10. BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB (0020123 EL) LIST OF EXPERIMENTS . To study and verify Kirchoff's Current Law and Kirchoff's Voltage Law. . To study the V-I characteristics of an incandescent lamp. . To perform short circuit test on a single phase transformer. To perform open circuit test on a single phase transformer. . To measure three phase power by using two wattmeter method . To study and verify Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem. . To study and verify Superposition theorem. . To study the series R-L-C circuit. To study Star & Delta Connection in 3-Phase AC Circuit. To perform measurement of resistance of armature winding, series field winding and shunt field winding of a DC machine.EXPERIMENT NO. 1 Aim of the Experiments:To study and verify Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and KirchhofT’s Voltage Law (KVL). Apparatus Required: ‘S.No. Name [___ Type ____ Range Quantity 1 ‘Ammeter PMMI 0-10 A, 0-154, zi 2. Voltmeter PMMI 500V 3 3. Rheostat «| SiagleFebe | i 1 4, Tnductive Load : : i 3. ‘Connecting Wires Copper - ‘Theory: Kirchhoff’s had discovered two basic laws dealing with electrical circuit, namely current law and voltage law. These two laws are extremely useful in solving complex electrical circuit. Kirchhof?’s current law is applicable at a node of the network where two or more than two branches are connecting together. This law state that in any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the current in all branches meeting at a node is zero i.e. = 0. Kirchhoff's voltage law is applicable to a closed mesh of the network. A closed mesh may consist of number of resistance branches only or a branch addition with source of EMF. Kirchhof?'s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the product of current and resistance of various branches of a closed mesh plus the algebraic sum of the EMF in that closed mesh is equal to zero ie DV + EIR =0. £FF es es FON Kirchhoff's Current Law AMIS Lepf a os : wy BB ZO 0-300 V 0-300 V Bs => FG Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Procedure:KCL: ‘Ag, and As and all voltmeters Vi, Vaand V3. First measure the least count of all ammeters Ai, Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. 3. Now, vary both the resistive and inductive load to obtait procedure for different observations. 4. Calculate percentage error. © mn different readings of ammeters A, Az and As. Repeat the sa KVL: Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. Now, adjust both the rheostat and inductive load to obtain different values of then take Vt Repeat the same procedure for different observations. Calculate percentage error. Va and Vs. BeNe Observation Table: Kirehhoff's Current Law SINo. | Avin(Volisy ] Avin (Volts Tin Wolls) A= VAl+A} eros 1 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law SLNo. | Miin (Vols) Vein Volts) Tein Wot) Vie (view; | Er ‘ 2 +N5 KCL KVL % Error = [44+ x 100% % Error f =H < 100 Precautions: 1. Make the connections properly, 2, Note the readings of voltmeters and ammeters properly 3. Remove insulations from the connecting wire so as the eutrent will flow properly 4. Avoid loose connections and don't touch wire with wet hand. Conclusion : Question > 1. Define the term network giving a suitable illustration along with diagram. 2. Discuss the important of Kirchhoff's law in solving complex electrical network, 3. Drawa circuit with at least three nodes and minimum three branches connectin i at any node, it d of current in different branches. 'y Node. Also write the relationshiEXPERIMENT NO. 2 Ail ir im of the Experiment:To study the V-I characteristics of an incandescent lamp. Apparatus Required: S.No. Name of Equipment “Type Range ‘Quantity 1 Incandescent lamp — 200 W_ i a Voltmeter PMMC 0-300 V 1 2 ‘Ammeter: PMMC. 02.50 1 a Rheostat Tube Type 128 ohm, 2.5 A. 1 Theory : 1 work like There is practically no change in the resistance value in case of some alloys used in elec manganin for a considerable variation of temperature. In general, for alloys the increase in resistance Is Yery slight with increase in temperature, For all pure metal like copper, aluminium et. the resistance inerease with an increase in temperature. The resistance of such conducting material at working temperature of tC can be found out by using equations given below, Resistance at t°C, R,= Ro(+at) Where Ro= Resistance at 0°C = temperature coefficient of the conducting material However, the resistance of carbon and electrolytes decrease with increase in temperature though these are also the conducting material. Their temperature coefficient a is said to be negative. The resistance of all insulating material sharply decreases with increase in temperature. Cireuit Diagram: The aim of the experiment is to study the variation of resistance with is resistance of the filament of incandescent bulb (tungsten) increases with rise in temperature. As such a bulb has been chosen for this experiment. The temperature of the filament depends upon the heat which in turns depends upon V2/R, where V is the voltage applied across the filament of the bulb and R is the resistance. Thus, by applying different voltage to the filament of the bulb, different amount of heat can be produced and different temperature can be obtained. in temperature. The Incandescent Lamp Od A 0ST Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram with the switeh (S/W) is in off position. 2. Switch ON D.C supply, close the switch and vary the rheostst to obtain different voltage and current values, Note the voltage and corresponding current values. Record the Calculate percentage error. Switch OFF supply then open the switch.Observation Table: S.No. Vin (Volts) Tin (Amps) Revi Plot the V-I characteristics of incandescent lamp. Conclusion : Remarks:The characteristic is non-linear. Precautions: 1. Make the connections properly. 2. Note the readings of voltmeters and ammeters properly. 3. Remove insulations from the connecting wire so that the current will flow properly. Questions: 1. Why V-I characteristics of incandescent lamp is nonlinear? 2. [sit satisfy ohm’s law, and why? 3. Name the conducting material whose resistance decreases with rise in temperature. 4. Calculate the current rating of the filament of the bulb used in this experiment.EXPERIMENT NO. 3 Aim of the Experiment:To perform short circuit test on a single phase transformer to calculate: 1. The equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer. 2, The short circuit loss or copper /variable loss of the transformer. Apparatus Required: SNo. Name of Apparatus Type Range a 1. Single Phase Transformer SKVA, 230 Vs 21.74 A, 50 Hz 2 Voltmeter PMMI 0:30 V a 3. Ammeter PMMI_ 025.0 u 4. Wattmeter_ Dynamometer 25 A, 250 V or 5. gle phase Variac 230 V, 28 A, 50 Hz Theory: In this test high voltage winding (secondary) is connected to a supply of normal voltage and frequency through variac and the low voltage winding (primary) is short circuited as shown in Figure. The high voltage inding is supplied to a very low voltage such that the rated current would flow in short circuit branch. This test performed at rated current flowing in both the windings. Since the applied voltage is very less therefore iron loss occurring in the transformer under short circuit condition is very less and can be neglected. Therefore the total losses occurring under short circuit condition are mainly the copper loss of both the windings which are indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit. Hence, Wattmeter reading in short circuit condition = Wie Voltmeter reading in short circuit condition = V ‘Ammeter reading in short circuit condition = Ine From the observation of short circuit test of single phase transformer, the short circuit parameters Rey..qand Zegof the transformers equivalent circuit referred to particular winding can be calculated as follow: Total copper loss = Wie Reg= Wie? Viele Equivalent resistance referred to HV wint Equivalent resistance referred to HV winding Z, Thus, Equivalent resistance referred to HV winding Xw= /(@eq? = Req?) Circuit Diagram ‘Wattmeter ey 8 S< = o> 8 FON > N P 100% S 100%Procedure: Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. — Make sure that the secondary side of transformer is shorted. Keep the variac at zero position before switch ON the supply. Switch ON A.C supply. By varying the variac apply full load current to the transformer wattmeter and ammeter, 6. Keep the variac at zero position and switch OFF the supply. and note the reading of voltmeter, yReNS Observation Table: ‘ ing (W SNo. Volimeter Reading (V) ‘Ammeter Reading (A) Wattmeter Reading (W) Calculation: © Calculate the multiplying factor (M.F) of the wattmeter. «© M.F= (Rating of C.C)*(Rating of P.C)*cos)/(Wattmeter Rating) © Copper loss = Was (in Watts) = Wattmeter Reading*M.F * Short circuit current=Ammeter reading= le + Voltmeter Reading = Vi © Copper loss = Wattmeter Reading x Multiplying Factor * Calculate the values of Ray, Xe, Zen Precautions: 1. All the connections should be tight and clean, 2. Special care should be taken while selecting the ranges of the meters for conducting short-circuit test. 3. While conducting the short-circuit test, the voltage applied should be initially set at zero, and then increase slowly. Ifa little higher voltage than the required voltage be applied (by mistake), there is a danger of translormer being damaged. Conclusion: Questions: 1, Why transformer rating is in KVA? 2. What type of losses occur in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer when it is in service? 3. How do copper losses vary with load on the transformer? 4. Which parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer can be found through short-circuit test?EXPERIMENT NO. 4 Aim of the Experiment:To Perform open circuit test on a single phase transformer to calculate: ~The equivalent circuit parameters with respect to primary side of the transformer. 2. The open circuit loss or core loss/iron loss of the transformer. Apparatus Required: S No. Name of Apparatus Type Range ‘Quantity | 1 Single Phase Transformer 5 SKVA, 230 V, ol 21.74 A, 50 Hz 2. Voltmeter PMMI 0-250 V on 3. Ammeter PMMI 0-2.5 A or 4. Wattmeter Dynamometer 5A, 250 V. oO 3. Single phase Variac 230 V, 28 A, 50 Hz 1 6. Connecting Wire : = Theory: In this test low voltage winding (primary) is connected to a supply of normal voltage and frequency through variac and the high voltage winding (secondary) is left open as shown in Figure. The primary winding draws very low current hardly 3-5 % of full load current. As such copper loss in the low voltage winding will be very less due to very low current and can be neglected. Therefore, the wattmeter connected in the circuit mainly n loss of the transformer under no load or open circuit condition. Ammeter Reading in Open Circuit Condition = fo From the observation of open circuit test of single phase transformer, the open circuit parameters Ro and X,can be calculated as follows; Total iron loss (Ws) = Volocos $o Thus No load power factor cos fo = W/( Vola) Core loss component of No load Current le = locos gho Magnetizing component ofNo load Current fu = lo sin go Thus, Equivalent Resistance representing the core loss Ro = Vo/Ic Equivalent Reactance representing magnetizing component X= Vo //n Circuit Diagram Wattmeter 0.25 ve Aaa P0% S 0% rs V 87 ‘A 0&7 2H os ‘A\ddng OV ‘A 0€% Zz Variac P 100% S$ 100% zProcedure: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Make sure that the secondary side of transformer is open. 3. Keep the variac at zero position before switch ON the supply. 4, Switch ON A.C supply. 5. By varying the variac apply full supply voltage i.e. 230V to the primary of the transformer and note the reading of voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter, 6. Keep the variac at zero position and switch OFF supply. Observation Table: S.No. | Voltmeter Reading (Vy ‘Ammeter Reading (A) Wattmeter Reading (W) 1 Calculation: Calculate the multiplying factor (M.F) of the wattmeter. M.F= ((Rating of C.C)*(Rating of P.C)*cos$)/(Wattmeter Rating) Iron loss = W (in Watts) = Wattmeter Reading*M.F No load current=Ammeter readin; Supply Voltage =Voltmeter Reading = Vo Precautions: 1, All the connections should be neat, clean and tight, 2. Special care should be taken while selecting the types and ranges of the meters for conducting open- circuit test. Conclusion: Questions: When a transformer is energised what types of losses occur in the magnetic frame of the transformer? What information can be obtained from open circuit test of a transformer? Why in open circuit test HV side is always kept open? What is the power factor of a transformer under no load test situation? What is the magnitude of no load current as compared to full load current? veo yeeEXPERIMENT NO.S set Aim of the Experiment: To measure three phase power and power factor in three phase circuit by single-phase wattmeter under; 1. Calculate the three phase power for balance load condition 2. Calculate the three phase power for unbalance load condition. Apparatus Required: using two SNo. ‘Name of Apparatus Type Range oe i. Wattmeter Dynamometer | 5A, 600 V 2 2. Voltmeter MI 9-500 oh 3.___[ Ammeter ML OSA 4. | Three phase loading arrangment : 3. ‘Connecting Wire = = Theory : connected in star or delta can be Power consumed by three phase balanced or unbalanced load connected 2 measured ty using two wattmeter properly comected in the cieuit. The current col of the wattmeter’s are connected in series with the load in any two lines whereas the two pressure coils are connected between thes lines and the third lines as shown in below figure. Circuit Diagram : Fig.1 Circuit diagram for Two Wattmeter Method Fig.1 Phasor diagram for Two Wattmeter Method The phasor diagram of this circuit assuming balanced lagging power factor load has been shown in below figure. As such , RMS values of current, Je, Jy and rare taken equal in magnitude and lagging by an angle with respect to its own phase voltage. Similarly, RMS values of phase voltages are also equal in magnitude but displaced by 120° . the phase sequence has been assumed as R-Y-B, based on the phasor diagram, power consumed and the power factor of the load can be calculated from the readings of two wattemeters W, and W, as explained belo Power Consumed by the Load : Current through the current coil of wattmeter 1) = fy Voltage across the pressure coil of wattmeter IV) = Vw From phasor diagram, phase difference between fy and Vin = 30—qp Hence, reading of wattmeter Wy = di Vencos(30-$) Similarly Reading of watimeter 1; = Ir Vin cos(30 + )Phase Voltage Phase Current As it is a balance load con For resistive load cos Therefore the wattmeter Wy =V xo ln €08(30° — 4) = VEV pul pu c08(30° ~ 9) We =V yp ly cos(30° +) = V3V gu 1 pn €08(30° + ”) Adding the above two equation yields; W, + We = V3V yy pn [2cos30° cosh] = 3V pi! ph cosp = VEV LIL cosh W,+W.= VBV ity, cosh Hence, the sum of the two wattmeter reading, is equal to the total power drawn by Power factor of the Load : Subtraction of wattmeter reading IV; and IV yields W, -W, = Vi tising ya three phase balanced load. Dividing these two equation yields; W,-We _ cos(30°-$) — cos(30° + $) _ 2sin30° sing _ tan 30° tan W, +H, ~ cos(30- G) + cos(30" +4) 20530 cosp For Unbalance Load Condition: Pu= Wy + We Po=ValatVylytVele Put % Error = x 100 Hence, the power factor of the can also be calculated from the observed reading of the two wattemeters. Procedure: Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. ‘Switch ON A.C supply. For balanced load condition measured the values of wattmeters, ammeters and voltmeter. Repeat the same process for unbalance load condition, ‘Switch OFF all the loads and supply. Observation Table : 81. ] Condition Tk ly Is | Vx Vy Ve [MF |W We 0. 1_| Balanced Load 2_| Unbalanced Load Calculation: Calculate Py, Pe and % Error. Precautions: I. All the connections should be tight and clean. 2. The readings in ammeters should not exceed the current ratings of wattmeters. 3. With negative deflection in wattmeter the connection should be reversed. Conclusion: Questions: 1, Isit possible to measure reactive power in a three phase circuit using this method? 2. What would be the readings of two wattmeter’s in this experiment, if the load is purely resistive? 3. What would be the readings of two wattmeter’s in this experiment, ifthe load is purely inductive? 4. Ifone of the wattmeter reads zero, what is the power factor of the load? :EXPERIMENT NO. 6 Aim of the Experiment: To verify Thevenin’s theorem and Nortan’s Theorem. Apparatus Required: S.No. | Name of Equipment Type Range Quantity 1 Electric Network Kit = = 1 2 Voltmeter MC 0-30V 1 3 Ammeter MC 0-100 mA 1 4 Power Suppl Regulated | 030V, 1 Theory: The Thevenin’s theorem and Nortan’s theorem are used to simplify a complicated network consisting of a number of sourees, circuit elements and load Thevenin’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network having a number of voltage current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance, where the value of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the two terminals of the network, and resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources are replaced by their internal resistances. Norton’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network with current sources, voltage sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance. The value of the current source is the short circuit current between the two terminals of the network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources are replaced by their internal resistances” Ru Row Ry Ru ‘Thovenin’s Equivalent Cheat Nortan’s Equivalent Grek Circuit Diagram: Ry Ro R, Re R L, Rs Rs Rs Re Re Ry Rs Fig. (a) Electical Network for Thevenin’s Theorem Fg. 1 (o)Electical Network for Nortan'sTheeremProcedure for Thevenin’s theorem 1. Connect the circuit as per the given electrical network. 2. Remove the load resistance from network and tum on the supply. 3. Find the thevenin’s resistance Ra. 4, Measure the Thevenin’s voltage Vin 5. Now measure the current in the load resistance directly. 6. Theoretically find out the current in the load resistance. mnrAwRD 7. Verify that these two are equal. E ie 's Theorem: e S.No | Vs(V) Vu (VY) Rn (Q) Rn (Q) I, (mA) Tuma) | % a @) @ ®) @ ®) : 6 Calculation: E Procedure for Nortan’s theorem 1. Connect the circuit as per the given electrical network. . 2. Remove the load resistance from network and turn on the supply. 3. Find the Nortans’s resistance Ry . ¢ 4, Measure the Nortan’s current Iy « : 5, Now measure the current in the load resistance directly. 6. Theoretically find out the current through the load resistance. € 7. Verify that these two are equal. 3 Observation Table For Nortan’s Theorem: ¢ ‘S.No | Vs(V) Ty(A) In(A) Ry (Q) Ry (Q) I. (mA) Tama) | % Error (r) (Pr) @). @) qm) () ‘ 7 Precautions: 1. All connections should be tight and correct. 2. Switch off the supply when not in use. 3. Reading should be taken carefully. Conclusion: Questions: QI To what type of circuit Thevenin’s theorem is applicable? Q.2 What is the use of Thevenin’s theorem? Q.3 How Rry is connected with the circuit?EXPERIMENT NO.7 Aim of the Experiment: To verify superposition Theorem Apparatus Requi &: No, Name of Equipment Type Range Quantity Electric Network Kit : ~ 1 : Voltmeter MC ay i 4 Ammeter MC 0-100 mA 1 Power Supply Regulated 0-30 V 1 Theory : This is one of the fundamental theorems applicable to linear networks. Linear networks are those networks which are constructed with linear elements only. The active sources and the passive elements like R, L, and C are assumed to be operated in their linear ranges. The v-i, relationship for these elements are linear. The superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral multi source DC circuit, the current through or voltage across any particular element may be determined by considering the contribution of each source independently, with the remaining sources replaced with their internal resistance. The contributions are then summed, paying attention to polarities, to find the total value. Superposition cannot in general be applied to non linear circuits or to nonlinear functions such as power. Circuit Diagram: Ry Ry Re 1 +i < e Vs = R, Rs Fig. 1 Electrical Network for Superposition Theorem Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as per given diagram, 2. Short circuit the Vs2 from the circuit and turn ON the supply Vs1 and measure the current Is! through load resistance Ri. Short circuit the VsI from the circuit and tum ON the supply Vs2 and measure the current Is2 through load resistance Ri. Turn ON the supply Vs! and Vs? together and measure the current Is12 through load resistance Ri. | 5. Finally verify Isl + Is2 = Is theoretically and practicallyObservation Table: Vs(V) | Ir(mA) | Ti(mA) | (mA) | 2 (mA) Ink Ink % S.No. (ry (P) (tT) (?) qr) ()_| Error a Calculation: Is (theoretical) = Is2 (theoretical) = Conclusion : Precautions: 1. Make the connections properly. 2. Note the readings of voltmeters and ammeters properly. 3. Remove insulations from the connecting wire so as the current will flow properly. Questions: Q.1 What is the condition under which the superposition theorem can be applied ? Q.2. What is Bilateral Circuit ? Q.3. Define active and passive element. Q.4, What is Linear Circuit ? Q.5. A voltage source is replaced with what while considering effect due to a particular source in a circuit in case of cireuit having more than one source to apply superposition theorem?EXPERIMENT NO. 8 AIM of the Experiment: Study of Series R-L-C Circuit to; 1 2. Determine the power factor of the circuit. Calculate the values of unknown parameters of R-L-C circuit. 3. To draw a phasor diagram of the circuit based on practical data and find out the applied voltage and power factor from the phasor diagram. Apparatus Required: Ss. No. Name of Equipment Type Range Quantity Ammeter MI 0-5A 1 2 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 03 7 Rheostat Single tube 150, 5A 1 Inductive coil variable 5A, 250V i 6 __ Capacitor 5 1 7 ‘Single phase variac - 230-V, 10 A 1 _J Theory In the present circuit, resistance R, inductor L and capacitor C are connected in series across a voltage source V. Thus the current in all the elements is same, whereas voltage across each element would be different. The resultant applied voltage V is the phasor sum of all the voltages across these elements. In such a series circuit, following basic relations can be derive Voltage across the resistance, Va=1R Voltage across the inductance, V.=I X., Voltage across the capacitance, Ve =I Xe Power drawn by the circuit, P=VI coso VI Power factor of the circuit, cos 1L = 2nfL, Where, X_ = Inductive reactancé ot a Xe = Capacitive reactance = 7 = = Z= Impedance of the circuit = |R® + (wl — y = Current flowing in the circuit = —— fh (ot- fe factor, cos = —*—— ee at voi-z ‘The power factor of such a circuit is lagging when wl. >. Incase, wl. <= the power factor ofthis circuit will be leading. Hence, by measuring the voltage across various elements, applied voltage, current flowing, in the circuit and the power consumed by the circuit, all the parameters of the circuit can be calculated..citance are required. To record capa‘ 5 sn connected in of wattmeter has beer vo. Pressure coil of wattmeter is connected bes is needed to measure the voltage across hase variac is essential to have a fings can be taken. Based on the To achieve the above aim, three elements, resistance, er the current and power in the series circuit, an ammeter and the current ®t series with the circuit consisting of resistor, inductor and capaci across the input terminals of the circuit. A voltmeter wi nd prol a resistor, inductor, capacitor and atthe input terminal ofthe circuit. A single P, variation in the current flowing through the series circuit, so that a set of rea above circuit diagram has been drawn as shown in fig. Cireuit Diagram : R L c { poviiy Y OY © 2a0v BE 50 Hz - Connection diagram of series R-L-C circuit Procedure : 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 2. Adjust the setting of variac, so that applied voltage to the R-L-C series circuit is zero. 3. Switch-ON the main supply. 4. Apply a low voltage to R-L-C series circuit and record the reac dings of ammeter, wattmeter and voltage ‘across resistor, inductor, capacitor and across the terminals C and E of the variac. Voltages should be measured by a single voltmeter to increase the accuracy of measurement. 5, Repeat step 4 for increased voltage applied to the circuit. It is sufficient to record 3 or 4 set of readings. 6. Switch-off the main supply. Draw the phasor diagram, corresponding to one set of reading, preferable at higher voltage, and verify the calculated value of power factor. Observation Table: ‘S.No. vw) (mA) Va(¥) VV) Ve. Calculation: May be done as follows: VJ) Xe = Voll (Q) S.No. R=Vp/l (2) X Conclusion: Questions: 1, Define the term impedance and drive the expression for the impedance of this circuit, start a this ci 2 Pie te ipedance of this circuit, starting from the 2, Explain the term power factor of ac circuits. What is meant by lagging and leading power factor? 3. Draw a simple phasor diagram showing the concept of lagging and leading power fy aa direction of rotation of phasors in the diagram. ee —* 4. Comment upon the nature of the circuit and its power i ae Power factor under the following conditions XL=XCNO.9 EXPERIME! AIM: To study Star and Delta Connection in 3-Phase AC Circuit. INSTRUMENTS REQUIRI tity SNO: Name Range Type Quantity T 1 Voltmeter 0-600A, MI 7 2. Voltmeter 0-300 MI 3. Ammeter 0-2A MI Z 4 Rheostat 1002, 5A Double Tube 3 THEORY: STAR CONNECTION Line Voltage = Voltage between any two line terminals, VY, =Vay =Vog = Vey Voltage between any one line & neutral, Vou = View = Van = Vay Line & phase current is equal in case of star connection, Vey =Vin + (Pin) p Vey: = Van + Von} v2 Vn= SH on CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: R ee 4oovDELTA CONNECTION Line Current - Current coming from the line terminal, 1, =1,=1,=1, Phase current —It isthe current flowing through the load connected between two terminals, Ton Tne ev = Ty Tp = Tey — Tam 2 Lar +O Li = [Tye + Tyga + gy Lp C0560" Tr= I= 13 Tent CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: mr coneray OBESERVATION TABLE: ‘Connection 1A) Ton (AY Vi (V) Vin (WY) Star Delta RESULT: for Star Connection for delta Connection 1. Ratio of Vi/ Vpn = 2. Ratio of Ti/I p= VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS Which type of connection is used for transmission of electrical power? What is meant by balanced & unbalanced load? What do you mean by phase sequence of 3-phase ac circuit? How will you convert a given star connection in to delta connection? What will happen if one of the phases is disconnected in star connection yaeneEXPERIMENT NO. 10 OBJECT: Measurement of resistance of the armature winding, series field winding and shunt field winding of a DC machine. NAME PLATE SPECIFICATIONS OF MACHINE: BHP/KW: 7.5 HP Voltage : 250V Amperes : 15A RPM: 1500 rpm INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED: S.No. _Instruments Type Range Quantity 1. ___Ammeter MC 0-154, 1 2. Ammeter MC 0-20A, 1 3. Voltmeter MC 0-30V 1 4. Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1 5. Rheostat Single tube 5002, 5A 1 6. Lamp load Resistive 250V, IKW. 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM LAMP LOAD MC (0-20)A C Spee | Al © I | Mc I (0-30)V I I Fig. (a) Measurement of Armature Resistance LAMP LOAD MC (0-20)A oe [ou ‘1 220V i | MC pe. I (0-30)v ly Y2 7 | I bY Fig. (b) Measurement of Series field winding Resistance5000, 5A le ——.] MC (0-20)A a 2aov oc. Il i (0-300) i) 2 . Ul Fig. (c) Measurement of Shunt field winding resistance THEORY: According to Ohm’s law, the resistance ‘R’ of a winding is given by: Vv R= Where, V = voltage drop across the winding = current through the winding PROCEDURE: 1. Measurement of armature resistance, series field resistance. Connections are made as shown in figure (a), the reading of various meters are recorded for different values of current flowing through the above winding, The variation in current is obtained with the help of lamp bank load. The readings are taken up to 125% of the rated current of the machine. 2. Measurement of shunt field resistance. Connections are made as shown in figure (b), the readings of various meters are noted down for various values of shunt field currents, The shunt field current is varied by a rheostat used a variable resistance. OBSERVATIONS: (a) Armature Resistance: S.No. Tamp V volts Raohms | (b) Series field resistance: S.No. Tamp V volts Ryohms | (c) Shunt field resistance: S.No. Tamp V volts Rzohms | AverageRz= «.. QUESTIONS: 1, Explain why different arrangements for controlling the current are used for the measurements of armature and shunt field resistances? 2. Is the value of resistance measured between the armature terminals constant? If not, Why? 3. Give the values of resistance temperature coefficient for copper and aluminium at 20°C. 4, Given that the room temperature is 20°C, calculate the working resistance of the shunt field at 75°C. 5. Why the resistance of armature winding and series field winding is so small as compared to the resistance of shunt field winding?