Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

Bayambang Campus
Bayambang, Pangasinan

Group no.: 2 Date:

Course, Yr. & Section: BS NURSING 2-1 Activity no.: 1
Leader: FRIAS, AIRISH
Members:
1. ANDRES, CARL LORENZ
2. CASTANEDA, MARICH
3. DE GUZMAN, RUBY ROSE
4. DE VERA, ANGELA
5. DELOS REYES, JOHN NICHOLSON
6. FRIAS, AIRISH
7. JUNIO, JENNY ROSE
8. PUBLICO, JOHN RAY
9. NEYPES, KRISTINE PEARL
10. VILLANUEVA, CECIEL
11. VINO, LYKA
I. INTRODUCTION

Art is a form of self-expression that originates from one’s imagination and skill, from
human culture and society. Art is a form of expression of one’s emotions, feelings,
thoughts, needs, and desires.

All art forms have the main characteristic of being pleasing to the senses. They all
tell a story, whatever art form it is. Art also conveys a message to the audience that
may be indirect but very profound.

We’re going to tackle various classifications of art that include digital art, visual art,
literary art, performance art, pop art, gustatory art, and decorative art. This category
includes works of art that are created primarily for aesthetic reasons. This also
tackles the heart and soul of an artwork which is the subject of art. The subject of art
is usually anything that is represented in the artwork. It may be a person, object,
scene, or event.

III.BODY/CONTENT
TOPIC I. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS

VISUAL ARTS

- It deals with any creation of an artist which is primarily visual in nature

- These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke emotion through an
expression of skill and imagination. They include the most ancient forms, such
as painting and drawing, and the arts that were born because of the
development of technology, like sculpture, printmaking, photography, and
installation art.

a. Drawing – is considered as the foundation of 2D art. It is the art of

representing idea or object by means of lines, shapes, color, tones, forms and
other basic elements of arts.
b. Painting – Paintings are a form of visual art that captures the expression of ideas
and emotions on a two-dimensional surface. It is the art that has the most to do with
revealing the visual appearance of objects and events. It is the process of applying
pigments to a flat surface usually a canvas, paper, wood, or plaster.

Leonardo da Vinci, 1503

Mona Lisa

c. Architecture – is the science and art of building construction for man’s use.

d. Sculpture – the art of carving, modeling, casting, assemblage, and constructing

materials into figures or forms to achieve three-dimensional pieces.

Auguste Rodin, 1901

Bernard Leach, 1927

The Kiss
Spherical Vase
CARVING MODELLING
Rachel Whiteread,
2001
Naum Gabo, 1917

CASTING Constructed Torso

CONSTRUCTING AND
ASSEMBLING

PERFORMING ARTS

– any activity where artists use their physical presence as a medium in

creating art and the performance is meant for a live audience. The audience
responds to the artistic expression either emotionally and/or intellectually. It can be
any situation that involves four basic elements: time, space, the performer's body,
presence in a medium, and a relationship between performer and audience.
Performance art can happen anywhere, in any type of venue or setting, and for any
length of time.

a. Music – is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized
in time. It is a harmonious combination of sounds, tones, and lyrics. Music is perhaps
the most universal of the performing arts and is found in every society, most often as
an integral part of other performing art forms and other domains of intangible cultural
heritage including rituals, festive events, or oral traditions.

b. Dance – Dance, though very complex, may be described simply as ordered

bodily movements, usually performed to music. Apart from its physical aspect, the
rhythmic movements, steps, and gestures of dance often express a sentiment or
mood or illustrate a specific event or daily act

c. c. Theater/ Drama – a play or drama that is being re-created by an actress or

actors to form a dramatic art form. It is the art of representing human interactions or
human conflicts by means of dialog and action to be performed by actors.

d. d. Film – or motion picture, is the art of moving images, a visual medium that
tells stories and exposes reality.

LITERARY ARTS

- refer to the written word. This includes writing, editing, teaching,

proofreading, and all other activities and work that is related to written
communications. It is creative writing and literature.
The Literary Arts have 4 genres:
 Prose
 Poetry
 Fiction
 Non-fiction

1. Prose
The prose is a form of literary art that is described by using language that is free and
tends not to be bound by rhythm, diction, rhyme, soundness or rules and other
literary guidelines.

EXAMPLES OF PROSE
 Biography  Fable
 Autobiography  Parable
 Folktale  Novel
 Myth  Short story
 Legend  Essay

2.

Poetry – These are written works that are created in lines

and stanzas. It often uses a rhythmic pattern. Poetry may often use figurative
languages like simile, metaphor, onomatopoeia, alliteration, and hyperbole. Most
poetry is usually shorter than other Literary Arts genres except for epic poetry.

EXAMPLES OF POETRY
 rhymes
 ballads
3. Fiction –is any written work in prose that is not real. It comes from the creativity of
one’s mind. However, like poetry, it can utilize the use of figurative language. It is
usually written in sentences and paragraphs.

4. Non-fiction – As the name implies, non-fiction is the opposite of fiction. This form
of literary art is based solely on true happenings and facts.
Non-fiction is also created in prose. Some types of written non-fiction are
biographies, auto-biographies, diaries, published news, and journals.

LITERARY ARTS CONSISTS OF 4 TYPES, NAMELY:

1. Epic, an essay that describes something objectively without following the author’s
personal thoughts and feelings
2. Lyrics, essays containing subjective feelings of the author.
3. Dididak, literary works whose contents are moral messages, etiquette, religion,
and so on.
4. Dramatic, a literary work whose contents depict an event with an exaggerated
picture.

DIGITAL ARTS

Digital art is a general term for a range of artistic works and practices that use digital
technology as an essential part of the creative and/or presentation process.
IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER
BASIC DESIGNS
- Lines - Color/ tone
- Size - Composition
- Shape - Balance
- Texture - Contrast/ emphasis
- Form - Harmony
- Space

Types of digital arts

 Fractal art – uses fractal objects to get still images and media
 Data Moshing – removes key-frames between two videos, thus allowing the
pixels to run together
 Dynamic Painting – is a form of digital art, where paintings are constantly
being updated and changed

Fractal Art – is a form, of algorithmic art created by calculating fractal objects and
representing the calculation results as still images, animations, and media.
Data Moshing – it’s a technique used to compress two videos together, removing
keyframes from a file so the video’s pixels bleed into one another
Dynamic Painting – an art that has been generated algorithmically by a computer
system. There have been many attempts at producing generative art. The history of
it goes back to the early days of computer development.

2D computer graphics – is the computer-based generation of digital images mostly

from two-dimensional models (such as 2D geometric models. Text, and digital
images) and by techniques specific to them.
- 2D computer graphics may combine geometric models also called ( vector
graphics), digital images also called (raster graphics), text to be typeset defined by
(content, font style and size, color, position, and orientation), mathematical functions,
and equations, and more.
3D computer graphics – (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that
use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the
computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images.
Such images may be stored for viewing later or displayed.

Three basic phases of 3D graphics

3D modeling – the process of forming a computer model of an object’s shape

Layout and animation – the motion and placement of objects within a scene

3d rendering – the computer calculations that based on light placement, surface

types, and other qualities, generate the image.

Pixel Arts – consists of a type of digital art in which the image is created at the pixel
level. It uses faster graphics software and it is certainly one of the first ever
developed types of digital art.

FRACTAL ART 2D GRAPHICS

 DATA MOSHING

3D GRAPHICS

PIXEL ARTS
POP ARTS

What is Pop Arts?

Pop art is a type of art that uses everyday things as subject matter (such as comic
strips, soup cans, road signs, and hamburgers.

The influence of Pop Arts

Pop art is a trend that began in the mid-to-late 1950s in the United Kingdom and the
United States. Pop art, popularized by artists like Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein,
and Jasper Jones, is influenced by popular and commercial culture such as
advertising, pop music, cinema, and the media. Pop Art used commercial techniques
such as silk screening and reproductions of earlier works to minimize the artist's
hand and undermine the concept of uniqueness.
Pop artists, in contrast to Abstract Expressionism, were emotionally detached and
used sarcasm and humor in their work. Hyperrealism is frequently regarded a step
up from Photorealism, and it gained popularity around the turn of the millennium.
Pop artists regularly examined branded items in their work and incorporated culinary
products from popular culture.

Pop art was an attempt to return to a more objective, universally acceptable form of
art. Some of the more striking forms that Pop art took were Lichtenstein's
reproductions of comic strips and Warhol's meticulously literal paintings of Marilyn
Monroe. Its effects have continued to be powerfully felt throughout the visual arts to
the present day.

One of its aims is to use images of popular (as opposed to elitist) culture in art,
emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture. In pop art, material is
sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, or combined with
unrelated material.

GUSTATORY ARTS

Refers to a type of art (appreciating beauty) in terms of food. It is also called food
decorating or food plating.

The Art of Food Decorating

It is said that the eyes also eat. And so, it is very important to not only prepare
delicious dishes but also to decorate them, so they gladden both our taste and eyes.
Food decorating opens great opportunities for creativity and imagination.
Designing the platter
1. Think and plan ahead.
2. Plan for visual variation.
3. Keep items proportional.
4. Using foods as decorations.

PHILOSOPHY OF GUSTATORY ARTS

I. Food and Art in Culture

We can recognize different cultures by examining what people eat. We gain insight
into their way of life. What people eat has so much to do with the rhythms of culture,
traditions, and the way societies are built. By looking at the art and food of a culture,
we get an idea of what is sacred to them, the world around them, and the way they
interact with it.

II. Sensual Experience of Food and Art

Taste is unique among the senses because of the way it interacts with all of the
other ones. Smell and touch, the two other bodily senses, are inextricably linked to
it. Smell contributes significantly to the apprehension of flavors, which is the main
function of taste, and because taste occurs in the mouth, there is necessarily an
element of touch involved. Smell and touch are not only linked to taste but have to
do with the value of the experience since a pleasant odor can enhance the taste
sensation that follows it, just as textures are used to bring out different aspects of
flavor. But, it is not only the bodily senses that have camaraderie with taste, both
hearing and sight play a part as well. Whether or not they truly alter the taste
experience is debatable, but certainly, they alter the experience of eating, which
necessarily accompanies taste. The sounds of a sizzling plate of onions and meat
can be just as alluring as the smell, and there are even foods that capitalize on the
sounds of food to enhance the entire experience, such as the snap-crackle-pop of
Rice Krispies.
III. ARTISTIC PROCESS AND THE PHILOSOPHICAL IMPORTANCE OF
COOKING
Cooking is a form of release, as are the practices of many arts. It is a way of
directing the energetic focus onto outside objects in a productive way, giving yourself
the opportunity for expression or to expend surplus energy. By filtering erratic
energy one may quench other more violent tendencies. The process of creation may
be applied as a form of therapy to calm the passions, functioning as an alternative to
extreme actions which produce similar feelings. Cooking in particular is a great way
to dissolve internal stress, projecting that energy onto objects of incredible beauty
and freshness, resulting in a satisfying product.
One of the most valuable aspects of the arts is the correcting and soothing effect it
has on humans. Something about the harmonies of form resonates with our soul,
coaxing it into a state of acceptance and transcendence of earthly plight.

Gustatory Imagery
Any words or pictures that make someone think of food or taste.
Imagery refers to mental pictures in your mind, or to words and descriptions that
create mental pictures. Gustatory imagery, in particular, refers to imagery related to
the sense of taste. In other words, with gustatory imagery, the writer describes what
is being tasted. Those descriptions should create pictures in your mind that make
you think about that taste.
Here are some gustatory imagery examples:
- The salty, sweet flavor of saltwater taffy was Carrie's very favorite thing
about going to the beach for summer vacation.
- Joe plucked an apple right from the tree and crunched it into it, the tart
juices filling his mouth and running down his chin.
- Sue thought she was biting into an orange slice and was shocked as her
mouth exploded with the bitter taste of a lemon.
- After being pushed into the pool, Joe's mouth filled with the burning taste
of chlorinated water.
- The familiar comforting warmth of the chicken noodle soup, with the moist
chicken and soft carrots, instantly made Mike feel much better.

Examples of Art in Food

Hotdog Mummies

Eggregation Vegetable Face

Panda Sushi Hot chicken wings

DECORATIVE ARTS

- Art forms that have a mainly practical or ornamental purpose are often
called decorative art.
 - It is a traditional term for a rather unwieldy range of artistic disciplines
concerned with the design, decoration and ornamentation of objects,
usually functional, that are chiefly prized for their utility, rather than for their
purely aesthetic qualities.
- Also, decorative art is part of the larger category of applied art.

What is the importance of Decorative Arts?

- The decorative arts have been present to a greater or lesser extent in all
periods of the history of art in general, either by solitary or in conjunction
with other arts, especially architecture. It is also worth noting the close
relationship between the decorative arts and popular culture, which has
often been the main means of expression in this medium.
- The decorative arts includes; Body adornment, household and
commercial interiors, crafts associated with the printed word, metalwares,
glassware and ceramics, embossing and enameling, and such
miscellaneous items as basketry, candles, and fans , allso included are the
making of textiles.
TOPIC II
SUBJECTS OF ART
SOURCES AND KINDS OF SUBJECT
METHODS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECTS

SUBJECT OF ART
- The term subject in art refers to the main idea that is represented in the
artwork.
- This may refer to any person, object, scene or event.
- It is the essence of the piece. The word or the term "subject" in art refers
to the main idea that is represented in the artwork. It refers to any person,
object, scene or event.

TWO KINDS OF ARTS AS TO SUBJECT

1. Representational or Objective art
- these types of art have subjects that refer to objects that refer to objects or
events occurring In the real world.
- representational art or figurative art is the representation of objects or
events in the real world, usually looking easily recognizable.
- it uses "Form" and is concerned with "what" is to be depicted in the
artwork.
 - it also attempts to portray or copy the subject as it is.
White Ox at Siena - John Singer Sargent (1910)

2. Non-Representational Or Non-Objective Art

- artforms that do not make a reference to the real world, whether it is a
person, place, thing, or even a particular event.
- it is not representing a physical or tangible object. Art without any
reference to anything or no recognizable objects.
- it is something that has no relationship to anything that exists.

SOURCES OF SUBJECT IN ART

1. Still Life
- It is a group of inanimate subjects arranged in an indoor setting.

2. Nature
- A most popular source of objective art.
- It brings the beauty of the outdoors into any living or workspace
- Landscapes, cityscapes, and seascapes

3. Animals
- the earliest known paintings are a representation of animals on the walls and
caves.

4. Portrait
- The realistic likeness of a person.
5. Everyday Life
- describes paintings that capture ordinary people in a realistic manner,
partaking in everyday activities - either documented or staged

6. History
- artworks depict real events which are verifiable facts that occurred in the
past
- history painting categories:
- religious history painting
- mythological history painting
- allegorical history painting
- literary history painting
- historical history painting

7. Figurative Art
- features the human figure

8. Dreams and Fantasy

- provide creative subject matter for visual artists

METHODS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECTS

Every artist has his own individual and unique style of doing his artworks and this
style is almost always governed by his choice of the methods of presenting his
subjects. The method of presenting the subject leads to a better understanding of the
artist’s intention and his effectiveness as an artist.

a. Realism – also known as naturalism. This technique tries to represent things as it

is with accuracy and precision.
- Even when the artist chooses a subject from nature, he selects, changes, and
arranges details to express the idea he wants to make clear. Realists try to be
as objective as possible. In realism, the artist’s main function is to describe as
accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses.
Ex. Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet (1854) by Gustave Courbet; Rice Planting by
Fernando Amorsolo
- Realism is a common way of presenting the art subject.
An example of this is Amorsolo’s painting.
- Realism as a program of literary aesthetics emerged in Western Literature in
1980 in reaction against the idealism of the narrow social range of earlier
literary attitudes.
- Realism tended to stress the daily life of a common man, often concentrating
on the sordid and disagreeable.
- Poetry and drama were influenced by realism, but it was in the novel that
realism achieved greatness
Examples of novels who were influenced by the ideas of realism:
1. Edgardo Reyes – Sa mga kuko ng liwanag.
2. Efren Abueg - Dilim sa umaga.

These are novels of social commentaries which are realistically vivid and clearly
presented.

b. Surrealism – defined as beyond realism. Surrealist attempts to represent a

subject that was the result of the artist’s dreams and fantasy.
Ex. Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

c. Cubism – as popularized by G. Brague and Pablo Picasso, cubism utilizes

geometric shapes in representing any subject.
Ex. Guernica by Pablo Picasso; Prayer Before Meal by Vicente Manansala/

d. Expressionism – an artistic style that puts stress on a very disturbing brush

stroke. Striking color and images of violence and painful emotions. Popularized by
Vincent Van Gogh during the 19th Century.
Ex. Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh.

e. Impressionism – the distinctive characteristic of this technique is capturing the

fleeting effects of natural lights and the real impression of passing moments giving
clarity to the artist’s real intention. It is the artist’s impression or perception,
particularly the effects of light on the objects. This technique was popularized, by
Claude Monet.
Ex. Woman with Parasol by Claude Monet.

f. Symbolism – symbolism represents absolute reality using visible signs or objects

in an indirect manner. This style also refers to the use of a particular representation
of something invisible.
Ex. Spoliarium by Juan Luna

g. Pointillism – Pointillists use fine and distinct dots of color to form a figure.
Ex. Self-Portray of Vincent Van Gogh (1887)

h. Futurism – depicts machines and motions as the main subject of this technique
which shows movement and speed.
- It developed in Italy about the same time Cubism appeared in France. Their
paintings glorified the Mechanical energy of modern life including
automobiles, motorcycles, and railroads.
Ex. Skyscrapers and tunnels by Fortunato Depero

i. Minimalism – minimalist artworks used geometric shapes and reduce them to

utmost simplicity.
Ex. Composition with Red, Yellow, Blue, and Black by Piet Morgan.

j. Fauvism – is a technique also known as optimistic realism. It is a technique that

uses extremely bright colors suggesting comfort, joy, pleasure, and other positive
characteristics in representing figures and objects.
Ex. The Red Room by Henry Matisse
k. Dadaism – is considered shocking realism. This technique was developed to
negate the idea of traditional style in art. Artworks of this style are playful and highly
experimental. It came from the French word “Dada” meaning “hobby horse” which
means nonsense.
Ex. The Fountain by Marcel Duchamp.
l. Pure abstractionism - abstract means “to move away from reality” or “to move
away.” Abstract art challenges the minds of the viewers to look deeper, creating
impressions and giving more importance to the intertwining elements and principles
of art in the masterpiece than the exact form of an object being represented.

Types of Abstractionism
Distortion – this is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition, or
the regular shape is twisted out.
Example: Henry Moore’s sculptural works and the ancient Egyptian paintings and
sculptural works are good examples of this kind.

Elongation – it refers to that which is being lengthened, a protraction, or an

extension.
Example: El Greco’s elongated body of Jesus Christ in his “Resurrection” is an
example of elongation.

Mangling – this may not be a commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject,
but there are few artists who show subjects or objects which are cut, lacerated,
mutilated, or hacked with repeated blows.

Cubism –stresses abstract form through the use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere at the
expense of other pictorial elements. The cubists want to show forms in their basic
geometrical shapes.
Example: Paul Cezanne’s works played an important part in the development of
cubism. It was further developed by George Braque of France and Pablo Picasso of
Spain.

Abstract Expressionism – a style of abstract painting that originated in New York

City after World War II and gained an international vogue.
- The term abstract expressionism was first applied to the New York school,
whose work is characterized by great verve, the use of large canvases, and a
deliberate lack of refinement in the application of the paint.

Typical characteristics of abstract expressionism:

1. Strong Color
2. Heavy Impasto
3. Uneven brush strokes
4. Rough textures

In other words, abstract expressionism departs completely from subject matter from
studied precision, and from any kind of preconceived design. Jackson Pollock was
one of the abstract expressionist painters of the New York school.

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