XAVIER INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, MAHIM.

SUBJECT: MCS BE EXTC (VII SEMESTER) AY:

2022-23

EXPERIMENT NO: 10

Title: Walsh Codes

Aim: To test for Walsh Codes using Hadamard Matrix.

Theory: Walsh codes are error correcting orthogonal codes and PN sequences are
deterministically generated sequences which appear to be random noises. Both of these concepts
are used in error free communication.

WALSH codes are mutually orthogonal error correcting codes. They have many interesting
mathematical properties and vital applications in communication systems. Pseudo random
sequences play an important role in encoding of messages for efficient transmission of messages.
Further, many encryption schemes uses pseudo random sequences. They are easily implemented
in hardware as well as software. The working of CDMA technology specific to Walsh Codes and
PN Sequences is discussed for IS95, CDMA2000 and WCDMA.

WALSH CODE:

Definition: The Walsh code is a linear code which maps binary strings of length n to binary code
words of length 2n. These codes are mutually orthogonal.

HADAMARD MATRIX H:

Definition: A Hadamard matrix H of order n is an n × n matrix of 1s and -1s in which HH T = nIn.

(In is the n×n identify matrix.) Equivalently, a Hadamard matrix is an n×n matrix of 1s and -1s in
which any two distinct rows agree in exactly n/2 positions (and thus disagree in exactly n/2
positions.) With this definition, the entries of the matrix don’t need to be 1s and -1s. They could
be chosen from {red, green} or {0,1}.

A Hadamard matrix can exist only if n is 1, 2, or a multiple of 4. It has been conjectured that
Hadamard matrices exist for any n that is a multiple of 4.

If H is a Hadamard matrix of order n, then is a Hadamard matrix of order 2n.

Examples of Hadamard Matrices:

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XAVIER INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, MAHIM. SUBJECT: MCS BE EXTC (VII SEMESTER) AY:
2022-23

Hadamard matrices are built recursively; matrix H2n is built by replicating Hn in the first three
quadrants, and its complimentary in the fourth quadrant. Each line gives us the Walsh
codes, in this example W0 to W3, the four Walsh codes of length 4.

Problem: Generate 4-bit and 8-bit Walsh Codes using Hadamard Matrix

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XAVIER INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, MAHIM. SUBJECT: MCS BE EXTC (VII SEMESTER) AY:
2022-23

Name: XIE ID:

XAVIER INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, MAHIM. SUBJECT: MCS BE EXTC (VII SEMESTER) AY:
2022-23

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

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