required to anticipate
negative impact from the injection liquid breakthrough.

Chemical Parameter Dec 17 Jun 18 Nov 18

Injection Wells
Appraisal & Dev. Wells
Exploration Wells
NCG (wt.%) smaller than reservoir liquid
67%

SIL 2
pH 4.93 4.61 4.49

Mg (ppm) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

SIL 1 SiO2 (ppm) 747 778 712

4% SIL 1’ Cl (ppm) 921 926 918

SO4 (ppm) 129 139 143

SIL 3
29% HCO3 (ppm) 3 <2 <2

ẟ18O (‰) -6.1 -6.2 -6.3

ẟ H (‰)
2
-56.6 -57.8 -58.0

H (Kj/Kg) smaller than reservoir liquid

(a) (b)
Figure 10. (a) Map of SIL injectate liquid distribution. (b) Table showing SIL injectate liquid characteristic where NCG and
HCO3 becomes the chemical parameter to indicate injectate liquid presence.

4. RESERVOIR RESPONSE AFTER 2 YEARS PRODUCTION

SIL has been continuously producing 110 MW with the production wells are only operated at 7-15% valve opening and WHP 35-60
barg. Since the reservoir pressure is decreasing as the response to production, thus the MR and the injectate liquid are expected to
invade the reservoir. Since these 2 types of liquid have lower temperature, hence fluid chemistry characterization is required to

6
 Simatupang et al.

monitor the presence of these liquids at the production wells. The geochemical monitoring results exhibit chemical breakthrough as
indicated by decreasing in NCG and HCO3. The temperature front has also not been detected yet since both enthalpy and flowrate
have been relatively increasing over time due to reservoir boiling (Figure 11, 12, 13, 14). The Mg concentration that used to identify
MR has been consistently showing low concentration (<0.01 ppm) at all wells. This The continuous fluid chemistry monitoring is
carried out to anticipate the invasion of these 2 liquids.

Fluid Chemistry
1 200

Injection Wells
0.8
NCG Total Discharge (wt%) 160
Appraisal & Dev. Wells
Exploration Wells

67% 0.6 120

HCO3 (ppm)

SIL 2 0.4 80

0.2 40

0 0
SIL 1
Jul-15 Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19

4% SIL 1’

Enthalpy and Flow Rate

2000

SIL 3
29% 1500
H (Kj/Kg)

1000

FR (T/hr)
500

0
Jul-15 Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19

(a) (b)
Figure 11. (a) Map of SIL injectate liquid distribution. The blue well track is the well that is being described (b) Fluid
chemistry, enthalpy and flowrate of the production well in the northernmost.

Fluid Chemistry
1 200
Injection Wells
Appraisal & Dev. Wells
0.8
NCG Total Discharge (wt%) 160
Exploration Wells

67%
0.6 HCO3 (ppm) 120

SIL 2
0.4 80

0.2 40

SIL 1 0 0
Jul-15 Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19
4% SIL 1’

Enthalpy and Flow Rate

2000
SIL 3
29% 1500
H (Kj/Kg)

1000

FR (T/hr)
500

0
Jul-15 Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19

(a) (b)
Figure 12. (a) Map of SIL injectate liquid distribution. The blue well track is the well that is being described (b) Fluid
chemistry, enthalpy and flowrate of the production well in the central.

7
Simatupang et al.

Fluid Chemistry
1 200
Injection Wells
Appraisal & Dev. Wells
0.8
NCG Total Discharge (wt%) 160
Exploration Wells

67%
0.6 HCO3 (ppm) 120

SIL 2
0.4 80

0.2 40

SIL 1 0 0
Jul-15 Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19
4% SIL 1’

Enthalpy and Flow Rate

2000
SIL 3
29% 1500 H (Kj/Kg)

1000

FR (T/hr)
500

0
Jul-15 Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19

(a) (b)
Figure 13. (a) Map of SIL injectate liquid distribution. The blue well track is the well that is being described (b) Fluid
chemistry, enthalpy and flowrate of the production well in the central.

Fluid Chemistry
1 200
NCG Total Discharge (wt%)
Injection Wells
Appraisal & Dev. Wells
Exploration Wells 0.8 160

67% HCO3 (ppm)

0.6 120

SIL 2
0.4 80

0.2 40

SIL 1 0 0
Jul-15 Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19
4% SIL 1’

Enthalpy and Flow Rate

2000
SIL 3
29% 1500 H (Kj/Kg)

1000

500 FR (T/hr)

0
Jul-15 Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19

(a) (b)
Figure 14. (a) Map of SIL injectate liquid distribution. The blue well track is the well that is being described (b) Fluid
chemistry, enthalpy and flowrate of the production well in the southernmost.

5. CONCLUSION
The SIL geothermal field with its 1.75 km fault length dimension as the media to host the high temperature fluid with typically
moderate gas has been sustaining 110 MW generation within 2 years. The injection is designed to be located at both tail ends of the
fault and aimed to provide pressure support to the production area due to limitation of permeable zone. This narrow reservoir
dimension possibly results to faster injection breakthrough. This hypothesis is generated from 2 years geochemical monitoring results
that indicate chemical breakthrough of injectate liquid and no temperature impact at almost all production wells. In the same time,
the MR fluid is also not yet detected due to the absence of increasing trend in Mg and decreasing trend in Cl. This geochemical study
shows the chemical relations below can be used to monitor reservoir behavior during production stage at SIL geothermal field, hence
the presence of the low temperature liquid like injectate liquid (IL) and marginal recharge (MR) in reservoir brine (RB) can be
anticipated:

• HRB > HIL > HMR

• NCGRB > NCGIL
• HCO3RB < HCO3IL
• ClRB ≥ ClIL > CLMR
• MgRB < MgMR

8
 Simatupang et al.

If the injectate liquid only impact the chemical but not the temperature, thus the injectate liquid must have enough time to be heated
up by the reservoir rock or mixed with reservoir brine in small amount (Figure 15). It is possibly too early to conclude but the narrow
reservoir dimension and the aforementioned injection strategy may validate this conclusion to signify the uniqueness of a geothermal
reservoir within a mega fault zone in Sumatera Island.

A SIL 2 SIL 1 SIL 1’ SIL 3 A’

A <2 Ω.m

SIL 2

SIL 1
Marginal Recharge:
Low H, low Cl, high Mg,
SIL 1’
heavier ẟ18O

SIL 3

A’ RB
RB
Injectate Liquid:
Low H, higher HCO3, low NCG
RB Reservoir Brine:
High H, high NCG, higher Cl, low Mg,
low HCO3, heavier ẟ18O

Figure 15. Cross section A-A’ showing the geochemical fluid flow model after 2 years production. The light blue bold arrow
represents Marginal Recharge (MR), the black arrow represents Injectate Liquid (IL), and the red, orange and
yellow arrows represent Reservoir Brine (RB). The red color indicates higher temperature as compared with
orange and yellow colors.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Sarulla Operations Limited (SOL) and Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) for granting permission to
publish this study, especially to William Lajousky III and Nakano Hisao for supporting us in making this paper.

REFERENCES
Satya, D.Y.: SIL Permeability Characterization Review, SOL Internal Presentation Material, Jakarta, Indonesia (2019).
Simatupang, C.: SIL Qualitative Interpretation – Inter Well Tracer Test, SOL Internal Report, Resource Technical Meeting (2017).
Unocal North Sumatra Geothermal, Ltd.: Silangkitang Project Resource Feasibility Study, Unpublished Unocal Report, (1996), 289.

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