REVIEWER FOR CPAR
LESSON 1: TRADITIONAL ARTS VS. CONTEMPORARY ARTS
ARTS- Earliest and basic form of “expression” or communication.
 The word ‘arts’ came from the latin word ‘ars’ which
means skills and craft.
 An expression of one’s thoughts and emotions in a
palpable and transmittable forms.
 It requires a tangible medium through which the artist
is capable of connecting with an audience
HUMANITIES “HUMANUS”- Human, cultured and refined.
The collective pooling together of the legacy of a given
culture’s values, ambitions and beliefs.
 By studying what other people believed, created and
understood, we can become better human beings. We
can learn more about ourselves, about other people and
about the world around us.
3 CATEGORIES OF ARTS BASED ON ITS DEFINITION AND NATURE:
Representation of Mimesis, Expression of emotional content and
Form
The THRE SCOPES of Arts:
1. Visual arts
2. Performing arts
3. Literary arts
1. VISUAL ARTS- Art forms which are to be appreciated by
SIGHT.
A. FINE ARTS- It was first used to describe the art
forms created primarily for its appearance rather
than its practical use.
B. DECORATIVE ARTS- Artworks that are both
aesthetically pleasing and functional.
2. LITERARY ARTS- Expression of life in words of truth and
beauty. Written record of man’s spirit, thoughts,
emotions and aspirations. The two categories of
literature is PROSE and POETRY.
 POETRY- Often employs rhyme and meter
(a set of rules governing the number and
arrangement of syllables in each line.)
 POETRY-Form of language that has no formal metrical
structure. Natural flow of speech and has an ordinary
grammatical structure
3. PERFORMING ARTS- When artists use their voices and
body movements to communicate artistic expressions.
 MUSIC- Manipulation of sound and silence
 DANCE- Regulated and deliberated order of
body movements
 THEATER/ PLAY- Involves the integration and
combination of visual and performing arts.
THE ELEMENTS OF ART:
 The visual components of color, form, line, shape,
space, texture, and value.
1. Line -An element of art defined by a point moving in
space. Line may be two-or three-dimensional,
descriptive, implied, or abstract.
2. Shape- An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat,
or limited to height and width.
3. Form -An element of art that is three-dimensional and
encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as
in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may
also be free flowing.
4. Value- The lightness or darkness of tones or colors.
White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The
value halfway between these extremes is called middle
gray.
5. Space- An element of art by which positive and negative
areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work
of art .
6. Color- An element of art made up of three properties:
hue, value, and intensity.
• Hue: name of color
• Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value
changes when white or black is added)
• Intensity: quality of brightness and purity (high
intensity= color is strong and bright; low intensity= color
is faint and dull)
7. Texture -An element of art that refers to the way things
feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.
THE PRINCIPLES OF ART:
 Balance, emphasis, movement, proportion, rhythm,
unity, and variety; the means an artist uses to organize
elements within a work of art.
1. Rhythm -A principle of design that indicates movement,
created by the careful placement of repeated elements
in a work of art to cause a visual tempo or beat.
2. Balance- A way of combining elements to add a feeling
of equilibrium or stability to a work of art. Major types
are symmetrical and asymmetrical.
3. Emphasis (contrast) -A way of combining elements to
stress the differences between those elements.
4. Proportion -A principle of design that refers to the
relationship of certain elements to the whole and to
each other.
5. Gradation -A way of combining elements by using a
series of gradual changes in those elements. (large
shapes to small shapes, dark hue to light hue, etc)
6. Harmony -A way of combining similar elements in an
artwork to accent their similarities (achieved through
use of repetitions and subtle gradual changes)
7. Variety- A principle of design concerned with diversity
or contrast. Variety is achieved by using different
shapes, sizes, and/or colors in a work of art.
8. Movement A principle of design used to create the look
and feeling of action and to guide the viewer’s eye
throughout the work of art.
What is a CONTEMPORARY ART?
 All artworks that are produced from as early as 1970s to
present.
 It is an expression of our TIMES.
 Contemporary arts in the Philippines is as diverse as our
people
 Contemporary Philippine art considers not only the
artist but also the participation of the community
through viewers
Here are the DIFFERENT CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS:
1. VISUAL ARTS:
A. MIXED MEDIA- Uses more than one medium.
B. COLLAGE- Two-dimensional artwork. Include
magazines and newspaper clippings, ribbons,
paints, bits of colored or handmade papers,
photographs and other found objects glued to a
paper or canvas.
C. DECOLLAGE- Created by cutting, treating away or
otherwise removing pieces of an original image.
D. ASSEMBLAGE- AN ARTISTIC FORM OR MEDIUM
USUALLY CREATED ON A DEFINED SUBSTRATE
THAT CONSISTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL
ELEMENTS PROJECTING OUT OF OR FROM THE
SUBSTRATE.
E. MOBILE ARTS- A sculptural work that is suspended
from the ceiling and protruding base. It is typically
made with a number of balancing rods dangling in
different lengths carrying one or more elements.
F. WORD ART- Used text based imagery
G. GRAFFITI- Writings or drawings that have been
scribbled, scratched or painted illicitly on a wall or
other surface often a public space.
H. SAND ART- It is the art of pouring colored sands,
and powdered pigments onto a surface to have a
fixed or unfixed sand painting.
I. DIGITAL ARTS- any artistic work or practice that
uses digital technology as part of the creative
presentation process.
J. BODY ART-Includes body painting, tattoos, nail
art, piercing, face painting, branding and implants
2. LITERARY ARTS:
A. SPOKEN WORD POETRY- Writing that is meant to
be read out loud. If the poem is rich with imagery,
your listeners will see, smell, feel and maybe even
taste what you are telling them.
3. PERFORMING ARTS:
A. THEATER MUSIC- A wide range of music composed
or adapted to performance in theatres. (opera,
ballet, pantomime)
B. CONTEMPORARY DANCE- A style of expressive
dance that combines elements of several dance
genres including modern jazz, lyrical and classical
ballet. Strive to connect the mind and body
through fluid dance movements
LESSON 2: ARTS IN THE PAST
A. Pre-conquest/ Pre-colonial Art Forms
• Before colonization, the Philippines already has its
indigenous art.
• Early Filipinos use art as an expression of individual
and these everyday expression were all integrated
within rituals that marked significant events like
planting, harvesting, wedding, funeral, etc.
• It is largely influenced by the geographical location
and the experiences of Filipinos. Pottery, weaving,
wood carving, and metal crafting were dominant during
those times. Also, our ancestors were using any
available materials like bamboo, cogon, rattan, coconut,
mud, etc. to make things.
• Folk literature like folk songs, and narratives speaks of
their experiences.
• Theatrical arts are about tribal presentations, and
rituals which speak of their belief. Early Filipinos were
also known to be musicians as they use bamboo flutes
and gongs. Folk dance are imitation of animal
movements.
(Pottery)
Manunggul Jar
It is a Late Neolithic secondary burial jar found in
Manunggul Cave in, Lipuun Point, Palawan. It is glazed
with reddish hematite and incised with curvilinear
designs. It had 2 anthropomorphic or human forms atop
the lid: a boatman paddling to transport the deceased
whose journey through water is interpreted as a
metaphor of travel to the afterlife.
Sculpture
Bul-ul
Bulul is a guardian figure of the Ifugao people. These are
anthropomorphical representations of rice divinities
protecting the seeds and the harvest. It also appears in
containers, bowls, and spoons. It absorbs the disease of
the sick people by performing rituals and brings good
luck.
Weaving ( Can be Islamic too)
Pis sayabit and Malong Textile
Pis sayabit is a headpiece woven by the Tausug of Sulu
and malong with exquisite tapestry panels called langkit
are woven by the Maranao of Lanao del Sur. Darhata
Sawabi is a weaver of pis syabit, in the island of Jolo,
Sulu province
Architecture
Bahay Kubo
is made of impermanent materials like cogon, sawali,
nipa, coconut and wood which are abundant on those
times.
Torogan (Can be Islamic too)
is not small and is the royal house of the datu and his
families in Maranao. It is also used as a meeting place
for his people
B. Islamic Era
• art forms focused on the contemplation of the Devine
Being
(Architecture)
Mosque is a Muslim place of worship for Allah.
Minaret, in Islamic religious architecture, the tower from
which the faithful are called to prayer five times each day by
a muezzin, or crier.
Sarimanok -It is the legendary bird that has become a
ubiquitous symbol of Maranao art. It is depicted as a fowl
with colorful wings and feathered tail, holding a fish on its
beak or talons.
(Literature)
Quran -is the holy book which Muslims recite and turn to for
guidance in all aspects of their lives. The Quran is the last
testament in a series of divine revelations from God (Allah in
Arabic).
Baybayin – The pre-colonial beautiful ancient writing script of
the Islands of the Philippines. Incorrectly known as “Alibata”,
baybayin has been a core part of our culture and heritage for
centuries.
C. Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898)
• Art became a hand maiden of religion, serving to
propagate the Catholic faith and thus support the
colonial order at the same time. Religious orders were
dispatched to convert the natives to Catholicism. Art
that flourished during the Spanish colonial period
conformed to the demand of the church and state. They
are referred as religious art, lowland Christian art or folk
art.
Painting
• The Spanish friars introduced Western painting in the
Philippines to artisans who learned to copy on two-
dimensional form from the religious icons that the friars
brought from Spain.
• For the first centuries of Spanish colonization, painting
was limited to religious icons.
• Portraits of saints, the Holy Family became a familiar
sight in churches.
1. Via Crucis– 14 figures which shows Christ’s
crucifixion
2. Spoliarium (1884) by Juan Luna - won gold, It may
be viewed at the National Art Gallery of the
Philippines
Clothing
Maria Clara, Baro't Saya and Barong Tagalog
-During the nineteenth century, las islas filipinas were
internationally renowned for the prodution of garments made of
piña, that most transparent of fabrics—decorated with exquisite
open-cutwork embroidery—woven only in the Philippines from the
leaf fibers of the pineapple plant.
D. American Colonial Period
• The Independence that the Philippines gained after
revolution of 1896 was cut short with the establishment
of the American colonial government in the Philippines.
Bound by the Treaty of Paris in 1898. Spain
“surrendered’’ the Philippines to the United States.
From 1899 to 1913, the bloody Philippine-American war
was occurred claiming the lives of many Filipinos.
VISUAL ARTS
1. FABIAN DELA ROSA “Master of Genre” in Phil. Art
• known for his naturalist paintings characterized by
restraint, formality, choice of somber colors and subject
matter
2. FERNANDO AMORSOLO “Grand Old Man of Philippine
Arts”
• known for the craftsmanship and mastery that
captured the warm glow of the Philippine sunlight
highlighting the beauty of the dalagang Filipina, idyllic
landscapes, genre and historical paintings.
• Awarded as the First National Artist of the Philippines
in 1972
3. NAPOLEON ABUEVA “Father of Modern Philippine
Sculpture”
4. VICTORIO C. EDADES “Father of the Modern Painting”
and “Leader of “The Thirteen Moderns” Proclaimed as
National Artist in Painting 1976
5. CARLOS ‘BOTONG’ FRANCISCO - Second National Artist
in Painting (1973) - He was a distinguished muralist and
best known for his historical pieces • Works: “First Mass
in the Philippines”, “Katipunan” , “Bayanihan” ,“Camote
Diggers”
6. GUILLERMO TOLENTINO - “ Father of Philippine Arts”
Works: “Oblation (1935)” of the UP and the “Bonifacio
Monument (1933)” in Caloocan
E. Japanese Colonial Period (1941-1945)
• Under the Japanese Occupation of Manila the Modern
Art project would slow down in pace.
• Early moderns and conservatives continued to
produce art and even participated in KALIBAPI
(Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod ng Bagong Pilipinas) in 1943
and 1944
• Slogans such as “Asia for Asians” made its way to the
public through posters, ephemera, comics and Japanese
sponsored publications such as Shin- Seiki and in
newspapers and magazines such as Liwayway and
Tribune.
• Regulating the information campaign was the
Japanese Information Bureau or Hodobu. Philosopy:
“Asia for Asians”; “Filipinos for Filipinos” ; “Asia is ONE”
 C. Drama
• The drama experienced a lull during the
Japanese period because movie houses showing
American films were closed.
• The big movie houses were just made to show
stage shows. Many of the plays were
reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. Instead,
Puppet Shows are famous.
5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through prestigious
national and/or international recognition, awards in
prestigious national and/or international events, critical
acclaim and/or reviews of their works, and/or respect
and esteem from peers within an artistic discipline
BENEFITS:

1. The rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by

F. POST WAR OR MODERN ERA (Neo Realism,
Abstraction, Modern styles)
• Modern era in the Philippine art began after World
War 2 and the granting independence. Writers and
Artists posed the question of national identity as the
main theme of various artforms.
• It is referred to as “traditional” compared to
contemporary art. The styles of modern art for example
are now part of art and curricula and have become
academic.
• In this era artists explored various mediums,
techniques and themes that were at that time
considered “new”. There was an exploration of subject
matter, content, and form
G. Contemporary Art ( 1970’s - present)
Important events which give rise to Contemporary Art
• Many cultural projects ensued amid the backdrop of
poverty and volatile social conditions under the
leadership of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda
Marcosin1965
• Martial Law was declared on September 21, 1972
Contemporary art has the following characteristics:
the President of the Philippines
2. The insignia of a National Artist and a citation. The
insignia was designed by Imelda Marcos with the three
stylized letter K’s which means, KABUTIHAN,
KAGANDAHAN and KATOTOHANAN.
3. A lifetime emolument and material and physical
benefits comparable in value to those received by the
highest officers of the land such as:
a. a cash award of One-Hundred Thousand Pesos
(₱200,000.00) net of taxes, for living awardees
b. a cash award of Seventy-Five Thousand Pesos
(₱150,000.00) net of taxes, for posthumous
awardee
c. a monthly life pension, medical and
hospitalization benefits
d. life insurance coverage for Awardees who are still
insurable;
e. a state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga
Bayani;
f. a place of honor, in line with protocoled
precedence, at national state functions, and
recognition at cultural events
SOME NATIONAL ARTIST OF THE PHILIPPINES AND
THEIR TITLES

A. hybrid/ mixed media and process– oriented - there is a wide FERNANDO AMORSOLO- GRAND OLD MAN OF
range of strategies, media and techniques PHILIPPINE ARTS
B. collaborative / participative / interactive - meaning that there
is less emphasis on the finished product and a single author or FABIAN DELA ROSA- MASTER OF GENRE
creator.
GUILLERMO TOLENTINO- FATHER OF PHILIPPINE ARTS
C. subject– centered and site-specific - tackles and hopes to
resolve society’s issues and problems -they cannot be experienced JOSE GARCIA VILLA- COMMA POET
in the same way if we remove from their original place - materials
used are found in the environment VICTORIO EDADES- FATHER OF MODERN PHILIPPINE
PAINTINGS
LESSON 3: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF CONTEMPORARY ARTS

1. APPROPRIATION-Existing artworks are APPROPRIATED

to produce another artwork.
2. PERFORMANCE- Interpreting various human activities
such as chores, routines and rituals, to socially relevant
themes such as poverty, commercialism and war.
3. SPACE- Refers to when an artist works with the real
space surrounding the artwork itself.
4. HYBRIDITY- Usage of unconventional materials, mixing
of unlikely materials to produce an artwork.
5. TECHNOLOGY- Contemporary artist have used
technology in the creation and dissemination of works
of art.

LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTIST

Phil. National Artist- is an order bestowed by the Philippines

on Filipinos who have made significant contributions to the
development of Philippine art

Categories: MUSIC, DANCE, THEATER, LITERATURE, FASHION

DESIGN, FILM, ARCHITECTURE, VISUAL ARTS

CRITERIA:

1. Living artists who have been Filipino citizens for the last
ten years prior to nomination as well as those who have
died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but
were Filipino citizens at the time of their death
2. Artists who have helped build a Filipino sense of
nationhood through the content and form of their
works
3. Artists who have distinguished themselves by
pioneering in a mode of creative expression or style,
making an impact on succeeding generations of artists
4. Artists who have created a significant body of works
and/or have consistently displayed excellence in the
practice of their art form, enriching artistic expression
or style