J Supercond Nov Magn (2016) 29:2373–2380
DOI 10.1007/s10948-016-3531-1
ORIGINAL PAPER
Magneto Caloric Behavior of Divalent Doped NdMnO3
N. Pavan Kumar1,4 · K. Raju2 · E. Sagar1 · P. Venugopal Reddy1,3
Received: 18 February 2016 / Accepted: 27 April 2016 / Published online: 25 May 2016
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Manganites with the compositional formula,
Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (where A = Ca, Sr, Pb, and Ba) were
prepared by the sol-gel technique. After characterizing the
samples structurally, a systematic investigation of magneti-
zation over a temperature range 10–300 K at 0.05 T mag-
netic field has been undertaken An effort has been made to
calculate the magnetocaloric behavior of all the samples the-
oretically using the experimental magnetization data. The
observed behavior has been explained qualitatively.
Keywords Magnetic materials · X-ray diffraction ·
Magnetic properties
1 Introduction
The resulting change in temperature of a magnetic material
due to the application of an external magnetic field is called
magnetocaloric effect (MCE), and magnetic refrigeration is
 P. Venugopal Reddy
paduruvenugopalreddy@gmail.com
1 Department of Physics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500
007, India
2 netic, electronic, and structural degrees of freedom, fol-
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam
University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
3 VidyaJyothi Institute of Technology, Aziz Nagar Gate,
Hyderabad, 500 075, India
4 Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology
Warangal, Warangal, 506004, India
a cooling technology based on this effect. The interest in
magnetic refrigeration as a new solid-state cooling technol-
ogy competitive with the conventional vapor-compression
approach has grown considerably over the past 10 years
because of its higher energy efficiency and environmental
friendliness [1, 2]. For this purpose, a magnetic material
should possess a large magnetic entropy change (SMax ),
high adiabatic temperature change (Tad ), excellent refrig-
erant capacity (RC) values, etc., at para to ferro magnetic
transition temperature. Many investigations were carried out
on different materials such as Gd [3], Gd5 (Si2 Ge2 ) [4], and
MnP [5], in search of high MCE values. The MCE arises due
to the presence of two energy reservoirs in magnetic materi-
als: one with phonon and the other with magnon excitations.
These two reservoirs are coupled by the spin-lattice (in other
words—magnetoelastic) interactions. An external magnetic
field affects the spin degrees of freedom resulting in heating
or cooling of magnetic materials. This simple description of
the magnetocaloric effect indicates that the highest change
in temperature is expected for strongly magnetostrictive
magnetic materials. The colossal magnetoresistive mangan-
ites of the formula R1−x Ax MnO3 (R= La, Nd, etc. and
A= Ca, Sr, etc.) also exploited with large MCE values in
La0.75 Sr0.25−y Cay MnO3 (y = 0.1) and related compounds
[6–9] suggesting that these materials might be exploited for
magnetic refrigeration applications.
Apart from this, the strong coupling between their mag-
lowed by high magnetic transition temperatures (TC ), makes
these materials more interesting. Further, as the MCE is
maximum near Tc , it is possible to obtain manganites for
which the effect is enhanced at different temperatures. This
property is unique because in a practical system, it can
be used to broaden the refrigeration temperature range by
2374 J Supercond Nov Magn (2016) 29:2373–2380

NCMO up and investigated [10, 11]. In the present investigation,

NSMO Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Pb, and Ba) manganite sys-
NPMO
NBMO
tem exhibiting interesting properties has been chosen and
the results of such an investigation are presented in this
Intensity /a.u.

paper.

2 Experimental Details

The materials with the compositional formula, Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3

20 30 40 50 60
2 Theta /degrees
Fig. 1 XRD Results of Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Pb, and Ba)
samples
developing composite systems formed by materials with
similar structure, thus reducing the problems related to
mechanical compatibility and other related issues [10].
In view of this, efforts have been going on in this
laboratory for the last few years to investigate the mag-
netocaloric behavior of some of the manganites. For this
purpose, a series of manganite materials have been taken
(A = Ca, Sr, Pb, and Ba), were prepared by the sol-gel route
using metal nitrates as the starting materials. More details
70 80 about the preparation of these materials are given in an ear-
lier publication [11]. The precursor powders were calcined
at 1100 ◦ C for 8 h and sintered at 1300 ◦ C for 6 h in air. The
structural characterization of the samples was carried out
by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique using Bruker
AXS D8 Advanced diffractometer, and the data were ana-
lyzed by Rietveld refinement using Fullprof software. In
order to determine the ratio of Mn3+ /Mn4+ concentration
and oxygen content in the samples, iodometric titrations
[12] were carried out. SEM measurements were carried
out on FEI COMPANY (Inspect S) microscope. The D.C.
magnetization studies were also undertaken using vibrating
sample magnetometer (PPMS) (Quantum design).

Fig. 2 Rietveld refinement 2θ / Degrees 2θ /Degrees

patterns of Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
= Ca, Sr, Pb, and Ba) samples
(2 0 0)

obs obs
NBMO cal cal
diff NSMO diff
Bragg position
Bragg position

Intensity /a.u
Intensity /a.u

(3 1 2)
(2 2 0)
(2 0 2)
(1 1 0)

(4 0 0)

(4 0 2)
(1 1 1)

(2 0 0)

obs
(2 0 0)

obs cal
NPMO cal diff
diff Bragg position
Bragg position
Intensity /a.u

NBMO
Intensity /a.u
(3 1 2)
(2 2 0)
(2 2 0)

(3 1 2)

(2 0 2)
(1 1 0)

(4 0 0)

(4 0 2)
(2 0 2)
(1 1 0)

(4 0 0)

(1 1 1)
(4 0 2)
(1 1 1)

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2θ / Degrees 2θ /Degrees
J Supercond Nov Magn (2016) 29:2373–2380 2375

Table 1 Crystallographic data of Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Pb, and Ba) manganites

Sample Nd0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 Nd0.67 Sr0.33 MnO3 Nd0.67 Pb0.33 MnO3 Nd0.67 Ba0.33 MnO3
(NCMO) (NSMO) (NPMO) (NBMO)

Structure Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Orthorhombic

Space group Pnma Pnma Pnma Pnma
a/Å 5.4513(2) 5.4566(1) 5.46941(5) 5.4723(5)
b/Å 7.6481(5) 7.6864(5) 7.7281(2) 7.7582(1)
c/Å 5.4133(2) 5.4676(7) 5.4931(7) 5.5225(2)
α 90◦ 90◦ 90◦ 90◦
Mn–O1–Mn 154.64◦ (2) 160.17◦ (8) 163.55◦ (7) 170.52◦ (1)
Mn–O2–Mn 155.32◦ (8) 163.88◦ (6) 166.51◦ (2) 171.54◦ (7)
Mn–O1/Å 1.942(1) 1.938(1) 1.934(5) 1.932(4)
Mn–O2/Å 1.955(3) 1.942(3) 1.939(1) 1.937(5)
Nd(Ca,Sr,Pb,Ba)(x) 0.035 0.020 0.016 0.013
(z) −0.012 −0.009 −0.005 −0.001
O1(x) (z) 0.488 0.069 0.50 0.007 0.51 0.023 0.52 0.002
O2(x) 0.285 0.255 0.246 0.234
(y) 0.021 −0.004 −0.023 −0.020
(z) −0.28 −0.26 −0.23 −0.22
RP (%) 16.1 14.0 9.14 11.41
RWP (%) 23.0 16.0 15.0 13.20
REXP (%) 16.5 14.6 11.5 12.38
Goodness of fit (S) 1.39 1.09 1.30 1.06

The atoms are located at the following Wyckoff positions Nd(Ca/Sr/Pb/Ba) 4(c):(x, y,1/4); Mn 4(b): (1/2,0,0); O(1) 4(c):(x, y,1/4) and O(2)
8(d):(x, y, z)

3 Results parameters of all the samples are given in Table 1. It is clear

from the table that the values of goodness of fit (S) are close
3.1 XRD Results to 1 for all the samples of the present investigation.
Further, using the refined patterns, the unit cell parame-
The structural investigation of the samples was carried out ters, bond lengths, and bond angles were computed and are
by XRD studies and the powder diffraction patterns of the presented. It is interesting from Table 1 that all the lattice
samples are shown in Fig. 1. A systematic analysis of the parameters and bond angles are found to increase, while the
XRD data clearly reveals that all the samples are having sin- bond lengths are found to decrease continuously as A-site
gle phase without any detectable impurity. The XRD data cation varies from Ca to Ba. The observed behavior might
were analyzed using Rietveld refinement technique assum- be attributed to the fact that the substitution of a larger ion
ing orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. The expands the unit cell in all the three directions enhancing its
pseudo-voigt function was used to fit the peak profiles. The volume within the same space group [13]. In manganites,
experimental and theoretical patterns along with the dif- with increasing the ionic radii rA, distortion of MnO6 octa-
ference between them are shown in Fig. 2. The best-fit hedra decreases resulting in the increase of bond lengths and
decrease in the bond angles [14]. In fact, a similar behavior
was reported earlier for some of the manganite systems [15,
Table 2 Results of iodometric titrations 16].
Sample code δ Mn3+ :Mn4+
3.2 Determination of Mn3+ /Mn4+ Concentration
NCMO 0.013 64:36
NSMO 0.005 66:34 Determination of precise oxygen content is one of the
NPMO 0.010 65:35 most important tools for tailoring the functional oxides.
NBMO 0.013 64:36 Tunability of oxygen non-stoichiometry along with tran-
sition metal valency (Mn3+ or Mn4+ ) is an important
2376 J Supercond Nov Magn (2016) 29:2373–2380

Fig. 3 SEM photographs of

Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A = Ca, Sr,
Pb, and Ba) samples

Fig. 4 Magnetization vs
40 40
temperature plots of NPMO
Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A = Sr, Pb,
and Ba) samples
30 30
NSMO
M /emu.g-1

-1
M /emu.g

TC
20 20 TC

10 10

0
0

50 100 150 200 250 300 50 100 150 200 250 300
T /K T /K

20 NBMO

15
M /emu.g-1

TC
10

50 100 150 200 250 300

T /K
J Supercond Nov Magn (2016) 29:2373–2380 2377

Table 3 Model parameters for

Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Composition Mi /emu g−1 Mf /emu g−1 B/emu g−1 K−1 Sc /emu.g−1 K−1 TC /K
Pb, and Ba) system in 0.05 T
applied magnetic field NSMO 35.7 1.7 −0.01733 −3.78 245
NPMO 36.0 1.0 −0.01392 −1.68 160
NBMO 20.0 0.8 −0.00715 −0.47 140

feature of these materials. No real interpretation of the
material characteristics of these oxides is possible with-
out reliable knowledge of the absolute oxygen content of
these materials. Therefore, Mn3+ and Mn4+ concentraions
and oxygen stoichiometry were obtained by the iodomet-
ric titrations and the values are given in Table 2. It can be
seen from Table 2 that all the samples are having excess
of oxygen.
3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy
With a view to understand the surface topography, the scan-
ning electron micrographs were obtained and are shown in
Fig. 3. It can be seen from the figures that all the samples
are having grain sizes in the range of 1–3 μm. It is also clear
that the pores are very less indicating that the samples are
very dense.
results are discussed here. The magnetization measurements
were carried out at 300 and 5 K in different magnetic fields
(H) and the variation is shown in Fig. 5a. It can be seen from
the figure that although the sample exhibits normal param-
agnetic behavior at room temperature, it shows hysteresis
behavior at 5 K indicating its ferromagnetic nature. From
the hysteresis plot, one may also observe that the sample is
not saturated fully in the applied field and the behavior may
be due to the presence of short-range ferromagnetic interac-
tions within an antiferromagnetic matrix. In fact, a similar
characteristic behavior of ac and dc magnetization has been
reported earlier [17, 18].
Further, in contrast to the three samples discussed earlier,
the magnetization of NCMO sample is found to exhibit two
peaks at 228 and 148 K. In order to make an in depth anal-

3.4 Magnetization Studies 6

5K
NCMO a
3.4.1 Magnetization Results of Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A = Sr, 300 K

3
Pb, and Ba)
-1
M / emu.g

Magnetization vs temperature plots of Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A 0

= Sr, Pb, and Ba) samples over a temperature range 10–
300 K at 0.05 T are shown in Fig. 4. From the figures,
-3
one may observe that magnetization of all the samples after
an initial decrease at a slow pace decreases rapidly with
increasing temperature, as the material approaches ferro to -6
-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000
paramagnetic transition temperatures (TC ). The transition H /Oe
temperatures were indicated with arrows in Fig. 4 and the
values are included in Table 3. In the paramagnetic region, 0.9
ZFC
the magnetization remains almost constant. It can be seen FC NCMO
b
from the table that the magnetic transitions are found to
decrease with increasing ionic radii. The observed behav- 0.6
ior may be attributed to the fact that the replacement of
-1
M /emu.g

Nd by a material with smaller ionic radii (Sr, Pb, and Ba)

introduces a large lattice distortion and the reduction of Mn–
O–Mn bond angle. Reduction in the Mn–O–Mn bond angle 0.3
TN T CO
weakens the double exchange (DE) leading to decrease in
TC values.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
3.4.2 Magnetization Results of Nd0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 Sample T /K

Fig. 5 a Magnetization vs Magnetic field plot of

In contrast to the above three samples, NCMO sample is Nd0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 sample. b Magnetization vs temperature plot of
found to exhibit interesting magnetic properties and the Nd0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 sample
2378
ysis of the behavior, field cooled (FC) and zero field cooled
(ZFC) magnetization under 0.05 T studies were also carried
out and a typical plot is shown in Fig. 5b. It can be seen from
this figure that when the temperature is lowered from room
temperature, the magnetization values both in ZFC and FC
modes increase in the beginning exhibiting a transition at
T = 228 K. On further decrease of temperature, another
transition has been observed at 148 K. On comparison the
interesting behavior with those available in the literature
[19], it has been concluded that these transitions may be due
to charge order (TCO ) and antiferromagnetic ordering or due
to Neel transition (TN ).
The observed behavior may be explained as follows:
When the temperature is lowered from room temperature,
the magnetization first increases due to the formation of
a ferromagnetic phase. On further lowering the tempera-
ture, the ferromagnetic order is destroyed at 228 K due
to charge ordering (TCO ) favoring antiferromagnetism. The
occurrence of a peak at TCO may be due to the quenching
of double exchange interaction [20]. When the temperature
is further decreased below TN ,the magnetization increases
considerably signaling the onset of orbital ordered state. The
low magnetization values observed in the present investi-
gation may be due to short range antiferromagnetic (AFM)
ordering.
3.5 MCE Studies
For the determination of magneto caloric effect especially
in magnetic materials, both the experimental and theoreti-
cal approaches are used. For the experimental evaluation,
a simple approach using the heat capacity and/or magneti-
zation data is normally used. However, for the theoretical
investigation of MCE, several approaches were used [21,
22]. In the investigation of MCE, change in entropy (SM ),
full width at half maximum (δTFWHM ), change in specific
heat (CP,H ), relative cooling power (RCP), and adia-
batic temperature(T ), etc. are important parameters. In the
present investigation, a simple approach has been adopted
for the evaluation of all these parameters and the details of
the method are given in an earlier publication [9].
Although an effort has been made to study the MCE
behavior of NCMO sample, due to its typical mag-
netic behavior, reasonable fitting parameters could not be
obtained. Therefore, the estimation of the other three sam-
ples has been carried out. For the theoretical estimation of
MCE of these three samples, parameters Mi , Mf , and Tc
are required, and as such, they were obtained from their
experimental magnetization data. The values of magnetiza-
tion sensitivity, in the ferromagnetic region indicated by B
(below TC ) and that at the transition temperature indicated
with Sc , are obtained from the experimental data and are
J Supercond Nov Magn (2016) 29:2373–2380
40 NSMO
NPMO
NBMO
30
-1
M /emu.g
20
10
0
100 150 200 250 300
T /K
Fig. 6 Temperature dependence of magnetization Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3
(A = Sr, Pb, and Ba) system at 0.05 T applied magnetic field. Empty
circles represent the experimental data and lines represent the fitting
curves
given in Table 3. Now, the experimental magnetization data
of all the samples were fitted to equation,
 
Mi − Mf
M(T ) = tanh[A (Tc − T ) + BT + C
2
where A = 2(B−S c)
Mi −Mf . In this, Bis magnetization sensitivity
dM/dT in the ferromagnetic region before transition, Sc is
magnetization sensitivity dM/dT at Curie temperature Tc and
 
Mi + Mf
C= − BTc
2
and the theoretical plots are shown in Fig. 6. In the figures,
symbols represent the experimental data while the solid
lines represent the modeled data. The fitting parameters of
all the samples are given in Table 3. It can be seen from the
figures that the theoretical plots along with the experimen-
tal ones are found to be in agreement for the all samples
indicating the accuracy of the present model.
The large magnetocaloric effect in manganites mainly
originates from the considerable variation of magnetization
near TC . The strong coupling between spin and lattice plays
an important role in the magnetic ordering process. In order
to understand the influence of doping with variable elements
at Nd site, the magnetic entropy change of the samples has
been obtained using the equation,
 
SM = −Ar sech2 [A (Tc − T )] + B Hmax
where A = (Mi − Mf )/2. The variation is SM with tem-
perature shown in Fig. 7a. The maximum magnetic entropy
change (Smax ), usually observed at Tc, is an important
parameter, and as such, this parameter for each sample has
also been calculated (Table 4). It can be seen from the table
J Supercond Nov Magn (2016) 29:2373–2380 2379

NSMO from the literature were chosen such that they lie in the mid-
0.20 NPMO
a way between the peak and the baseline of the zero field heat
NBMO capacity. The adiabatic temperature change (T ) values are
shown in Fig. 7b. With a view to compare the S values
0.15 |S|
with those available in the literature, Hmax × 102 values
-1
Δ S / J.Kg K
-1

of all the samples were obtained and are given in Table 4.

0.10 The normalized S values of the present investigation are
compared with those available in the literature [24] in Table
4. Of all the three values, those of NSMO are found to be
0.05 higher values, indicating they are the better ones as far as
the MCE applications are concerned. Finally, the maximum
|S|
magnetic entropy change per field values ( Hmax × 102 ) of
0.00
the samples, NSMO and NPMO of the present investigation
are higher than undoped Gd [2] metal indicating that these
NSMO b
0.20 NPMO are better ones and may be exploited as possible magnetic
NBMO refrigerant materials.

0.15

4 Conclusions
Δ T /K

0.10
1. All the samples were prepared by sol-gel method and
the structure was confirmed with XRD studies. The
0.05 XRD data of the samples was analyzed with Rietveld
refinement using the Fullprof software.
0.00
2. Among the four samples, NCMO is found to exhibit
interesting magnetic behavior. The sample exhibits two
50 100 150 200 250
transitions at 228 and 148 K and is attributed to charge
ordering and antiferromagnetic ordering.
T /K |S|max
H × 10
3. 2

Fig. 7 a Magnetic entropy change b Adiabatic temperature change
as a function of temperature for Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A=Sr,Pb abd
Ba)system
that among the three samples, NSMO is found to exhibit a
higher value when compared with others.
To calculate the other important parameter adiabatic
temperature change (T ) defined by the equation
 
AT Mi − Mf 
T = sec h2 [A (Tc − T )] + B Hmax
2Cp
The heat capacity value of 50 J/mol-K for all the samples
were taken from the literature [23]. The heat capacity values
4. values are better than other manganites and their SM
distribution is also much more uniform which is a desir-
able feature of an Ericsson-cycle magnetic refrigerator.
Therefore, it has been concluded that these materials
may be beneficial for the household applications as an
active magnetic refrigerant.
5. When compared with alloys of rare earth elements and
intermetallic compounds, the manganites with magnetic
softness, better chemical stability, their easy way prepa-
ration combined with low production costs makes them
better candidates for magnetic refrigeration.
6. This result is very important for practical applications
because a lower field 0.05 T is much easier to generate
by permanent magnets than higher fields of 1 and 2 T.

Table 4 The predicted values of applied magnetocaloric properties for Nd0.67 A0.33 MnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Pb, and Ba) system at 0.05 T applied
magnetic field
|S|max |S|max
Composition Smax /J kg−1 K−1 TMax /K H × 102 /J kg−1 K−1 kOe−1 H × 102 /J Kg−1 K−1 kOe−1 (literature results)

NSMO 0.188 0.21 37.6 21 at 3 T [8]

NPMO 0.084 0.07 16.8 –
NBMO 0.023 0.015 4.6 –
2380
7. It has been concluded that among all the samples, the
MCE properties of NSMO are better than others.
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