Online Final Examination Fall 2020 (S)

Student I.D: _______________ Date: 10/Jan/2021

JJJJJUNEJune=________________
Course Title: _Knowledge Management Course Code: MIS-621

Program: MS/MBAR/MBAW90 Teacher Name: Syed Ali Abbas

Semester:Fall 2020
Marks: 40

Instructions:
All questions are compulsory and have equal marks for grading.

1. Which people in your organization need to participate in the KM program? In some

programs, everyone will participate in some way. In others, you may target a specific
type of participant.

PARTICIPATE IN THE KM PROGRAM:

The objective is to empower authoritative learning and make a learning society, where the
sharing of information is energized and the individuals who try to figure out how to better
themselves think that its simple to do as such. When contemplating information the board, it
is useful to consider the sorts of information and that it is so conceivable to share that
information inside an association. Following people in organization need to participate in the
KM program:

 Pioneer: characterizes and imparts the guiding principle of the association, sets and conveys
bearing and objectives, and assesses and guarantees execution

 Information supervisor or right hand: leads and supports the KM program as full-time or low
maintenance occupations

 Study taker, chairman, or maker: gives client contribution by taking an interest in taking and
managing overviews
 Organizer or teammate: associates with others as a feature of an informal organization or
network and encourages them out varying

 Network part or pioneer: takes an interest in or drives networks of training

 Understudy, instructor, or preparing engineer: takes, educates, or creates instructional classes

 Peruser or writer: peruses or composes client documentation

 Procedure client or designer: uses or plans standard approachs

 Designer or trailblazer: makes new information

 Reuser, patron, or substance proprietor: reuses, shares, or gives information

 Revealing customer or supplier: utilizes or makes measurements reports

 Change specialist: empowers cycle or culture change to happen

 Measure client or supplier: utilizes or makes work measures

 Inquirer or searcher: approaches questions or looks for content

 Narrator: utilizes story to inspire others to make a move, assemble trust, communicate values,
get others cooperating, share information, tame the grapevine, and make and offer a dream of
things to come.

 Instrument client or supplier: utilizes or makes apparatuses and frameworks

 Strung conversation member or mediator: partakes in or leads strung conversations

 Skill finder or supplier: finds ability or fills in as a specialist for other people
 Scientific categorization lead representative: characterizes and keeps a standard
characterization framework utilized for metadata, route, and looking

 Tagger: applies metadata labels to content so that searches and aggregators will discover it

 Archiver: chronicles content so it is protected

 Blogger: distributes blog passages, connections to different web journals, and reacts to
remarks

 Wiki creator: alters wiki passages or makes wikis to permit helpful altering

 Podcaster: records and disperses sound or video communicates

 Supporter, coordinator, or distributer: buys in to news, online journals, wikis, webcasts;

partners or totals any of these; or distributes any of these

2. Describe knowledge management. Discuss the forces driving knowledge management.

What are knowledge management systems? Enumerate the four types of KM systems.
Describe some of the issues facing knowledge management.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:
Information the executives is the methodical administration of an association's information
resources to make worth and meeting strategic and key necessities; it comprises of the
activities, cycles, methodologies, and frameworks that support and upgrade the capacity,
appraisal, sharing, refinement, and production of information. Information the executives
(KM) thusly suggests a solid bind to authoritative objectives and methodology, and it
includes the administration of information that is helpful for some reason and which makes
an incentive for the association. Where and in what structures information exists; what the
association has to know; how to elevate a culture helpful for getting the hang of, sharing, and
information creation; how to make the correct information accessible to the perfect
individuals at the perfect time; how to best produce or obtain new significant information;
how to deal with these components to upgrade execution considering the association's
essential objectives and momentary chances and dangers.
FORCES DRIVING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:
Expanding Domain Complexity
Multifaceted design of inner and outside cycles, expanded rivalry and the fast progression of
innovation all add to expanding space unpredictability.

Quickening Market Volatility

The speed of progress, or unpredictability, inside each market space has expanded quickly in
the previous decade.

Increased Speed of Responsiveness

The time needed to make a move dependent on unpretentious changes inside and across
spaces is diminishing.

Lessening Individual Experience

High representative turnover rates have brought about people with dynamic position
including less residency inside their associations than at any other time before. Because
patterns change so quickly, a chief's encounter may not be applicable to the choice that should
be made.

Knowledge Management System:

The essential focal point of information the board is to guarantee that vital data is caught, put
away and disseminated such that makes it simple for individuals inside an association to
access and utilize it. Information the board is an order depicted by industry master Duhon
portrayed as one "that elevates an incorporated way to deal with recognizing, catching,
assessing, recovering, and sharing the entirety of an undertaking's data resources."
Types:
Client Relationship Management System
A client relationship the board (CRM) framework is a product arrangement intended to
monitor all collaborations with clients. CRM innovation guarantees that anybody in an
organization who needs to associate with a client approaches key insights regarding the
person's buy history and past discussions with organization delegates. The most refined
 frameworks track from where somebody turns into a lead through the life expectancy of
client relationship with the organization.

Candidate Tracking System

A candidate global positioning framework (ATS) is a human asset (HR) KMS zeroed in on
enrolling and recruiting. This kind of framework gives an organized, coordinated path for an
organization to acknowledge applications on the web, search those applications by
catchphrase to recognize applicants, plan meets and deal with each part of the talking, choice
and onboarding measures.

Shared Project Files

An item that permits a group to work cooperatively on a task is an illustration of an
information the executives framework. These instruments have an arrangement of shared
documents and data that permits everybody in the group to transfer and remark on work
performed by others.

Criticism Database
An organization may have an information base for gathering criticism from clients and
workers. The criticism accumulated is imparted to the association's plan office and other
invested individuals. All individuals from the association would have the option to enter input
into the information base.

3. State the role of organizational culture/structure in the development of a good

knowledge management infrastructure. In what way does information technology
infrastructure contribute to knowledge management within an organization?

ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE OF A GOOD KNOWLEDGE

MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE:
Authoritative information is the amount of all information contained inside an association
that can give business esteem. It could be acquired from licensed innovation, item
information, exercises of disappointment and achievement, meetings, or client
correspondences, just to give some examples sources. Information is constantly learned,
protected, and communicated by individuals, so it's the vital obligation of Human Resources
(HR) to help deal with this information.
One way to deal with catching hierarchical information is through stores as a component of
an information the board exertion. This is essential in the event that you need to try not to
lose 42% of organization information pertinent to a work job each time a representative
leaves. Furthermore, in light of the fact that the normal fresh recruit burns through 200
inefficient hours at work because of an absence of admittance to applicable information, it's
certainly justified regardless of the time spent putting resources into this significant territory
of HR. Information can be separated into three primary sorts:

Express Knowledge Unequivocal information is effortlessly recorded and undeniable,

similar to methods and strategies, item and administration usefulness, bit by bit assignments,
examination, and substance. It's well on the way to be recorded by specialized journalists,
content planners, instructional fashioners, and data designers.

Implied Knowledge Unsaid information is an educated feeling of commonsense expertise,

which is difficult to understandable, for example, how to fix a PC framework. It's the domain
of your topic specialists; held inside your representatives' heads; and communicated through
preparing, mentorships, and networks of training. As indicated by Nonaka and Takeuchi,
"Implicit Knowledge is the information on experience, and will in general be emotional and
physical. It is about 'at this very moment', identifies with a particular reasonable setting."

Understood Knowledge Understood information, or inserted information, is natural and

implanted insight. It's unutterable, yet you know it when you see it, for example, the
experience of senior workers, topic specialists, the idea of expert connections, and
institutional cycles. It's sent through social connections.

Wellsprings of Knowledge Since we understand what sorts of information to pay special

mind to, we'll experience expected wellsprings of information. Information can be found
anyplace in your association and comes in numerous unmistakable and theoretical structures.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE CONTRIBUTE TO

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION:
The developing significance of information as a basic business asset has constrained chiefs to
look at the information basic their organizations, offering ascend to information the board
(KM) activities. Given that progresses in data innovation (IT) have made it simpler to
 procure, store, or scatter information than any time in recent memory, numerous associations
are utilizing IT to encourage sharing and combination of information. Yet, thinking about the
unpredictability of KM activities and the assortment of IT arrangements accessible available,
heads should frequently stand up to the difficult undertaking of choosing what sort of IT
answers for send on the side of their KM activities. This paper means to reveal insight into
the IT-KM coordinate by examining the job of IT in fruitful KM activities.

With the codification approach, more unequivocal and organized information is systematized
and put away in information bases. The principle part of IT here is to help individuals share
information through basic stockpiling in order to accomplish financial reuse of information.
An illustration of such IT apparatuses is electronic information storehouses. With the
personalization approach, more implied and unstructured information is shared to a great
extent through direct close to home correspondence. The principle job of IT here is to assist
individuals with finding other and impart to accomplish complex information move.
Instances of such IT apparatuses are information master registries and video-conferencing
instruments. Both these KM approaches are principal to understanding the job of IT in KM.

Item based and administration based businesses have distinctive serious bases. Rivalry in
item based enterprises incorporates the actual items themselves, the administrations that go
with items, and the cycles of promoting the items. Be that as it may, rivalry in help put
together businesses depends principally with respect to the administrations advertised. Along
these lines, in item based businesses, there are more different territories where information
can be used to acquire and support upper hand, contrasted with administration based
enterprises. For instance, as a producer of registering and imaging items, Hewlett Packard can
use its business information to help deals staff or improve item advancement. However, an
administration based association like Ernst and Young chiefly use its administration
information to offer savvy types of assistance to its customers.

4. Tacit knowledge could be transferred from one person to another in two distinct ways.
One possibility is to transfer it directly through socialization. The other possibility is to
convert it into explicit form (through externalization), then transfer it in explicit form to
the recipient (through exchange), who then converts it into tacit form (through
internalization). What are the pros and cons of each approach? If the purpose is to
transfer knowledge from one person to one other person, which approach would you
recommend? If the purpose is to transfer knowledge from one person to 100 other
individuals in different parts of the world, which approach would you recommend?
Why?

Getting information and abilities is significant feature for development and advancement. The
consistent development of society has persuaded humankind to take part in persistent
proficient turn of events. Individuals have seen the need of seeking after higher instruction in
order to fulfill up with the guidelines of the advancing scene. Advanced education is
generally by experts and for proficient reasons, accordingly the strategy of gaining and
dispersing information inside such foundation is significant. Implicit information is
theoretical and implanted in the human psyche. It very well may be in the type of hunches,
knowledge, decisions, ethics, qualities, standards and instinct. It is a individual information
which is created from singular convictions, values, hunches, instincts, activities, encounters,
reflections and theory of others. It is regularly hard to verbalize. It must be conveyed through
the person's conduct, work errand or connection and sharing encounters. It additionally gives
the occasion to coaching what's more, instructing on a coordinated and vis-à-vis premise,
with the point of moving experiential information. Unsaid information is one of the major
perspectives that give upper hand to an association. Higher instructive settings are
accordingly expected to move their implicit information created through their expert
aptitudes/encounters. This is on the grounds that they are considered as being information
escalated and accordingly ought to be effective in catching and moving their information.

Inferred to Tacit Knowledge Transfer It is crazy discussing information without knowing

or having the option to characterize information. Information anyway is very troublesome
however not difficult to characterize. "To characterize information in a non theoretical and
nonsweeping route is by all accounts very troublesome. Information effectively becomes
everything and nothing. Numerous creators recognize that information is extremely
troublesome to characterize yet treat it never the less as a vigorous and considerable limit
which can produce 'great outcomes'.

Climate for Tacit to Tacit Knowledge Transfer Inferred to unsaid information move is
essential for advanced education as it encourages learning and gives more motivation for
information creation and long lasting learning. Higher instructive foundation pioneers in this
way need to grasp and encourage the dynamism of information creation by giving a
 conductive climate to unsaid to unsaid information creation and move. By and by, the greater
part of them are rehearsing the conventional method of making and sharing implied
information in a proper climate, which restricts the capacity to catch such information.
5. Do you think knowledge capture can be fully or easily automated? Why or why not? If
you were asked to select an expert, how would you proceed? What characteristics
would you look for? What other factors would you consider?
This is an easy to refute question, contingent upon how well you value existing manual catch
instruments. Until this point, there has been restricted accomplishment in mechanizing
information catch. That is the explanation behind review information catch as the bottleneck
in building information based frameworks. Here is an understudy's reaction:
"I don't feel that information catch can be completely or effortlessly computerized because of
the way that there is abstract thinking to the appearance of an answer by a specialist. The
catching of this data is absurd, in any event not as of now (2002). For errands that include
straightforward strides to decide an answer could conceivable be robotized yet then an
association may not be sold on the cost of making a framework for a particularly basic
undertaking."
An information designer should start the determination by figuring out who is the most senior
master or the best as far as demonstrated exhibition. The exemplary decision is an individual
close to retirement or a retiree who is accessible as an advisor. Competitors ought to be
decided on the attractive qualities, for example, a specialist who sees the higher perspective,
thinks inventively (and everything being equal), has acceptable relational abilities, and is
happy to share the skill.
Individual abilities, for example, generally character or whether the individual is anything but
difficult to coexist with or feels undermined by the cycle and is liberal are significant models
for full collaboration and effective information catch. Different components incorporate the
requests for the master as an asset. On the off chance that time isn't accessible, at that point
another master ought to be picked.

6. The goal of this project is to develop a consumer-lending knowledge base to guide the
junior bank officer through the decision of whether an auto loan should be approved.
In the loan department, there are experienced senior loan officers who are willing to
share their knowledge with others. You have been assigned the job of building a KM
system for the bank. Explain in detail the life cycle of this project.
LIFE CYCLE OF KM PROJECT:
1) Challenges in Building KM Systems Includes evaluating the value of data. Includes
changing individuals' perspectives and practices. Includes the distinguishing proof of
procedures to gain, store, measure and circulate data. Here and there it is important to report
how certain choices were reached. Information Implementation: An association ought to
resolve to change, learn, and enhance. It is essential to remove importance from data that may
affect explicit missions. Exercises gained from input can be put away for future to help other
people confronting the comparative problem(s).

2) Conventional Vrs KM System Life Cycle (KMSLS)

The frameworks investigator assembles information and data from the clients and the clients
rely upon experts for the arrangement. The information engineer assembles information from
individuals with known information and the designer relies upon them for the arrangement.
The primary interface for the frameworks expert is related with amateur clients who knows
the issue yet not the arrangement. The primary interface for the information engineer is
related with the knowl-edgeable individual who knows the issue and the arrangement.
Traditional frameworks advancement is principally successive, while KMSLC is incre-mental
and intelligent. If there should be an occurrence of customary frameworks, testing is typically
done towards the finish of the cycle (after the framework has been fabricated), while in
KMSLC, the advancing framework is checked and approved from the earliest starting point
of the cycle. Frameworks improvement and frameworks the board is considerably more broad
for conven-tional data frameworks than it is for KMSLC. The traditional frameworks life
cycle is generally measure driven and documentation-situated while KMSLC is result-
arranged. The traditional frameworks improvement doesn't uphold devices, for example, fast
prototyping since it follows a predefined succession of steps KMSLC can utilize quick
prototyping fusing changes on the spot.
3) Knowledge Creation and Knowledge Architecture
Information update can mean making new information dependent on progressing experience
in a particular space and afterward utilizing the new information in mix with the current
information to concoct refreshed information for information sharing. A group can resolve to
play out a work throughout a particular timeframe. A work can be viewed as a progression of
explicit undertakings completed in a particular request. At the point when the work is
finished, at that point the group looks at the experience it had at first (while beginning the
work) to the result (effective/disillusioning). This examination makes an interpretation of
involvement into information. While playing out a similar occupation in future,the group can
make remedial strides as well as alter the activities dependent on the new information they
have procured. After some time, experience for the most part prompts ability where one
group (or ind There exists factors that support (or retard) information move.
4) Nonaka's Model of Knowledge In 1995, Nonaka authored the terms inferred information
and express information as the two principle kinds of human information. The way to
information creation lies in the manner it is activated and changed over through innovation.
Inferred to implicit correspondence (Socialization): Happens between individuals in
gatherings or in group conversations. Inferred to unequivocal correspondence
(Externalization): Verbalization among individuals box exchange (e.g., conceptualizing).
Unequivocal to express correspondence (Communication): This change stage can be best
upheld by innovation. Express information can be effectively caught and afterward
conveyed/communicated to overall crowd. Express to implicit correspondence
(Internalization): This infers taking unequivocal information (e.g., a report) and reasoning
groundbreaking thoughts or making a productive move. One critical objective of information
the executives is to make innovation to assist the clients with getting implicit information
from unequivocal information.

5) Creation and Transformation. By individuals, here we mean information laborers,

supervisors, clients, and providers. As the initial phase in information design, we will
probably assess the current data/records which are utilized by individuals, the applications
required by them, the individuals they as a rule contact for arrangements, the partners they
team up with, the authority messages they send/get, and the database(s) they typically access.
All the above expressed assets help to make a worker profile, which can later be utilized as
the reason for planning an information the board framework. The thought behind evaluating
the individuals center is to make an appropriate showing if there should arise an occurrence
of allotting position substance to the opportune individual and to ensure that the progression
of data that whenever was impeded by offices presently streams to ideal individuals at correct
time. To assist information sharing, an information network must be planned so as to dole out
individuals authority and duty regarding explicit sorts of information content, which implies:
Here, the term information focus implies territories in the association where information is
 accessible for catching. These focuses supports to recognize expert(s) or master groups in
each middle who can work together in the fundamental information catch measure.
7. What Is Knowledge Codification? What are the Things To Consider for codifying? How
Knowledge Maps Work? Define with examples tools and approaches used for
codification?

Knowledge Codification:

Classified information can be spoken to in conventional language, for example, numerical,

linguistic, advanced, and representative codes. Codification includes the formation of
perceptual and calculated classifications that encourage the grouping of different wonders.
Consequently, arranged hierarchical information speaks to marvels that have been ordered
into perceptual and applied classifications significant to authoritative individuals.

In any case, understand that the cycle of codification isn't straightforward. Contingent on the
unpredictability of the marvels being referred to, codification can be loaded with possible
issues. For instance, arranging the business execution of the store's sales rep could be seen as
a straightforward assignment of partner the quantity of dollars as well as the quantity of item
units sold by the sales rep. Be that as it may, deals execution could likewise be surveyed in
extra terms, for example, the measure of consumer loyalty produced with every business
exchange. Arranging consumer loyalty created at the hour of the deal would be significantly
more troublesome and more confounded to achieve.

In this way, some information is excessively rich, uncertain, complex, and individual to be
enunciated or arranged. Such information remains uncodified and is frequently alluded to as
"implied." Uncodified or unsaid information can take on two structures. Those structures are
expertise and underestimated convictions. The expertise type of implied information is an
implanted aptitude or capacity obtained from birth or over the long haul for a fact. For
instance, the information on the best way to ride a bike is likely implied in the vast majority
who can ride a bike. These individuals can just jump on a bike and consequently start riding
it. Nonetheless, for the individuals who can't ride a bike they need to have solid experience
on a bike before they can recognize the information expected to learn. The underestimated
 convictions exemplify what is and what ought to be. Underestimated convictions or ideas of
what is and what ought to be speak to information inserted in mental models and worth
frameworks that shape how one sees and encounters the world. For instance, one may assume
that everybody has confidence in God until the person experiences a nonbeliever
unexpectedly.

8. Present the basic concepts of a modern knowledge-based system and how MYCIN
pioneered KBS approach.

An information based framework is a PC program that reasons and uses information to tackle
complex issues. Customarily, PCs have tackled complex issues utilizing number juggling
calculations made by developers. With information based frameworks, human information is
caught and inserted expressly inside a program in an emblematic configuration.

Communicating information as rules and heuristics has two specific focal points over past
programming advancement innovation. Not exclusively can express information be caught in
the PC, yet so can verifiable information, which is valuable and possibly entirely productive.
The other favorable position is that information that exists as rules can be caught in that
structure, without being changed over by groups of investigators and developers into
information definitions and systems.

When the framework is created, a client counsels it to discover data about some occasion or
circumstance inside a difficult area. The product draws surmisings by applying the
unequivocal principles inspired by the master and the more broad verifiable guidelines
determined by the framework. An outcome is given to the client as a determination,
anticipation, proposal, or choice, contingent upon the idea of the application. Moreover, the
client may demand a clarification of the contention the product used to arrive at its decision.

Information based frameworks as a rule contain three segments: a human-PC interface , an

information base, and an induction motor program. The human-PC interface is the place
where the client plans questions, which the information based framework uses to request
additional data from the client and disclose to the client the thinking cycle utilized to show up
at an answer. The information on at least one human specialists in a particular field or
 assignment is put away in the information base. The information base is set up as a smart
information base—it can ordinarily control the put away data in a legitimate, normal, or
simple to-discover way. It can direct inquiries dependent on foreordained principles of
characterized affiliations and connections, just as by the more customary information search
methods.

9. Discuss in detail role of Data mining and BI in Knowledge management with examples.

BI(Business Intelligence) is a bunch of cycles, designs, and advances that convert crude
information into significant data that drives beneficial business actions.It is a set-up of
programming and administrations to change information into noteworthy insight and
information. BI directly affects association's vital, strategic and operational business choices.
BI backings certainty based dynamic utilizing recorded information instead of presumptions
and premonition.
BI instruments perform information examination and make reports, outlines, dashboards,
guides, diagrams, and graphs to give clients point by point knowledge about the idea of the
business.
Example:
An inn proprietor utilizes BI scientific applications to assemble measurable data with respect
to average inhabitance and room rate. It assists with discovering total income produced per
room. It likewise gathers insights on piece of the overall industry and information from client
studies from every inn to chooses its serious situation in different business sectors. By
breaking down these patterns step by step, step by step and step by step encourages the board
to offer limits on room rentals.

10. What are the ways of using Nonaka Model of knowledge management in organization
and what solutions and ways are suggested in order to reach each of the four phases of
Nonaka Model.

WAYS OF USING NONAKA MODEL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:

The vital commitment of with respect to KM is written in the writings. He is the principal
individual who deducted and took the first step in making a more intricate model of KM for
thoroughly considering how information, indeed, could be moved and he communicated that
the transaction happen. Information is the changed over data. From that point onward,
Nonaka built up his affirmed model that how such data could be moved. Essentially, Nonaka
model was recommended to communicate that a dynamic unpredictability exists between
unequivocal information and implicit information so the extricated inferred information is
changed over to express information and is disguised as implicit information once more.
Socialization: socialization is move from inferred information to implied information. In this
state, people endeavor to share their inferred information with other through making
communication. The highlight be considered is that the individual can get inferred
information without utilizing language, for instance through face-t-face contact. Socialization
happens when that shrouded information in our brain is moved to other's psyche in a
concealed information structure. This sort of information has the nature of intersubjective.
This experience is dynamic and is a "living thing" that incorporates acquiring information
through strolling around and direct communication with clients and suppliers outside the
association and individuals in the association. It relies upon the way that experience, acquired
outcomes in the abilities and basic mental models would be shared. Socialization, in the main
stage, is a relational cycle.
Externalization: move from inferred information towards express information is designated
"externalization". Classifying experience and knowledge in a structure useable for others is
called externalization. In this stage, people's abstract and unwritten information is changed
over to composed and went along information. As such, talk is a significant implies for the
two of them. In a particularly up close and personal relationship, individuals share their
convictions. Notwithstanding, in prompt experiences and concurrent trade of thoughts, they
figure out how to shape their contemplations in a superior manner and eloquent handily.
Externalization is a cycle among individual of a gathering.
Blend: mix happens when trade exists between two sorts of unequivocal information. In this
cycle, logical writings, information bases and factual banks, which are among unequivocal
information, are created. Joining various areas of unequivocal information by people, brings
about introducing another sort. Unequivocal information is moved through a cycle that
Nonaka calls it "mix". Around there, data innovation is more valuable than different
components, on the grounds that express information can be moved in records, email, data
sets tantamount to trades through gatherings and meetings. The vital periods of gathering
homegrown and unfamiliar information is distributing, altering and handling.