WEEK 7: PRINCIPLES OF ART -This is used to draw attention – a

focal point – or accentuate a feature

BALANCE
VARIETY
-refers to the weight of objects and
their placement in relation to each -is a sense of the difference between
other. elements of an artwork – the opposite
of unity, or harmony.
-It’s a sense of stability you might feel
from elements in alignment. This can -Variety adds a sense of chaos to a
take three forms: symmetrical, work, and this is often used to
asymmetrical, and radial. highlight certain powerful emotions.
Salvador Dali is one of the artists who
-Symmetrical balance refers to the
experimented with chaos and variety
exact mirroring of objects across an
in his paintings, yet achieved a great
axis.
sense of perfection.
-This is often done to highlight an
-When unity is used instead, it
object in relation to another. Radial
immediately calms – though this can
balance is when objects are
also lead to being boring!
distributed all around a central point.

HARMONY
PROPORTION
-In follow-on from variety, harmony is
-is the size of objects about each
the use of related elements.
other, or within a larger whole.
-This might be similar colors, shapes,
-This could be natural (a nose that fits
sizes of objects, etc. It’s about
onto a face the way you would expect
repetition and a relationship between
it), exaggerated (a nose that is vastly
elements. This creates a sense of
over or undersized), and idealized, in
connection between the objects,
which parts have the kind of perfect
creating a sense of flow.
proportion that you just don’t see
occurring naturally. -Harmony is one of the most
important aspects when it comes to
principles of art
EMPHASIS

-is an extension of these first two

MOVEMENT
principles: it is when contrast,
placement, size, color, or other
features are used to highlight one
object, area, or other elements of the
artwork.
-This indicates the direction your eye
takes as you view the work – in what
order does your eye travel? If the
emphasis is used, this often means
you start with this element first and
travel away from it
-The movement inherent in the image
is important, as it tells you a story
through the use of lines (whether they
are literal or implied).
RHYTHM
-This can also be thought of as a kind
of relationship between patterned
objects.
-Rhythm is often the use of regular,
evenly distributed elements – they
could occur in slow, fast, smooth, or
jerky intervals, and this tells you
something about the feelings invoked.
-Like listening to an upbeat pop song
versus a slow ballad, the arrangement
of notes creates a kind of pattern you
naturally respond to. The important
part is recognizing the relationship
between the objects.
SCALE
-It might sound similar to proportion,
but they differ slightly: scale is about
the size of objects but in relation to
what you’d expect them to be in
reality.
-If an object occurs on a natural scale,
then the object is the size we would
expect to find it.
-Diminutive refers to an object being
smaller than expected, and
monumental is when the object is
much larger.
UNITY
-Not to be confused with harmony,
unity is the overall cohesion of the
work.
-You might achieve this through any
kind of grouping of objects.
-Any kind of similarity will help to
strengthen the sense of unity you feel
when looking at a series of objects.
REPETITION
-This is the pattern itself.
-A combination of shapes, colors, or
other elements recurring across the
composition.
-Objects might be repeated such that
they slowly get smaller, or slowly
change color – where the pattern
starts and stops is important! Patterns
usually evoke feelings of security and
calm.
-In all, these ten principles of art
combine and contrast to create the
effects we respond to visually. By
breaking down the elements, we begin
to understand more about the
intention or meaning of art.

WEEK 8: ART IN EARLY
CIVILIZATION
STONE AGE
-Is a term used to describe a period of
history when stones were used to
make tools for survival.
-The term conjures an image of men
and women dressed in skin, huddling
before a fire in a cave.
-The stone Age roughly span the
14,000-2,000 BCE.
-In unearthing of archeological
artifacts and remains provides modern
society a glimpse of the beliefs,
practices, and activities of early
civilization. The motives and reasons
behind the creation of ancient
materials such as sculptures,
paintings, and architectural structures
may not be clearly defined.
Nevertheless, the early people
produced such material that reflect
their attitudes and belief system on
spiritual, social, political, and
economic matters.
-As the early humans started to
transition from being nomads to
permanent settlers, their everyday
activities also had some changes,
which is evident through the materials
and even the works of art they
created. Despite changes as a result
of adapting to their environment,
there are central themes in their
artworks. Most ancient artworks depict
religious symbols, a wide array of
organisms from nature, and activities
of everyday life.

PREHISTORIC ART

-The Stone Age witnessed how

humans were able to lead more stable
THREE PERIODS OF THE STONE
lives and eventually come up with
AGE
permanent shelters and tools for
PALEOLITHIC survival to complement this stability
and sense of Permanence, early
– the late years of the old Stone Age.
humans also turned to the Creation of
MESOLITHIC paintings and sculptures that depict
humans, animals, and their natural
– Middle Stone Age. habitats.
NEOLITHIC -Paleolithic Art is a product of climate
- New Stone Age. change. As the climate got colder, part
of the early humans’ instinct is to look
for shelters that would provide them
will warmth. Caves became protective
havens for early humans and these
caves paved the way for the birth of
their first attempt to create art.
MESOLITHIC ART
The “Venus of Willendorf.”
This figure is a highly abstracted
woman from highlighted body parts
associated with fertility.
•The representation may show the
importance of taking care of these
body parts for procreation and
consequently the survival of species.
NEOLITHIC ART STONEHENGE IN
ENGLAND
The purpose of this fascinating edifice
remains a mystery up to this day age.
Some regard it as a temple while
others see it as a complex calendar
that tracked the movements of both
the Sun and Moon. Others ascribe
some magical element to it by
associating it with Merlin the Magician
from King Arthurs’s story.
EGYPTIAN ART
The Egyptian civilization can be
divided into three periods: Old,
Middle, and New Kingdoms. Looking at
the three periods, it can be noticed
that for the Egyptians, art should be
something religious and spiritual.
There may have been differences in
the techniques used and style
emphasized, but there are common
denominators among the artworks
created during their respective
periods.
NARMER PALETTE
-it was a palette that utilized and
applied dark colors around king
Narmer’s eyes.

KING TUTANKHAMEN

He became king at a very young age

and died at the age of eighteen.
Howard Carter discovered his tomb
in 1922. They were astonished to find
THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA
gold artwork and that the coffin was
-during the old kingdom, one of the made out of solid gold.
architectural wonders was also
The body of the young king was
constructed. the pyramids in Giza
ordered in linen and a gold mask
served as tombs since their main
covered his face.
purpose was to provide a resting place
for the pharaohs

QUEEN NEFERTITI

There is an emphasis on life-like

features of the face like an elongated
jaw and thick-lidded eyes. Most artists
created artworks that are natural and
seemingly real, highlighting the
features of their subjects.

Naturalism was not only used to depict

the pharaoh but also was used for
members of the royal family.

The bust of Queen Nefertiti has a long

and sensuous neck.
WEEK 9: ART OF EMERGING NATURE:
EUROPE
-Greeks were notably passionate
about natural phenomena and
believed that nature should be in
INTEGRAL PART OF EUROPEAN
perfect order.
HISTORY
POLITICAL VIEWS:
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS:
-the framework for the democratic
-GREEK
form of government in modern times.
-ROMAN

-In modern times art has been used to

communicate ideologists and belief
systems prevalent within their context
Greek and Romans Civilizations were
also known as the Classical World
because both cultures aimed to
embody, the highest possible standard
of quality in all aspects of their
societies.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK ART
GEOMETRIC PERIOD
-the time when Greece started to get
back from the onslaught of what
seemed to be their dark ages.
-a period when geometric shapes and
patterns have taken the spotlight in
most of the artworks.

ARCHAIC PERIOD
IN ANCIENT GREECE
-The period placed importance on the
THEY VALUED:
human figure.
-POETRY
-this was primarily a result of Greece’s
-DRAMA trading activities with other
civilizations.
-PHILOSOPHY
CLASSICAL PERIOD
ART INVOLVED:
-The peak of Greek sculpture and
-PAINTINGS
architecture
-SCULPTURES
-the time when the Greeks found
-ARCHITECTURE themselves rebuilding their temples
and focusing on creating artwork.
-one is required to have certain skill
sets and a body of knowledge. HELLENISTIC PERIOD

MAN: -time of Alexander the Great

-the center of society and how they -art was primarily focused on
trained their minds could be the very showcasing emotions and depicting
foundation of how they lived their reality.
lives.
LAOCOON AND HIS SONS ROMAN ARTWORK

-Laocoon, a Trojan priest, and his
sons are being strangled by serpents.
Their position was a result of
Laocoon’s because he felt that the
wooden horse offered by the Greeks
as a gift to Athena was a trick.
Poseidon, the Greek God of the sea
was enlarged by such action which led
him to send serpents to strangle
Laocoon and his sons.
THE ORIGINS OF THEATER AND
DRAMA CAN BE TRACED BACK TO
THE GREEK CIVILIZATION
-look stem, harsh, and strong
-invoke the principles of realism
-highlighting the features of human
being
MASTER BUILDERS
-COLOSSEUM
EMPEROR VESPASIAN
-amphitheater was planned and
constructed during his reign
PLATUS AND TERENCE

The followers of Dionysus― the god of -writers of comedy have patterned

fertility – started the Greek theater. their works to those of Greek works.
People who were devoted to Dionysus PERSEUS AND MEDUSA
would dance during ceremonies while
giving their offerings to their god. -just like the Greeks, the Romans
eventually, the Dionysians devised a valued their gods and this was evident
more structured form of drama in their sculptures and artwork.
involving dances and choral songs,
which depicted Greek mythologies.
Eventually, the Greeks organized
theatrical contests where the
performance was held in front of large
citizens.

ANCIENT ROME:

Fusion Greek and Roman cultures can

be seen in most Roman artwork

HELLENISTIC PERIOD:

-Roman civilization came from this

age.

500 BCE

-the roman republic was established

-Western Europe’s strongest empire