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Transformers 2

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695 views35 pages

Transformers 2

Uploaded by

Harshit Raj
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© © All Rights Reserved
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—>—, +4 Transformers Woo rop1Cs DISCUSSED > Magnetic materials > Equivalent circuit > Applications of transformers > Losses and heh < oa > Basic principle of transformers > Regulation ad - > Constructional details > All-day efficiency > EMF equation > Concept of an Ideal transformer > Transformer on no load and on load > Basic tests on transformers > Phasor diagrams > Anto transformed > Three-phase transformer connection > Circuit parameters 41 INTRODUCTION Lransformer is an electrical device having no moving parts, which by electromagnetic induction trans- trical energy from one circuit to another at the same frequency, usually with changed values ige and current. In its simplest form, up of magnetic materials. The windings are made of insulated coppe! a transformer will have two-windings and a common core 1 wire having large numbers re is made of silicon steel laminations assembled together. Windings are placed on the limbs ore. The core plays a very important role in creating easy path of magnetic flux which links the my the core is made of magnetic material, it will be useful to study first the propertes of mag- “Natcrial in general and those used as the core materi ial in transformers. u 2 MAGNETIC MATERIALS cing broadly classified into conducting materi that oh materials such as copper and aluminium wood ne the flow of current through them are Paper and card board, plastic materials, ete ials, insulating materials, and magnetic matenals. allow current [0 pass through them easily, Mate- classified as insulating matenals. Matenals like are insulating materials ete Fomsteme 3.3 Pcl Ergo sent then the rate of faa _ sing cu renee of he rounne ad ee chet he apie pean eee et a ible amount of fax andthe BH cave becomes kent cen ees 3g Force does NOK C205 ay Irene the Bux produced Atanas ee sc er a ya a a mcd Fa Imre pci a a maps ented ‘A magnetic material contains 3s TT poles A magnetic material can bey oe ee rough a col wound around the magnetic material. The product or ing lc cre terug 9 < s throught provides the magnetized fre, wc ectcce tece Fig 3 show» pce of mage Matera bong maging Ft ah cn mn Figure 3.1 (0) Magncizing force applied to © mognetic material produces fx (0 ec cout Bi Magnatsng Crsceron Wert ‘The mori the magnetizing fre applied the more wil be the flux produced. The Figure 3.2 Process of mognetzation ofa mognetc material Hhisgienas tation characteristic is nota straight ine due tothe effect of magnetic saturation. pure.) shows the magnetization characteristics ofthe dferet magne raters The mat Hysteresis fxs also depends onthe maximum fc density. Y, Tha, hysteresis las, W, s expressed as e - W,=KB,'TV, Watts = KB," FY, Watts KB TY, 3.5 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT ‘Ame cisais made with a ore and a magazin ol ce which apt materia ik ian sige The magetizng free which rate ail erate by the numberof terms. N of the magnetizing SSL where Ks constant of proportionality whose value depend on the type ofthe core mse Figure 3.8 shows the hysteresis loops of thee diferent magn loops, its seen that for preci the same maximum fix density. B the magnetizing fi Afferent in the three eases 7 the coercive fore IL, which i required to destroy the residual magnetism, isd ‘materials. For producing the samc amount of ux density, the hysteresis loss, which is pro te hysteresis loop area, i diflerent in these three ease ingsome caren The ne mde eorex ie mse ee ie cer an ( race MEY The MMF rss the [nhs uate Te pO MIRE eet Hh male ain SA lzm~] 26 toc ticTbcoeig — veluchance a Px geen st be Reueunee’~ 030 atone il BFS ou Be a cr ety a ine MAR amount of magnetiing fore (MMF. te NI the ingen he volage lees inreased sing ep-up transformers Before, comecing sn ed lines, whl at the eceving end the voltage lve is lowered before the distribution stages Te vous eel raed ordi te os of ansmission viet ogin mee e to consumers for safety reasons. Consumers ue electricity at 230 Vor at 400 V. sending oi i iv] | STERUP Le h | Transformer [| 2 5 | TRANSFORMER| : es : ag Figure3.7 Block diagramatic representation of a transformer ne A device known as transformer which either ruses or lowers the voltage level of electra «always used at both the ends of the ransmission lines, When voltage is raised from lower ey level, the device used is called a step-up transformer. When voltage is lowered from ahigh level, the transformer used is called a step-down transformer. ‘The frequency of the alterating voltage on both sides ofthe transformer will notch the frequency of the input voltage i, the same will be the fequeney ofthe output vllage. ‘With this introduction, we may define a transformer as a device which raises or lowers level of any electrical power input without changing the frequency. The block diagramatie tion ofa transformer has been shown in Fig. 3.7 Pete dng fe poe inn sn ct se ows [7 eters | ais aware snavatoy [J a. swichtowd DOVE Recier Sipser Distbaon tnsfooer vey | locagranatcreentto of he ds fey rend 3.6.2 Applications of Transformers - ‘ Figure 3.8 Illustrates the use of ransformers in stepping and sepping down operations Nol ampere rating ofthe transformer is the same whether eaeulated on the low-voltage sid ‘high-voltage side, It must be noted that a transformer does not generate any electricity. I forms and transfers cletical power from one cccuit tothe other at diferent vltage evel. "upon the requirement, transformers are made for various vollage and curent ratings, Transm to raise the voltage level atthe sending end ofthe transmission lines, and to lower the ols the receiving end are called power transformers. These are very big transformers rated at, sy, KY and several MVAS (mega volt amps) as their power ratings Smaller transformers are used in lowering the voltage level for the purpose of dst tricity to consumers, The transformer which feeds electricity to your hose wl hae spe {1 KVi400 V, $0 Hz, SOOKVA. Here, the voltages being reduced t 400 V or 230 Vat he ‘safe supply tresidences, These are called distribution ransformers Supply of owe at high {Csidences may lad to chances of fatal accidents and other problems, Equipment to be {o be manufactured fr higher voltage ratings. Insulation of wies used in house wiring Wil “a rotates a generator (6). The generation Flecicity is penerated in the power house eae rte The pat ofthe tansforer ‘olageis 11 kV which is stepped up to 220 end ofthe transmission line tep- it Mere cenaene ras = = cures ymca “Raver wb fe Fa 8 ow Be een ns an an ins of cecil il So ne oP enn 8 a "sen. as one ofthe most important components Irena 3.13 3.12. Bosic Electrical Engineering istormers seconnected ross the secondary winding, ic, when th secondary winding terminals. Et drawn by the primary winding fom the AC supply inl the magnetizing cuent” ute ya cure fy ofl HO oon current iso mapuetie he cre, ie pra u,.wich wil ink“ ste O'all amount of cunt wil pede good anout ffx ony wen he elu: UH wind slow. Thats possible ifthe core is made of magnetic matenl of high permeabi- ~ a HOS PA tance, The core andthe windings ae stationary. ~ cr ee Gomenteed cos the seconary wining cent wil be Boing hou he pe te jad. An additonal current willbe drawn from the supply bythe pamary winding in Ths may elec ove Wilber ome pinay wig cr st ining and the oad ie 3.6.3 Basic Principle - ciple ct tic induction. The basic | orks on th print ofeetomaget intl A tana nace rt ther of ange of linkage by tI voce sina staing commen sre and on is supplied with an AC vole, hen anal wll ow through this winding as shown in Fig. 3.9 core of nage - peso re na position to give a clea defo ofa tansfomet we sco) t iis st8e WS ie device which transfers power fom one circuit the other athe sme a i eet ete meio rt 08 Constructional Details a oo ser Itmay be noted thatthe transformers pase . * oy shaws the outside view ofa transformer Iemay be ote eee ‘otal ne hi The ak has omen bes an os Ne “ {Sani ak ied jo he aforesaid the ose. Te was Sine Se red and he Beat ot oli o0- ges cunt a0 ra magnetic ater arand which 0 cia place, Ove cn 07 Figure 3.9. tration of basic principle ofa ransformer nce male PTE epi wile een vtag 8 sets oan wing Sapp tates om be ala like fn, tube light, electri! motors, ry winding for connecting am ‘The winding across which as supply vollge is connected is called the primary winding. ‘winding, called the secondary winding, is placed onthe other limb of the magnetic core m alternating curent flowing through the primary winding wil create a Aux, 6, in the core wh both the windings as shown. As the current i alternating, twill produce an alternating fax Due tothe linkage of alternating fux, 6, by both the coils, EMFs E, and E, will be induced and secondary windings, respectively. EMFs induced E, and E. AEN,» N,. then the E willbe greater than E, “7 ll be opposing the supply voltage due to Lenz's law and willbe somewhat less than iran 1, wecan gta voltage higher than thes _--gP08 the secondary terminal. The EMF indsced inthe secondary windings ean be ule ‘Poemct wo any oud, which maybe connected across the secondary windings, When the nu otibe secondary winding Nis higher han the primary winding numberof turns, then i H il be available across he secondary windings. The transformer then willbe called & rrasforme ik wih the windngsnie » s pie sess tae hen 8, there wil werk a ep fs sero iw ree Faure 2.10 Conc ee dds ‘Since the induced EMF inthe two-windings are due tothe same alternating, flux in the coe ‘sc by a supply voltage of frequency, f the frequency of induced EMF in the two-windi Se ie oie up ene quency’ -J EMP in the ings 3.14 Bosc Bacco Enginering “The transformer coe is made up of hin sheets called laminations. The laminated silicon ate cut nto proper siz froma big sheet and are placed one above the other to form the con ty pat mets erin sta or in delta, Terminal Primary and secondary sides. The wind. Width and eosrscton The laminated sets a ihly fastened to form the orth ge Ri oe connect ie ee hgh vollge (HV) termi & ceca eae a Beh he tory fener wills ate othe magi ld an ives ming ae as 2 comedies ed wth eer» pls ‘che bao aminton ko k magnetscon whch ent desinble Ta of Te torent ae anaes ofa magnetic material using thin laminated sheets instead of solid one. This is done to edge fre) Tes an for the removal ga famed. PO he expansion iinet ear ong to a pia eet core a wel as ofthe windings which are wound onthe core. The reason fo circu : 7 core is explained below Neemeting, Ts coretYPO and Shell-type Transformers — 2 ikem anaes voltages pid across the primary winding. an temating curent ya Ore Fr coms ie pean lye Thne eso nF 3 0) through the winding. Ths curent will produce an alternating flux which will ink (i, pag wre 92% Ne aype construction the primary and secondary windings are placed around the mb of but the primary and secondary windings. Te Bux wil close thie path through the magoete ee? ff? ere. Ze windings are made in eylina form an ar paced rund the core limbs "Cote sre mal Mis lenin te hth wings he anger fgg win dan ie nb Oe rg ining ne induced LMF, es expressed as och high-volage winding aed somewhat ay rm threo so ice earn windings ar isulted fromthe corp ling nda ise mse ae re the windings are made upon cop wis nwo scion x parts nd a 3) Fee placed n potion fom pinay and ecny wings, spect where, N isthe number af turns ofthe winding, and 6 is the flux produced. [EME will also be induced inthe core material when the material is being subjected to an Ina ‘magnetic field. Due to this induced EMF in the core, a cireulating current, called eddy current wil foe Cee Across the cote ctoss section IF the core is laminated and the laminated sheets are varnished wi Int hed wih ws timely he ey erent wl et reduced an enc he wil be edced ey curet oa reduc he el erent lon thee thecfore made on amie leon ea ae, Instead of onthe cofe mae up laminated sco il sees Whe cen postage inane ae ea he yrs in te eos red irs ns oc tr tio the mane dipoles he mapric mail when eat bet the ae, magnet el. Thc minding ofthe wansormer ae made up of ill oper wis. he costo te they esl Sep up he requiem ferent carrying apy ard he abe funy ne cee accrng the wha of pinay nd econ winding. The ce thc wiing stem ae laced ie tan ied wth anfnmer ofr purpose of pie insulation to the windings and also for cooling purpose. Transformer oil used is mineral oil having high teen arent The ans provided ih adn ues tal td gets eel the tubes and heat produced inthe transformer is radiated tothe atmosphere through the oi erlang fom he nk hop be adage, Heat is produced in the transformer due to FR Joss in the windings and hysteresis and | eddy current toss im the core. The FR loss inthe windings will depend upon the magnitude of current flow toss) the windings hn the raaovme spying me lr loa The cor ss wich ih Irs sn ney ern se eas Cnt any fond Even whe the anf ‘circuit, t¢., the secondary winding, is not connected to any load, there will be core loss once aM alerea {ng vag applied wo its primary winding. Along as the primary voltage is kept constant he ins wl'cmaconsan.Tat sy he oe fos cal cont fon The fs wih (ed cope iain vanae a vain with te mage ad cue These kes wll neat the Wenforme uns the he! generated i radiated out 10 #0 jr xs to evra sation tenth wil ec nd timely B® de he vane nag i comple sphere. Ia tram be short circu 3.16 Bosc lecricalEnginering Ina shel¢ype constuction, the windings are placed inthe central imb. The wind fom os umber of elt and ape one aoe he Oe Te ene eee cent in ae lols winding econ, These LV tons and FLV sets ag ter lowes and hla wings. The width of th cena limb nt eon tr hss tht the Px density is the same in al the Himbs. ot The chic of typeof ore tobe sed frtansformer onstruction depends ona umber power transformer, in general. the core-type construction is preferred while for distribuyg. 2% depends upon the magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary windings, Voge ‘struction the magnetic coupling is better than in the core-type construction, HYPE th eto! Ss sy aging 8 eres as cal o> 6,sine isan vale nd, te mime sina ing 9° Oe! cat y4l@u sin) a ~3.7 POWER TRANSFORMERS AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER, Rover aeons comet he wo cn f the mansion nest step up th wage, Asuna of rch rasrmet io omen pull Goede ee a pombe tani Thy ae rights, 72208 TODA ee transformers is very large. They are installed outdoors in a substation, Diauca tures ft cy th eer rh Tetons rly of plnued pean ses ema cepa egy 2 ho supp ccf tne consumen Even theta comunplatsrokent gee hanuion etsome i hi oan nrgas ale ie Ths cr sof a oa €=- Nooo =-N4,obsin(or- m2) =N6,0sin(ox-90°) reseqation i ofthe form e-E,snla-97) trust be low by design Otherwise, te al-ay operating efeney wile on E=Na,o oo ay 3.8 EMF EQUATION « ae ‘eas for sinusoidal voltage th RMS wae tims maxima vai I.E he RNS sv ofthe induced EME, then ‘A two-winding transformer has been shown in Fig, 3.12. We have known that EMFe are inducedinte ‘transformers primary and Secondary windings when alternating fux link both of them. The regu alternation ofthe flux will depend upon the frequency ofthe primary supply voltage whichis noma 50 Hz. The magnitude ofthe EMF induced in the two-windings ofa transformer will be differenti, have different number ofturns. Let us now derive the EMF equation Referring o Fig. 3.12,and cai ring a sinusoidal input voltage, V, ata frequency the flux produced due to curren is $= 0, site co E, _ Nola _NO,203.8f Espey ale a * = 4489, FNVols | on — indigE,8 Peau winding has N, turns. The induced EMF inthe primary wine F-44908, : ding having , urbe of tas, the os Sethe same fux producing, als links the s#eossFY "nd EMP inthe secondary winding, E,i8 - 6o Bad Q INV riding cs, (3.3) by eq, 3.4), 4 E & Figure 3.12 Twowindings of o nansformer wound on a common core 5 3.18 Bosic lecricol Engineering fs 6, and E, whch re ue 9 ting, ase! EMG EMF equion where vas shown gg ot 28 Ml ay BT can be ain, according to Lenz I hea =. sin wt, the induced EMF E = ys wd) AB law, the induced EMF Ems Pee ies The magni of willbe eevee ew om antiwar its seen that cure! , fon fom higher paca ne ee 15 Thus E,oPPsEs VE, rey and eng Sp ee K iscalled the ratio of voltage transformation. Fora step-up transformer, N,>N, ang Fs mor than | Fara step-down tasfomer Niles than N, and ence Rey 3.9 TRANSFORMER ON NO-LOAD ~~ Trantor on no-loud means hat the seconry winding i ope 0 elect fe etl Tame i etal ind atl ne ben shown in Fg 3.3 ta fin an aon ct) comme as seminal or ppg feet BT nd ewe ng ayn es cee lta of Dhue wih aad rege pecng Ta Since the transformer on no-load isnot ding ny usefal work except tat it emaing cee oc ting eure Seman et et i cme 9 tin i me ee side, the transformer wil draw some small amount ofcurent, I. Simplified representa hf ied fut inte CO: 1.681101 Sn sequal oes, There. 1, former on no-load hasbeen shown in Fig. 3.13 ()- Since there is no load connected acme 2° ary winding the circuit is open, and hence no current willow through the Secondary wie so been shown. The primary supply volge is V, and the current fowing through his winding ofS willbe the phasor rlanonship between V, and I,” Ifthe winding isa purely inductne age eM BYE the voltage V, by 90°. However, there wil be hysteresis loss and eddy current loss inthe ee Meet | "Ssiead power input is wasted as aos there 0 cpa Soule a ompone inp wi The coos ol V1 Wate Teeter a Sere ¥, by an angle somevat ess tan 90: IV, isshown vera, illo V, by an angle fag cro, input equal fst. Let wht athe oad ses ict owin 2 nding which has a eitaoc of sy, here wll be sae amour of cope ss ns bern shows Fp 3150) a aes Howes fila bes Scr me ra alte li inate Teer oss tomo Om aed agar resis sss cased due oh magretzaton of the magnet ata in ete res lyse fhe sup og Te magi pes of be mete mae a esi pong ering BTe wo eo > et rc a cure ae mani of aly cures fo er indo oe care. Lag Hs ra anja sag map te E ninco ees ned se rf the to-indings. EMF tinned te ce mii Vig +E The input W, is equal t0V, 10s 4, which equals V, The induced EME inthe second cE, has been shown lagging fax @by 90° I as been assumed that N, > N,. and He net spond pone ot 1a” pe nod power itor michis row ny 0. 50), pas ie eh the pri ima i Shae SSSR duct int ore crescent comme cele #9 Secny Stowe wneessrily. This eure sof owe 1 0 Oe winding ‘lle eddy current ies “The sum of hysteresis loss (W,) and ‘eddy current loss (W,) @ {A ocitoa loss (W,). The no-load input power i expressed an “4 eek = Maenget the small amount of Ff, ten, o-oo inpe PEt 7 a — ge = Weems, “oot nput power is approximately uel 0 FS i 40 TRANSFORMER ON LOAD sate spp 1 the serials veh secondary cit a Some electrical load is connected across stereo, wi Bow fhe the magnetic ce tha he primary supply va cate okag available across the oa, ¥, Wil ® Figure 3.13 Transformer on no-load: a) core and the windings (6) no-load phasor dlogram emma 3.20 Bosic Electrical Engineering Fonfomen 3.21 R CIRCUIT en the wasorme i faded the secondary cure IW reMe Pin he cor NSFORME! PARAMETERS ‘TFiraton vo that of te original core fax which was produced on no-load. Ths, eae " O EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT Erinn vache PATE A. ec a Seer a __"fetcen Van il ntease and du this more erent of amount wil eda pling ansormer on oe ply mains through the primary winding. This current will produce an opposing oro ete pel ge eestor. Si te winds mae ig ace age By hat N= 1 Then. thee ns wil lan each te nd cee ge i me opp ‘will remain changed in te core. Irrespective of the magnitude of the load curren ee) Me The resistances of 7. md eo me Me aang oe Taal oeatersenie apt Toa er a An st han esisanes hae ben own py, tie wathags atone seeds a eal % % ww — or, v ye{S),-x, . a | Ny, as | "emay bent hat nerd action the primary cure, i eq th sum of odo i 78 and I’, which is K times I, 1s the additional current drawn by the primary winding du a of the transformer ee Ni % Ev veh Thus, o eres Figure 3.15 Tonsforer on ood gue amber ofan ut wot having ay estan Inter ors, we my at hn argc the windings ave been shown spray te windings willbe assumed 3s ing no erat be noted tht input volage Vs higher an ended EMF (cen lows rm se Yo love ptt) Tees EME ren nod eri la ‘iting rears ofthe windings, the volage eqn Vinh RE i Fy BURY 7 5 | ese are also % {8 pres te inary asec wna poy Raa Tas 0 f D «aled copper losses. Note that the above two voltage equations et i o "ssances of the windings, Voltage drop det reactance ofthe windings has been exes jeakag eactaces due ‘iwer, in ation to the resistance ofthe windings he windings wil ve aks helekage Mux in the core, Te concept of leakage reactance ‘eon Fig 3.16 shows a transformer on load. det leakage x is explained ® figure 3.14 (a) Transformer on load; (b) simplified phasor diogram of a transformer ‘on resistive-inductive load ‘The phasor diagram relating all the parameters under loading condition neglecting the voltage 099 to winding ressances nd leakage reaciances has sen shown in Fig 3.14 (The phasor Sats for some resistive-inductive load when the load power factor angle is 6, That is why I, has been: ‘ageing the load voltage V, by an angle 6, is the addtional primary cument drawn from eS source to counter balane the demagnetizing effect of I,(,N, = 1'N) — Tronslomers 9.23 3.22 Boric Becricol Engineering i, gure 3.17 Tonkimer pees eve cit (epi oa em ‘nema fox gs om hh wing Ti x ks tah he primary an mean cum ate age ox eee deo care ne tn a eae ened EMF ne o-ie ihe iw Te as i I Soy orton! wn Fe ee ean ince on EF ne wn reap SM yo Te mec vlug ae aed eae carte ay th pays comry Wineag rol do nih on Scie logs op he ray ng Loma winding do aaa wa uma L= BN sre fom the secondary cto be pinay cei eX! 1 ox,(%) =X Mee xox (Ro Nook, inary sie, te approximate equivalent he esaces for he sake of of the parameter on the pris icahageeoctceX, and iX, sconsi Jee ee acd thr EME and Ere induced in primary and secondary windings tom = th ck 2X: ist ented EE aa aes windings etc shag es and | ORTE psened a sown nF 318 to ween Ea eultng induced EMP in te twoowinngs are represented ty ec OMS Soe ton can ae tt aoa mye caeean Has Oe REN 2 st cider th mn cae of eta song wih earn 281 and tags V, by 9" tances X, and X, creating voltae drops. Tet of leakage fix. The complete transform cil reactance considered to represent the e fy shown in Fig. 317. In tis cieuit dlagram we have not considered the cout shown in Pig. 3.17 isan approximate b- Tghas two components ‘i neuen orang tough an indice racine se Spewn asa curten flowing tough a resistance the compe equal ict epee instomplete equivalent cicuit.” Wy be noted that Ti the sum of I and I ean be shown parameters has ee tea in pase with Vs : XC hereas Ica drawn bythe transformer. 80, the Siren Sica tthe rantemer Ste yinaty cnc impedances, andthe ssondsy winding impedance 2, sae in pa wi a TH ee cmt, andi ir, Sum ofa 20 RTO and 2, = JRO. “91f eshvn Tsu of and in Sumo 7 SSR et ot nt tea es eer canbe simple y nei ce i renee asa lel ranch nd ne cases asa fe Say emai eT Neca [Note that the transformer isa coupled circuit, For the sake of simplicity in calculation, we might Conver it into a single evel by transferring the circuit parameters ofthe primary circuit to these ty crit and vie versa ‘Let un see how the secondary circuit parameters can be transferred tothe primary side Lat oases: the value of R, when transfered othe primary side. BY considering the same amount of resistance when transferred ftom one curren evel othe other, we can equate the copper loses ‘lo tn approninate equal! ce Svosdewn nig, 3-18 ear. # aH wid ERE a tee Ry " won(t)-m (i) 3.24 Bosic Elem Engineering Tronsfomers 3.25 RR ae oe TT i | tf ‘ _—— Figure 2.20 Apron eqn icf ranomer neglecting read ay, Combining the resistances an eactanes the equivalent resistances R and equivalent tepesented as Za hasbeen shown in Fig 3.21 "act Kw ° L. @ figure 3.22 (o) Phosordogram fa ranome on food; (b) Exoct equivalent creit the direction of 1, Then add se direction. The resultant drawn as ~E,) vetorially. The direction of, is in a, with , ie i make 90° with the dicecton of Inthe antilock Figure 3.21 Approximate equivalent circuit ofa ronsfrmer with secondary paren reload the primary side Hi etl This simplified equivalent circuit of the transfor be used il eV, To get V, we have to subtract vectorial Rad LX, from E, The no-load current, Sage epee of ret canbe sed clu te perfomance meget ompore of en ad sare wh a Real est vecermot andthe el gam son rea cared here tat , hs bee kena 3.12 PHASOR DIAGRAM AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT aon only forthe sake of clarity. OF A TRANSFORMER ‘The complete phasor diagram of transformer ata lagging P load has been shown in Fi retin fr drwing iinet Sgro -— Draw the ux veto asthe reference vector along the x-axis. The voltage indwced inthe ings, E ans E, will ag fux by 90 I itis a step-up transformer, E, will be bigger in oe yaa stn Ser es Et ag a Ben cp eon Eas en sewn in 2 Dag : 1» I opposite to I. Draw I, lagging (-E,) by a large angle. Add I; and 1, vectorial th cos we hav wo Toate V, and We apply Kirchbof's law inthe primary winding cic nd |U13 DISTINCTION BETWEEN A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER AND AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER shown in Fig 3:23. The en te lod terminal eo To produce te fxn the core whi reac fhe o-vindng ave been Own SP- omer asthe windings ofan “Tea ANS” te a os components curet, 1. have Been parallel branch indicates the current This current as two com ‘Teequvalent circuit of a transformer is would link both the ‘nty the transformer on no-load even os, and 1s the curent requted ‘igs the primary and the secondary Asshown in Fig, 3.23 (b) the esistances and ‘ey So, we ean consider the two-windings oft VaR =i X,— oe lene Furthermore, the magnetizing cuenta ae femer can be * V,=E,4,R,+i1,%, “Gp Sr spntly These two carrens oer he ead Soe te ion core (see ee demeng no magetzng caret ad 2 06 HSE hg vole fom secondary wind ogc 0 magnetizing Curent Toad en ts) Th lee) Te a "pe concept of an deal ‘a8 no FR loss in the ‘vinding, and no vue opin he ing fer which ofcourse is ot possible whee 9 {etd dy curent los). The primary and Similarly forthe secondary circuit we write _E, -LL-ih sng equation) develop the phasor diagram step by step, 3.26 boxe Elecrical Engineering oe Figure 3.23 (o) A single-phase transformers; (b) Equivalent cirevit ofthe hansformer 4 idea! transformer is ane whick has no core loss, no copper loss (winding losses), no leakage reactance. and no voltage drop in the winding. The efficiency of an ideal transformer, 100 per cent and voltage regulation willbe zero While Designing a transformer, the attempt is made to achieve these quantities but such ide ste 15 oot possible to achieve 3.14 LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER Since a transformer isa static device, there is no rotational part init, and hence there is no rotational frvtional losses. Due fo current flow through the windings, there willbe IR loss in both the pms and secondary windings. There willbe core loss in the core which combines hysteresis loss und i ‘current loss, 3.14.1 Copper Loss ° Copper loss =H R, +R. = Compe oii te a ft su, Wh ie etry ets a Seay sie, eens +B z ‘Similarly, the primary circuit resistance when referred to the secondary side, the total sector ay Ny, > : ee, Yeohamen 3.27 opt 8 UR PR _ rent is changed, Te oad ca 53 from fal fa 1 ne ge at fl load {aha oa cpp ces ho kes sc te en 1 ot tat ake oe re tes oss and ey CUTE Ts. Theses xpd ie oss FO : : 42 Hysteresis Loss % tage is applied the piary winding of be ening - ine Tan ie cor hes pen aera ee era [ an ees bese) mens tt Seamed 2 in opposite directions every half yl Sacee Wi =nBStvw js the ysteresis oss in Was sr iu ao a ey ia Wha “he supply fequency nie Mme ofthe on corn “ie seinmet constant si hysteresis Toss low the mae wih a lover alu of siamo, sachs sion Jn pose asthe core mate 414.3 Eddy Current Loss ‘ent cor is subjected to an alternate magnetic eld EMF is induced inthe winding and nthe ore veal ako. This EMP eausesciruling cure inthe co, and thereby produce loss-eatng ‘Een eat Ifthe cove gts heated up, i proces an undsiabl eft on he mtn mate “inte windings. Eddy cure os is expressed as w,=Kaiet see Wis the ey current loss in Wats 5, ise maximum valve of ux density {the uppy feequency ‘isthe thickness ofthe core materi iy coment Ts is mininized by sing in ‘ico. The laminated tel sheets ae ase ‘isin: varnish, This eeates an obstruction 1 xt os. ia sh tel st oe mate slo i ee ue fe ch ae eet read oes) a ee ee a easements bow sable te volage ‘Wag ifeaton mepltion mt deal Te Ise lation san important ses : — 2S te mth ee of ange ind 620 Sy ny te ng GS and determination of voltage [ Mos inthis section —— 3.28 Bosc Eecicl Engineering 4 . Tronslormes 3.29 3.15.1 Concept of Voltage Regulation 2 calculation of Voltage een Xa reulion ofa ransfomer is defined a the perentagé chang in emia yy ens SN de age ransformer loa tno ladconton nds expressed asthe perentage ofthe fload ote, Egg I 2g he e004 Winding iE, Noy, ws es UP tial ithe sae as E-\ v, Percent voltage regulation 100, inthe Output voltage from nolad ter ta = than rycton in 0 ‘se eave and leakage reactance. The i 7 et or eterminaton of okag eda wc 2 PSO Sagan as shown in Fr diagram shown in Fig, 325, e wil onde Ba) A high ale of vokage regulation mans hat there isa large change in he terminal is applied othe aston, which sot desirable noe a Enis, ae ly very small. This approximane os eth OF sequal to length OC ‘The expression fo voltage egulation in terms of load current, load power factor, an peanate 58 Frmtieits Te imation is made to simplify the determination ofan cuit parameters canbe fund fom the simplified equivalent cuit ofthe tansfonmer eset nf we wl conse the aproxiat quant cite ofthe ransfomer with pinay cient noreodt refered to the secondary side as shown in Fig, 3.24 The phasor diagram relating the vag Ey = OA+AB+BC=0A +AB + DE has also been shown. Rand X7 are the equivalent resistance and reactance, eapeots at 1, T,RY c08 6+ DF cos (90 srnsfrme refered othe secondary sie smth , /,+ LRYc0s 9+ 1X" sing om Figure 3.25 Phosor diagram of tonsormer asin Fig. 3.24) E-¥ regula = Bn centage regulation aoe _FARTo0s0+1, X70 op) v ‘the power factor is leading, then we will have ® so Pet egution AN " Figure 3.24 (o) Simplified equivalent circuit of«ronsformer; (6) phasor chogram; [eluted HE tceloas power factors : ‘phasor diagram for calculation chek ¢ Teplfoncn i ese tring ly tpn te may ‘The equation cclating E, and V. can be writen from the circuit in Fig. 3.24 (a) (i). as ¢ 3.16 EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER E Vy +L R% jx" ci ‘i somes lost inthe ion core as core aus {evi nutpowerts atest et me ce "ssand some is lost in the windings as copper 1ss. ‘tion and windage loss (rotational lss) in the transformer Te ple dgrin shonin Fig 324() as been da i. ma using the above equation. I, has bea {ing the voltage V, by the power factor angle. We add LR,” with V.,.R "being taker the sae a1, ThenjL.X is ddd which at 9 sntlocknie ie Vier ‘with I. The phasor sum of V,, LR," Inge, Seve. = Output + Loss E, The approumate value of the votage drop, ic the difference between E, and V, can be - hasor diagram sho in Fig. 3.24 (c) wil be used to develop an expres for volage a: Hen. = Japa” Output Lowes Ouputpower Sapurpower+ WW, Y,1o0se, cor fal 100d cope sis ut tod copper Foss . Vie, +W, 30, cn we where W, = ion toss oF core loss ee {oll oad copper loss See oe ce inst = output voltage awe satisfy a smncretonsiia ay : 8 simon - «0s 6, «load power factor. (note that inthe expression for efficiency load power fact sion setaedonees tute, Wary, Thea wich we maxim hts oon matin fe ots | ie 88 ‘ si fe ee, i determin by ierentiating he expression for efiency wih respect tthe load cue etn in moi 3.17 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY este fond cope san xs te fetn fe io t whic cay wl c ‘The expression for 1 after dviding the numerator and denominator ofthe right-hand: sion for 1 by 1, canis writen as — ig hnow th KYA fe ret ian fie, wal ermine 5 Veceat, fas KVAatn,, =x Flood kVA Vyo0sd, +0W,/1,) +E Re71) Where R7 isthe equivalent resistance ofthe transformer windings referred to the secondary si Sem le msanuns ederim minum Ween, defen es ‘or by differentiating it with respect tothe load current, and equating to zero as 6H 7 soon nian ain = en Pulload kVA. of a ranaormeris fen expres interns of ney ut in 2 rina a the apoyo vi efficiency which is explamned as follows. cexay input. Such a calculated efficiency is known as ll-y Efrem etoin 0 3.18 ALL-DAY EFFICIENCY ‘armor when connected the fa his renin ee aly oy fumed Even en l he nds ae vhf 08 ang am ee {eianfrmer has to emtin on. Ths, eset of he don he rane ‘fra the 24 hours ofthe dy. Hower, the copper los wil denen ie mARONE wll eventually vary fom tie wine. Alri ene) I yout (power multi by time, ee) 024m pat ney in 24 ow sn Toss in 24 hours + copper lo Gla) 7 zed all he time, ready to supply the an ERI=W, ‘When copper os at a particular load equals the cor loss, efcency wil be maximum at hat oT condition fr maximum ficiency of transformer is Core los = Copper loss ‘The value ofthe load curent at maximum efficiency is determined a bday Efiieney Som aeyy in De hour + toa Output energy in 24 hous " pu power and the allay . poner tei © J Bi commeriateficieney which isthe rato ofthe oP i atome a * J ee Se nove weeklies fr don somes a ‘oth oa al the tie. ected he a athe our i ae | omer which ar a sa of ouput pera ve want to know at what per sy tse of ach nestor weed eknow ifeficieney is maximum at 75% ofthe fll load o at 80% ofthe fl load or at 100% ofthe -—_Tond) we can determine as follows ‘oresponding input power. 9:32 fone flaca! Engnerng 3.19 TRANSFORMER TESTS FOR DETERMINING EFFICIENCY AND VOLTAGE REGULATION Ieper fans in: eg Eastin) cnet van eding oes an sutra ect et panes ed eR noun The pararces athe sss nthe tansfrmer can be determined by tae perce est or fad es andthe short et, These et ae explained ae ee 3.19.1 Open-cireuit Test or No-load Test Ins est the taser prisy winding is supplied with its ated volage ‘ing unconnetd oh ade. with nea on he secondary. Noma i the low-voltage winding. The bigh-voliage winding is kept open. Three measuring ne eBay ‘sm lime dan are conned he lw ole td whom The equalen ici of he Te eather cml nL ene pepe ea eget lint an te su ie Cares meae e hy 1 The input power, W, i No lad power factor From the equivalent circuit on no Figure 3.26 (o) Tons aR change ig "ee 2 Short-circuit Test ine secondary winding is hort citcuited witha wir and areduedsoage applied across io wie af re one wate, a an arta comin he irc be measrret el wage under the short-cut condo Ve over conuned, W, a be cre serpy Itmay be noted that for convenience, the low-voltage winding is usually Short cxeusted which ss Sat winding. The instruments ar coneidin th highvolage wining cea er the Seren comparatively lower than the low-voltage ide ashas een shown in Fig. 3.2 (a) This ere et ets Unie tessa eect 92 fie po cet, hasta Be appl othe pay wing cle tl eure RRS fe windings. Current inthe primary winding (LV. aig) wl ho be ower hana De se ining. Ths, by condaing he hres st fe gh vlape wan eth seyeliage winding shored we can hve an cate mesure farforme has en shown nde mad condone y WV, Jycoeg W. Joa [se Fg 3.26) : FJ Roay! @ and xX, 3 LV. Side LV. Side bss = =e = 4 | ia Ieee pa ee {, Open 7 | aa 3 vival circuit under Fie 3.27 hortcievit test on a ronsomer 0) est serene She short cre condon former on no load (6) equivalent circuit on no load Toros 3.35 3.34 fone Eincree Exgreerre trey also emote hea he shores st we rata condition when Flood ae flow trough neh te pramary and secondary windings. Therefore, the copper losses in the moO Ni Sopa we area of cpper star woul thers our when he -. Tero nad ae rue ottge. Creating his ype of loading condition ofa so, SEU EASEENSn tty hear ener dram othe shor nse pee hg nth shore condiion hare boc shown ig Sh othe eguaiet cet shows, i may be observed that the coe loss a sieges ns shows othe po-ioad est Bas Been aeplected bere. Tis because oR See eure oti nd volage bats al fein ooo Te Eiprsea! ote applied soltge fra small voltage applied under sor eeu Sas comnts fen aegited. Thu. we can equate he watetr reading copperige SOURED Tne storie tw eeadings are taken by adjusting the vokage appiegan® Soph avarac. 2 Anau wansformer So thatthe rated curent Sows (1 be nae ge Ser mane pte) ough the windings From he readings ofthe he instamen alculatons are made. per loses the two-windings having the rated curent lowing through them, Egunalent impedance, Figure 3.28 Xavz issih les than V,beause there wil be sme or. Equivalent reactance From the data obtained from the no-load tst and the short-circuit tes, the efficiency and regulation a transformer can be calculated without actualy loading the transformer, ay =200¥ Trinkced EMF in the primary windingsisE, sgedap inthe winding 1>E,8,-F,= Voge drop inthe rina wg cre ovine ow wen some lect "Teaold crrent, is very small a compare the curettht weld me comet aerows the secondary winding He th rarsforer is om ud m0 ond has ome tits secondary winding. "tel the no-load voltage drop inthe wing we at we V,=E, £,=4449,1%, 3.20 SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Example 3.1. transformer has 1000 turns on its primary and $00 turns on the secondary. Wh voltage, V of fequency fis connected across the primary winding a maximum flux of 2 102 We 's produced inthe core which inks both the windings, Calculate the value of the EMF induced ints two-windings Solution: Let E, and F, be the EMFS induced in primary and secondary windings, respectively Here, N= 10 ae F, =4440,0N, 442 10 «50% 1000, av and £, =4M0,0N, 244 210°" 50500 =mv 3.36 Bosc Ecrical Engioewring 35 fe 100/220 V, 50 H ss the mavimu fx density and isthe cross-sectional ara ofthe cor, ete sn ew ni 50 He, 100 kVA transformer when Bithe x density Mi Ges ifthe EMF per tam is $y, +H amber of ums of the primary and ‘Substituting values: A a 2 x 50.900 ; 20-444, x Se a 20x10! 2300 foie _ Ba = Fea x64 x45000 | $44 x 64x45 Ue ae : XN,=E, B, = 0.18 Wein? on . u 1100 se Exomple 3.3 4 110220 trsforme is suplied wih 110 50 Hz supply to it side Ts dsr to have maximum vale of core fox as 42 mW, Catala be ere ee < tums ints primary winding, Solution: 110 V. Neglecting the winding voltage drop under no-load condition, = E,= 110 B,=4446,0N, Sebsttatng values, 110 44442» 10> «50 N, 10x10 wi 119 tums 44x42x50 Example 3.4 A 100 kVA, 1100/220V, $0 He transformer has 100 turns on its secondary Calculate the number of tums ofthe primary wining; the currents that would ow in bot the wine ‘when fully loaded andthe maximum value offux in the core Solution: Given, N,=100 V, =E,andV,=E, trample 3.6 The no-load input power to rasfrmer is 100 W. The no-load cues 3A when {erty applied vollage i230 V at 0 He, Theresia othe primary winding in0.5 0. Calelte ‘val ofiton oss and n-Load powe fact. Sion: ‘nolo the input power is lost a a small amount of os inthe winding anda core loss Rating ofthe wansormeris = 100 VA = 100 « 10°VA. me VA _ 100310? Primary current, a aaa eae i ‘Since voltampere rating is the sme forthe transformer on both the sides, Soondary current, = ag OHIO i bea ASS For caleltng 6, we wil use the EMF equation. 444 0,0, Subst values 00= $.44@,» 50% 500 aac « 4,=99 10 Wb = 3.38 Bosc Eecrical Engineering . Let No-oad input power be W, W,=V,1,e054, w, oe TE 100 cost, = SIO = 0. lgsing xa os¢ isthe no-load power fit ofthe tansfomer. Aloo rity wining opera i es "Sisco, 3.8 4 4007200 V, 50 He tansfome rvs odo cuet of 6 Aa. pone far Pease spies cet cf OAM HOV eteled Toei ee at isthe magnitude of curent dwn byte taster fom th spgy nse ‘ere ER, =F x05=45 W ‘The wattmeter eading W, indicts the power loss inthe core as als in the winding, Core loss, or ron loss, W=W,-ER, = 100-45 =955W Example 3.7 A 100 kVA, 2400/240 V, 50 He transformer has a no-losd current oF 0644 wa co of 700 whe iio ie end ad alge and ec Cn ‘components of the no-load current and no-load branch Parameters of the equivalent circuit, ‘Solution: electing the small amount of copper loss a no-load, ese ga and he par dn vg caren ih es ap fee on ho Fi 33 ee ono gm ‘tesa ga arama el per ew O8 G9 EL {LISS rs ne deren dave ye pinay bce od cae seh that 045 sing, = 089 1, =I, sing, = 0.64x0.89= 057, ‘stating values N, + r00( X so =50A. is te pinay current when he Seton in ig. 3.31, itis obser that eps of and We "asfomeris leaded “The angle between I, and I/@,~ i» sing aw of parallelogram, pet} +) 42m toalt.t) 3.40 fos Fito Engineering subsotuting values = (S0v' #(0) + 2x50 bc084F ox 12986 x Lo shoa Example 3.9. 40) 200\; $0 He 10 kVA transformers primary and secondary tan ers Stand 0 and wining lekage reactance ofS and | respon xuvalent esisance and eat of the transformer refered to the secondary side, Whee power will be lost in the windings? a A Solution: RX Bb pea 4 “ffs wl]s ss y o al pre I ab eae cen age “Le opin Watts ae ‘ ee hs iron loss | aba copper loss Figure 3.32 (b) Given, SOX, =102. ‘a oad apa, (esuming V,=E, and V.=E) Compe oss nt zis passing through the equivalent resistance, R joss = 1: Ri” =(50)*x1.125 (Output in VA =: Trmormers 3.41 XX Rede 25 0 RSRVER, =625405, =1150 XT=XT+X, =125¢10 =225.0 WA= 10 VA= 10 1000 ¥,1,= 101000 101000 _10x1000 1, = 1. toxt000 Lag asa. 28KW, uample 9.10 25 KVA, 20007200 V asfomer bs constant sic rm os of 380 W and ast xp loss calle the variable loss of 00 W, Celt the fen ofthe ranformer fall {attra fad 0.8 power factor lagging ouput in kW =RVA cash = 25 «08 = 20W uiput gyn upatx100 cog = -OuBet100_ a" Input ‘Output + Losses. = 20% 1000 3s0W =400W Cupar 00 2 ‘Output + Core loss + Copper loss = 2010004100 96.4 per cent = 1000+ 3504400 10x10 = 350 W (remains constant tall ons) as square of the loud) = 400 = 199 W (sible los vars 4 10x1000%100__.957per ct ‘1 Fp 1000 350100 9.42 Bosc Horio Engiawrg 2008x100 0H single-phase transformer asthe fa 7 VA, 1000200 V 50H single-phase theologian, Bis 20x08+04+08 pe _ 16x00 T7794 Percent Example 3.11 che open-circuit est and the short-circuit test data, serene at what load the efficacy wil be maximum. 1 det tot ion of full load at which the efficiency will be maximum, Since copper Ios is pro= Neon tcondace tbe woes W=90W, Ur}2A, V=20V - ‘eso es conducted tte iho sie: meen A V,e50¥ fete tied enum ey cerca ope nents Can PAW, =¥, some wrn0ow 1 CCaleulate the efficiency ofthe transformer at ful-toad 0.8 pf lagging. What willbe the Fn aa =q a ei cs rephvlagesis a aken ly a to the Seton mpd et cele epoca oe cer onl thestorceinaut tet when the raed current ows trough the windings can be taken ss equa aga sine Ue? = 400-082 aot atch VA rating il be maximum when the load is 0.82 of 20 kVA, ic.,0.82 x20 16.4 kVA. At Asan lorena te hone ie — Se oe, a area n= 16xO82100 oe pre The = 76.4 «0.8 + (4007 1000) + (400/ 1000) l 51000 7000 5A Ss percent alee the samp mer is 985 Je 9.13 Efficiency of 400/200 ¥, 200 RVA transfor ‘ator At hal lad, 0.8 power factor lagging te efiiency i wo Fee loss and fl-foad copper loss “Thus, we se that the short-circuit test was conducted under the fll-load condition, sles oF ore Therefore, copper loss = Wy, = HOW 90 Seon: and iron oss = W,= 90 W= 755 kW ie core loss and W., be te full4ad coppet Tos. 20x08 Efficiency n= RV Aces 100, My = 0985 = 5505084 W, + Wa WVAcono+ W. + Wo 5x0.8%100 \ 7 = cen « soe 5x0.8+(110/1000) + (90/1000) are 0885 = TeoEW, FW Full load copperloss = 1;R2 =110 Wor Ri = 12. « 160. 2160+ W, + Wa opper =H Wor R;= Haase i _ « = 2as kw =280W Example 3.12 4 20 kVA, 1000/200 ¥, 50 Hz has core loss and copper loss as 400 W Wer W2 243 fatbload value. Efficiency at half respectively, under he ful-oad condition, Calculate the eMiiency at fl load 08 lagen ‘cao, W, wll remain the same but W., wil bene foush #6 hat percentage of fll load will the efficiency be maximum and what isthe value of maxima teas ma oat a Solution: : Sasi a TH HO Full-oad ficiency at 0.8 lgging pf, y= Wout 100_ We Foam W, + FEW ouput foses aii a _ 0.975 = 530-44W, + Wa = RVAc089%100 BVAcos+ W,+W,, BAA banc Becrical Engineering 320. 320+ 4W, + W, = oars ca 4.W, + w= 82 KW = #200 W rom (i) and (i, w= 1923 w and w.=507W Example 3.14 The equivalent stcit parameters of #300 kVA, 2200200 ¥, 0 ‘transformer are: primary winding resistance, R, ~ 0.1 ©; secondary winding resistan. cot primary leakage reactance, X, = 0.4 0: secondary leakage reactance, X,=0.03 0: resist pl Ing core los. R= 6 x 10°02. magnetizing reactance X, = 2 x 10°. Caleulate the volage nee And eficeny ofthe transformer aul load tO powcr factor lagaing sd y= aci+cet = (E,c089+1.R0F HE sing 1X2) = (2200x08+136x1.17 +(2200%06 1365147 Rie0010 Xy=000 i - (1909) +(1510.4)* i ; : ; V, = 2400V. e MCB (2400-2200) sy = x } _____ se Poet Extn = 2 ; 3 percent Figure 3.33 3 ~F scsonacetceney, we ned clei the cpl an sas, ‘We will consider E, = 2200 V and E, = 220 V 136) x1.1= 2035 EW. Fuload copper loss, W,, = ER Transformation ratio, Corlass By transferring the secondary quantities to the primary side we will calculate the ceive: and equivalent reactance ofthe transformer as Re on. Rear + Beno, OO. K oy 2 cieny n= Foox08 + 20.345+056 210 9 atperot 313 gave the following test results ast rample 3.15 4 10 kva 440220\.50 He Sn Te te: “80 he following tests were P= cos ¢= 08; sin Tronormers 387 3.46 Bosic Electrical Engineering = GEIH028408+227.054206) £206 stonay 118 0p 16 40220 signe tenn pce san daca pone ae Noa pretest Cae heap an ure ctor InBBIN on ‘Open circuit test: 440 V, 1.0.4, 100 W ‘Short cieuit test: 20V, 227A. 130 W ing the est date te eins and voles easlaton 08 power org Sohution: Fall-load current on the high-voltage side = "ssw ath siete come fil bl The Wag ag 10% 1000 9974 440 represents the fullload copper loss. Wz 180Wand fom st dt cae (unter x0 eh Rlanseh cane = 100 W rpeotage uli pS 109 lead eins cele - : out LR na h® nee 0 Oe, mn apne oxo ux -_tts _, 100912, Xino=60 cag =08 ipxos+0.3701 wa near yies 912 percent sng06, oe ps Xa singles replition Bases ang va _10x1000 Ava. 10x00 n12na8+60208 A 7, zis From the short-circuit test data, wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to copper Josss inte la 3 somes citrate 22020 X,=05 0.Re= ‘xample 3.17 A 230/115 V,5KVA tans 10,X,=0.2 0. Caloulate the regulation of ctor wil the regulation be 2er0? Can the ihe wansformer at 08 power factor windings vale of regulation be negative fo Therefore ‘ion us Thetransformation ratio, “0 ring he ret purameten the esa gx Re=R, +R aR AK R, 1X; = ¥(0.88)' (025) = 0.84 2. 202 : a 014(57 #02 cos = 8 sind = 06 Beisa, i. (1, Ryc08+ I, X/sing) 2 440.257 x08=! latin = (Bison +X; sin - Regula _ 100 XyeX, +Xpe% te % in 3.48 foc Feel gees feremen 3.49 oa 1SkW 0 DEW 6 tOeW caso 434A =284¥ coupon he con los an ope or 2a ee oe Regultion 10 stant at all loads, Therefore, oe Corel fr 24 oun 0524-12 _ SSNOISNOs NON eIO0 parted 7 vs ot the Square ltd The ods on shee cated oo Fo om iskwaros pe = SEY ars Mein mpi sane mt nl whethereve ti aig hee peg = 38M raasivn aeee | io 1, Rro0s9—1, Xn) 100 12k t07 pn AW Regulation 1 Rosh Xs 100 a7 rox oops =!08" Regulation will be zero when the numerator of the above expression will be zero. That is Eeeeaaeere a tad copper toss ‘ 1575 kVA load copper loss, 0375, of @ ‘The power factor a which regulation will Be zer0 is cos 20.6°~ 0.94 leading sear ld Regulation will be negative i the power factor angle is more than 20.6° leading. To am angle of fead of load current be higher than 20.6. If we assume this angle as 37°, the power leading, The regulation at 0.8 leading is calculated as = R608 1, X70) yg Ea { ILATRVA toad copper loss = 0.157 kW My ficiency Enemy ouutin 24 hous \ Regulation vars ney loin con 24 hous ¢ Energy Hse copper Be (3.80.15 0.8 43.804 0.6) 100 oe = FA noyy outpot in 24 ho 15 2 _ (5256-10512) ad = HS feat 20+ 12+ (OAS 6 + 0.3766 + 0.157104 044) 4.57 percent — Baas i2 +647 26047 “Thus My yy 929 = 929 Eee Example 3.18 Calculate the allay efficiency ofa 25 KVA distribution transformer 3.21 AUTOTRANSFORMERS pattern a fllows 1S KW at 04 power ctor for 6 hours 12 AW at 07 power factor for 6 hours 3.21.1 Basic Principle works as primary winding and e formes. The same wind Wr Aw oan an ua wpe te The sven ang tonairier isa ane-winding ransformes The ‘vasa sevondary winding, The single winding» TS tansoner can bea ingle "sine winding ean be a fixed type oa arth 10 KW at 0.9 power factor for ¥ hours Negligible load for 4 hours The core loss is $00 W and fll-load copper loss is 800 W. Solution: Output ofthe transformer in 24 hours i calculated as Aaa 3.50 tow Flcricol Engeneerng toners 351 comparison on Weight of Copper Required Between “The most commnn application of auto transformers 18 in making variable output vo 118 fom inh coupe Ae upping hye sme we mtrsorner comes Wang ea 9.2 COMBE mer and a stews nae Nsw vb dwn The ie rug eg gn or esa Reting ‘Twe-winding Transformer Score ing ae oo hm [ushers 5 oe 4 "Doc oie anautotransforme ae show sieby sein Fig 336 Tae gh seagpes sored eet ms 2 otal 0 the nmber of us wed nd the aa of cine ef ssndog oe 4 pat to the current rating. of gt | t IIb Hi fyb ” » Figure 3.33 (0) Connection diagram of an autotransformer; (b) An example of deme comacees pi » ® Figure 3.36 (o) A two-winding ransfomer;[b] on avtronslormer Fare 3.35 b) shows the, current stbution in an autotransformer. As shown, a resistive oad ofl 's connected actos the load terminals R and S, The ouput voltage i 160 V. Curent through the load willbe 180 V/ 8, ie. 20.A. Output peg will ER, =(20)' x8 =3200 W. If we assume that there is no loss in the autotransformer, thn ‘pat power and output power will be equal, So, in this case the input power will also be 3200We 200 _ 32 20 current of 16 flows in part AB ofthe winding and causes a drop of voltage of 200 160 = 48 The input power in an autotransformer isnot transformed completely by transformer ation it i ‘transformer W,, winding transformer) is sp ot pr oie ina mining rt, ewig se i GR r Nt) obra Ny aes Bemis of Tory winding as shown in Fig. 336 (2) “al Wi jor nie 3360, Ae weird nnoransfarmer) is proportional t0 1,(N,~N,)+(0,-E)N W(autotransformes) —__ LN,=N,)+0,-L)Ns can determine the current draw a, 1, 6A. ee +EN, «certain potion oft ws conductive tothe load The ation Fowo-winding tansformet) UN: Jn this example, 16AX30V =640W of the total power of 200% 16=32000, ie, Ue UN LNAI: (5200-640) = 2560 W- flow condosively tothe fod and nly 640 W of the input powers NEN: formed. For this reason, the size of an autotransformer will be smaller than a conventional two-windiag transformer of the same rating. UNA No PUN: fs the ratio of primary and secondary turn or voltage, then the ratio of the size of an aulota TIN TEN: ‘former to that of a two-winding transformer will be (n= 1)/n. Suppose the voltage rating of a t= former be made s 230 118 V. So. the value of mis 2 Then eB busch Sizeof maworansfomer __( 1 ‘Swe of a two-winding transformer 202 ‘This shows thar the autotransformer will be of half the ‘size of a two-winding transformer. oe [es obwous that primary and secondary winding, AC and BC. respectively, in Fig. 3+ Te ssuiated Som one another In case of any fault, there may be damage of instruments a Se sSvonsry sade a the load may get directly connected tothe supply terminal which i af ee suppl 52 3.52 Basic Eocricol Engineering t _ W,(Auto! W,,(two-0dg) “The autotransformer will equi on half the copper required in a two-wdg transformer, 3.21.3 Voltampere Relations A twoindng frm warfor pove fom par wig othe sxomdry wy tage dation Th abot of put ome teeters, tutored Into ae el, tron cmt ath ncn Fa peed ough cen ee rest of the parts directly transferred by direct conduction, ic, directly. Thus, for an auton tg ‘ypesof voltamperes ar accounted fo: on par by wansformation and one part by eons hy gre 898 Curtin ifr part. becuse pr ed pln ch jgchhof's current nw at point B, we can see thatthe incoming cuentas the i From Eq. 3.38), wehave caren equa eurent eee Wi, (auto) W,,(two-wda)| Ae v, eee 4 Ww, (auto)= “=H, won) ne ta z Let ws cme th atorrsomer cit in Fg. 337. Site he wasomer an autotransformer takes place inthe winding parts AB and BC, equating the vol-amperes (VA), ce Wala) = 075 WW write: ‘VA in part AB = VA in part BC ‘ahequites 75 percent of W, (TW). Therefore, saving in weight of coppers 28 pr cea on Vggl, = Vyll;=1,) = Transformed VA . rofre, _ 121.4 Application of Autotransformers same cae ‘ester can provide varie AC alge ofthese en eared 9 man ‘Total power = Vl, = Vs], ‘ins One of the most common use of autotransformer isin the form of a“ Therefore, Panes = Vols -Vill,=1)= Vs ssainlebortries, ‘rarac as one wining, wound on ator coe made of Magnes MAEDA igtgels 2a is Aaron bh te cna ih wining 2h et Ca a ee plug cnt eg fm 0 1 128 pete a ea a Tomer fh are amrnsfrei e sie te noid that a voltage sme higher ime wpe leks an aulorarforme sng x rae vote fu 018 218 Sian autres wed fe oi ¢ THN rea nt ‘i of he input voltage to the domestic applications 10 induction motors for starting. " - reduced voliage Example 3.19 Input voltage to an autotransformer is 220 V and output voltage i $8 V. Aistribution of current in different parts of the winding when load curren is 100 A. Also saving in terms of copper used inthe windings as compared wit a wo-winding ransformet, Solution ‘The autotransformer is shown in Fig. 3.38. The current distribution is also shown as perl UN = LN, Tree-phase autotransformers are used for providing The apt ers are as follows: ‘situations where a en ery ‘tons fats RO agate tat we N, = ' Avtotransformers are used as ‘variae™ oe 100 -: ‘month variable AC voltage is requittd (have Pn bog 2 Aqtsanahnuner wih wero ay a wae art tee phaye \ tains Dt age) 20S ug lay san he ws “waa 4 Tvs paae atanahans at uss ce ern of wer system Aig vasa 149 RY wa wha 220K gt Pia, L , fe oy hk Pu | ting ae ‘hole Hiqure 2.99 Comecton diagram ofa single phase autotransformer or “aig! Example 3.20 0 stansirme uplin ad o3 KW a 110 V aunty pone fa raptor conductive, rw : Pag Wh 2 VEE (oN, 18) om of nen, V, = 220, ¥, = 110 . Wasnge wf) aft toa vas a KVAR ; are =ISKVA se per factor cos 1SKVA.c080=1.5KW a SKVAcosp=15KW nner iri OKVA 1 IN AE eee Joann heh ie beg nme lee Sohn; ofthe two-windngs: swe caleulte the rated current ‘xc ossible connection is shown in Fig. 341. Fis Figure 3.40 1ox1000 "the 200 winding, aed eurent= ~Soq = 54 Paw = Vels-1) = 10x1000 1994, "te 190 V winding, ated curret = 59-71 eee, 3.56 tori Emerg testers 3.57 long withthe how. form. The low voltage (LV) wing sotage and high voltage windings ae 1ey ate i Ings are placed first and over them are r inde THY Hel om eco ena oe sc as sang tt neo 2 phase voltage is applied across pase vols ole acs inp ie temiml, ,.8,C, edy Hav) winding ampere-uns wil also willbe linked aad Ore ap by the secondary (LV) wings The ear ib wll be out of Atte pase volage wth 20: pase deen ile nh secondary Winding. Ths, we he sep-dovayolage tansfrmaton sacelit aracture along with the windings onthe imbs i placed in sel ‘nk filed with ns ne a4 af ried Wi user and tering The ose fe pe indng ends 6 made before th core sri spliced ine te ak. Te wine iv a oe ofthe primary and secondary may be in sar-sta, desta, salt, or dette cons OF erminals ar Brought out ofthe tank through high voltage and low voltage terminal eon The € ‘Current distribution using KCL at node B has been shown. KVA rating of the ation ‘fixed on the tank. High voltage bushi - f that are fixed on the voltage bushings are of higher size than the low voltaze oF30020 stage an Se ene ogee in Pe ce _ Vel, _ 200%150 . =30KVA i000 "1000 nice = - Mi _ 3002100 soxyq i aig i000 ~ 1000 3.22 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS 3.22.1 Need for Three-phase Transformers LJ Lav anior Sit / ‘Aerating current generated in Uee-pase generator in cecal power stations hat be as maa aaaaaaes rhage lee as high voltage power tansmision is economical. Attheoberentwi fl 7 aims eke) cto transmission lin. s necessary to step-down the voltage level for distbution of power ater vint es Sot peda Sian ° levels. Its, therefore, necessary to step-up and step-down the three-phase voltage system a hewn co ofthe transmission lies for which three-phase transformers are required Electrical energy is also required to be transferred from one three-phase circuit to nother iss ‘hase circuit with a change in volage level by means of three-phase transformers. Power transmission on a three-phase system may also be accomplished by using tes = single-phase transformers with windings of the transformers connected in star or elt. Instead of using three single-phase transformer, three-phase transformers ae increasing used for bot step-up and step-down applications fr the following reasons 1. Cost of one three-phase wansormer i ess than the cost of thre single-phase wranstrmes™* their windings connected in tar or det = 2. Ahee-phase transformer occupies less space than thre single-phase transformers 3. The bus-bar structure, switchgear and the required wiring fora three-phase transform than using thre separate single-phase transformers wading ° Pere 342 (ol ovine HO pag eT is ‘FHV and LV windings on AV one LV windings | 3.22.2 Constructional Details Like in single-phase transformers, the core ofa three-phase transformer is built usin sheets of silicon steel sheets, These properly cut stel sheets are assembled together to form the required size, as shown in Fig. 342 (a). 3.58 Bosc Electcol Engineering 3.22.3 Three-phase Transformer Winding Connections “The primary and second delta (Y’ 3} There are ce ‘uar-Sar(1:Y) connection with0® angular phase displacement ‘tap Star(¥-Y) connection with 80° angular phase displacement Deita-Deta.S-A) connection with O° angular phase displacement ‘Defa-Detta3-3) connection with 180° angular phase displacement ‘Sar Delta (¥:3) connection with -30° angular phase displacement Star Delta (¥.8) connection with +30° angular phase displacement DeltaStar3+Y) connection with~30° angular phase displacement Delta Star 3-V) connection with +30° angular phase displacement i possible ways of connections. They areas follows factors afecing choice of connections ‘These are cerain factors on which the choice of connections ofthe windings depends. Thy ge follows to single-phase loads, protection Making avilable path for the flow of zero sequence current (fault curent) ‘armonic curren 5 Insulation to ground and voltage stress. ‘The ypesof connections, vector diagram represenatng the primary to secondary angular displtens sare shown in Fig. 3.43. Thy are presented in four groups like Y-Y, A~A, Y~8 and A-Y formation Tk winding are shown in horizontal postion although there exists a phase difference of hase ofthe windings. A. StarStar connections Ina str connection. line curents and phase currents are equal, where as line voltage is V3 tims phase volage. Fie. 3.4 shows two ypes of connection Fig. 3.43 a shows 0° phase shies the high voltage side andthe low volag side nd Fig. 3.43 shows a phase shit of 180®-Theel isin for neural conection fom he trois. neural conection snot provided te sags nl bane bce len he cone od ublaned Tiss nines in the event of unbalance in the load, voltage of one phase may become high as a th te wo pas, puting fess on he ing, Tis aawbck of FY cme neutral wire is provided, component. the neutrl point not grounded, then there wl eno path forthe third ‘The magnetizing current of @ transform is nonsinusoidal and contains very large third amon component flow. The effect willbe to induce a large voltage higher than the normal vol 's undesirable Having seutral wire gives a retur path for unbalanced current when the load bee unbalanced 1 windings of threephase transformer can be connected cite ‘Need for connecting a numberof transformer in parallel to supply power to common loa, 2) Making sailablea neutral point for making connection to ground (neutral grounding) (Operation ofthe transformers under partial fault condition, eg, single-phase fault condon sd fo et 4. bsta-Delta connection 20° between a » Trorlormers 3.59 Te ps paceman eee theslapecfRV ede wae 7 “ine paces 80° Figure 3.43 Storstr conection of windings o& 3.60 Boxic Eecricl Engineering Line creat is times the pas sue th cuTent Aowing rough the ‘voltages and phase voltages are equal. Winding, Primary and secondary voltages arin pase in Fig. 3.4 (a), and hence, there ig ment Connections shown nig. 44 (8) corresponds 0 180° phase displace PR “omni vce) on th Bled wel as unblnced loading ey parsons sen cvutwin lsd pth ofa comecton and does net cee Ty moe ‘output voltages. If three single-phase transformers are used for AvA connections and if one trang defective. then sl power supply canbe continued with reduced capacity with other cea my Ths would tocome like an open-dela conection or also called V-V connection, Ing there no star or neul pot . Star-Delta Connection Insure connections, 38 shown in Fi. 3.4, in th ouput side line voltages and phage cp One ts eo alas eu ots he pls lng fg ere i phase shift ~30° between the HV and LV side voltages. In Fig. 3.45 (b), the, 185i ‘between the HV and LV side voltages. (© tense si Ina stardelta comecton, there is no problem with unbalanced load and ofthe third harmonic cureent as there isa path fr the citcuation of thtd harmonie connected windings. ——— _ = eine (me | Figure 3.46 DeltrStor connection of windings L000 4] ina delta-star connection as shown in Fig. 3.46 (a), there is ~30° phase displacement ‘berween the Livin separa secondary vollages, whereas the phate Gaplcemet is #0" in as of omens shen % 7 a inFig 3.46 (b). Shett onedela-comected windings nthe primary si, er willbe no prem wih espe . ‘vinslnced loading conditions and due to third harmonic current component in the magnetizing orn 322.4 Vector Grouping of Three-phase ‘Transformers ON 00m on the Basis of Winding is so if = “ Te pase dtferene between the primary and scons winds oh wags #98 8 WO, roo | | ‘hos for sara, della dela nS A ee : Peary || oc en con igh 3.3, 346,348, ad 346, roe ck S005. 01 | 180°, 1 30°, and ~ 30° ean be represented by comp Moon iti considered 0° displacement ees | 7 Soni a he hor an iat 2 wD cence he i et FO ar) : tee cen coe ea : 10° phe dace "eves pave difference of ~30" in| 0 lock Po 1H a (0 eck positions Figure 3.45 Stor dole connactons of the phase windings ste £9 BE ETOVE ep The ‘ovtomen 3.09 ve th Tod But he cacy i ee MAOH ra ha provide servic ina ew dene TAME sons 7 ine pase anton eae we fey RES Ope cnn vantages and Drawbar 312 Cr transformer Connechac? & ieren Types wages and aw backs of fury pe lv four eon F conections are mentioned below connect (a0 se dgtacement—()-NY pe opacement (6) +30 phase dplcement (0120 pang Figure 8.47 The hour hon ofthe cock has been ved o represen tween the HV side and LV side voles ® Phe cag, Ths the strstr connestions shown in Fig 349 (a canbe named a YO and of Det Dea connections sin Fig. 34 can be named as Dg and Du, Strdec O8y Fig. 3.45 can be named as Yall and Yel 1, and delta-star connections as in Fig 3.46 a respecte — On the basis of phase displacement between the HV and LV side voltages, transfor trouped These groups ar cid “ctr group". Transformers with same pase dnc BS a, Sant ziwe Forexample, 0 an Deo form one grou. ¥6 an Ds form note gag jo connection Deantage ofthis type of connection is thst een on ubulancd ane loads, the tre phase stages ‘hoe remain more or les constant. The drag stat oneal sense nae spite si fo connection lary, Vdl and Dy form one group and Yall and Dy! I form one group, For anumter of esos, number of tansformers are connected in parallel For stacey py eration (i.e. sharing of a common lad by 2 number of transformer) the transformer tee nected in parle must belong to the same vector group. For example, star-star connected tame, (¥¥0) cannot be connected in parallel with astar-delta connected transformer (Yl) If tists then there wil be circulating current between the transformers instead oftheir sharing the conmoy ‘which i undesirable 3.22.5 Open Delta or V-V Connection of Transformers Three single-phase transformers can be connected in delt-lta formation to supply a thee phase If one of these transformers becomes defective, it canbe disconnected and supply tothe trepiae 4oad can be continued but with a reduced load Such a supply connection with two single pasa former looks like open deta, AO ee ee et peteepeeenlpetirinpteratt thal rrnLanebir opted reer ee rea id poem oe oe ee Sm pen Se ie seta ces Noonan oe oe ne saves cen cae wey ae od estes on Sse SLi na ibton bee Detostor connection / Beth hase an single-phase supplies cas be hen ut lm te tay ae wi he ep of seal wire and three live wies. Ia single-phase lois conte actos alte ies vie a balance loading has to be dane onthe pases 3.23 REVIEW QUESTIONS ‘Tee -phse 4 i J A short Answer Type Questions sion and dsbuon fests i J | Biolain with examples wiry transformers are reife in tans : ¢ SA poner oe : J isinguish between a step-up transformer nda Figure 3.48 Open delta or V-V connection 3. What isthe expression for voltage prtur of aesore 4 Disive the EM equation ofa tse: 5. What ar the loses in transformed ‘Whats eddy current loss and how en this ge ee ean these be kept lw? terol In Fig. 348 is shown tree tansfonmer windings of he sngle phase tansfomers Ta nected in - A formation, supplying a three-phase load. If one transformer, say, transformed T, is di ‘or accidently opened, the system will continue to supply a three-phase load. The defecting . 3.64 Bosic Electrical Engineering: ve voltamer elton in an ora ome ‘wig ttm oe a ioe racecar eset 2 ar placement of high vollg sida ow age side windings mech se sso merical Problems nw, 3200400 Vc single pis, 50 He rfrer bs 12 sn he ont wing eth uber of son he may wind, With nd cen lo! Calderon ao hear ace ey 12 WO” {Ans 896, 100A, 01362] a ransformer hes ill oad core loss of $0 W and copper as of2500W. What wll be 1. Why do we us laminated sheets to build the core ofa transformer instead oF using a oy, &. Disunguish between core-ype ad shelly construction ofthe transformer core, SS) 69. Explain why the frequency of output voltage i the same as that ofthe input voltage in 10. Dasinguish erwcen magnetizing racance and leakage reactance ofa transform, fy 11 Da he uaent iu of tasfomer unde the no-foad condition, 12, Explain te conse of anda ransom 12 Whats meant eolageeulion ofa ransfomer I imBleohavea i tio oa transformer esi your answer. eho ay How can we calculate the efficiency of a transformer by knowing its loses? 15. Draw the no-load phasor diagram of a transformer. What are the two components of Any ccureat ? Draw the full-load phasor diagram ofa transformer neglecting the voltage drop in the wi 17 Derive the condition for maximum efficiency ofa transformer, ate What is all-day efficiency of a transformer? Wha sits significance? * 18 1D How can you deterune the ficiency of transformer inet, ie witout et ada C ato , seve ofthese Tosses at lad? {As $00 W625 W] transformer? 120. What isthe expression fr voltage regulation of a transformer in terms ofits equivalent re ‘equivalent reactance, power factor, and the output voltage? — ee 21. How can you determine the efficiency of ofa given rating a i asl pase wanformerisreutedta sep own evolu V0 400 Vat 0 He. The 1 How ano teint fiery ransom gven ing tay lead elgg # roto] eo 25 te ium sty SWB, Ds rs ofturns ofthe primary and secondary windings. 22, Explain how th short-circuit test ona transformer sto be conducted. What information doymay: fans 396, 14] from the short-circuit test data? ‘ secondary voltages of 600 V and 230 23 Draw and explain the exact equivalent circuit ofa transformer. Biase pase 40 VA transmer tas primary and secondary wos an eth The number tars ofthe en wn 130, Cane inane 124. Explain how in a transformer, the primary current increases when the secondary cure i ey nding, ls cle th pinay ed sony winding ie current increases : [ans 860,600,173 91 sed t9 230% sansformer on no load takes 45 A ata power factor of0.25 lagging when comes sams ot pay wn 25 oe HEE 25. Why is the core of a transformer made of magnetic material? 259 Wo, 414 = 10° WD] 126, What is the difference between a practical transformer and an ideal transformer? 27. Why do we consider core loss asa constant loss and copper loss asa variable loss? 28, Distinguish berween a power transformer and a distribution transformer. 29. Is efficiency of a transformer same at a particular load but at different power factors? s 530. Isefiieney of a eansformer ata particular load same at 08 power factor lagging and OBB ee Less ‘acur of 0.225 rater ites reat an 41 €60 V/220 V single-phase transformer tes lgging. The transformer supplies a lad of 39 core drawn bythe primary fom the mins an Po efihe windings may be nepleted. ams 1A ne =O ah seondy The pia and #8 A100 kVA transformer as 400 so ps ieakage reatances eee rare 3 and 0.01 2, ef othe prima se ane 11 and 0.035 2 espetvely. lel {ans Z/= 205.9) + pata power factor of 28S agin alae 2 $660 v2 0 nga msi te HE Cakulate the current of The ansformer supplies load factor lagging? 431. What may be the main reason fora constant huraming noise in « transformer when i some load? 12. Why isthe efficiency ofa transformer higher than any rotating electrical machine of 3. How does regulation of a transformer get affected by load power factor? Write short notes on the following: i) magnetizing reactance; (i) leakage reactance; (i) Joss; (iv) hysteresis loss; (v) all-day efficiency 5. Compare an autotransformer with a two-winding transformer with respect to the weit required inthe windings. i. DGG Some Saree Spree see prema for be mem an pray power face Nee ming este (Amt = 114A cme nay So The srmary and secondary wining of 4 S00 RVA maastiemer ive R, = 04 Deny Pa a a mconiy vege oe 00 ad 00 rca “Oi calculate he oe om Fall ota 08 power fastor lagging Thelma (Ans: $] 4 SaNA 200-400 \. SO He simgie phase ransformer gave the following test data: 3 LX ade operant 200 80-74, 60 8 6) HN ade ortormat e-22N 16 A, 12 W Caicalte te megulance of ihe Tasformer unde he fulload condition. ak 03 pe 62 The wed cre os waforme is 1 As power actof02 ging ter nag 280\. $0 Hz supply If the primary winding has 350 tums, calculate () magnetizing compass the no-load current, (11) the arom loss, and (iii) maximum value of flux in the core, a {Ans |, = 14.67 A, 780.220 m 5. A-sngle phase. 100 kVA dsmbution transformer i loaded as mentioned during 28 hows: 4 ours: mo load S hours 50 per cent lad a power factor 1 ‘hours 7S per cent foad at power factor = 0.9 6 hours. full-oad at 09 power factor he full load copper loss and core loss is $ KW and 2 kW, respectively. Calculate the dy efciency ofthe transformer. (ns 92.7 pee ‘4. A 12 VA. 200 400V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer gave the following readings onthe opens cul tet and the shor-circuit test: open-circuit test 2001.3, 120 W : short-cut test conducted on the H.V. side: 22 V, 30.4, 200 W - Calculate the equivalent circuit parameters as referred tothe low voltage side. Also cael magnetizing component ofthe no-load circuit [Ans R, = 333.0, X, = 174.0, R= 0.0552, X, ¢. Multiple Choice Questions 1. A wansformer having numberof tums inthe pri» (b) Reduce ely current loss in mary and secondary winding of 1000 and S00, (c) nerease output volage ropetvcy, appl with 291 V at $0 Hz The (d) Reduce both hysteresis loss and Induced EMP in the secondary winding wil be loss. (ay 460 at $0 (hy 115 Vat25 lz, The EMF induced inthe windings of fey HSVatS0He dy 500V at S01 (a) Lags the core fox by 90" “The core ofthe transformers is made of Inminated (hb) Lead the core ux by 90° {) fin phase with the core fas 1a) Tsim oppeniton tothe core sto sheets 0 a t0 (ay Reale hysteresis ons pert owen afer as Pe ge of ho et rn Soe Roce ve Ow te oS ae oS ate of le ste SF curent of TO AVA. 230.V115 v x mlb teat no ted caret of ated cent 2 prof ts aed current Fe ad cae Ri carent of a 15 BVA, 2301100 nc Somer wl be about 7 3a : (734 se atransformer sige ha hao nc cto of sim rang Bese me stress and dy caret ss stor of geet «RAR i ansormer ae superior tan Nisan generators Fntumer a sate device and heim cata os in ‘somes ae comnected tfigh-wbage {mmo ines whereas motors an ‘on are onnected to lowvokag sop tee Wo of the following losses ina raseenet se with oad 1 Hoses oss by current Toss 1 Copper ose in the windings 1 tans. Opciit est and shore esto Eas fmt ae performed to determing eps fotos {Copper Tos and core os 1) ore san eoper ass {ay caret os and Hystere ss 1 ys os and ey erent os vinunetcieney of rte analat which I Cox os Becomes the mii (6 Coypr toe comes he ii 2 Corre fos equal coe Los » Coron comes nee 12 Term os rarer ogres 2 aN eis a ts >>N, IN IS ia ix <1 M4 Wie ofthe otiorng cece meeps oem Me eestor ee (a) Coupling etine= roms te wandngs (0) Thre ae sta) 2 ae cpr es errin fo E-tHern 16. Wich of te lowe samme = =e Se 4 asim” (G) Atanas enn SOSH OSE (0) A wansoeme change fe wage ad (penn fren ce ne SO (eRe me wate a SOE (GA casrme orm oe USGS NOE Ieclafenrp wensoce erg Basic Electrical Engineering (c) Algebraic sum of I, and I," (4) Phasor sum of 1, and 1)". 20. The no-load current of a transformer as compared to its full-load current can be expressed as (a) Oto 2 percent (b) 2 to 5 per cent (©) 10 to 20 per cent (d) 20 to 30 per cent. 21, Power factor of a transformer of no load is low due to (a) Large component of magnitizing current, which lags the voltage by 90° (b) Large component of loss component of current (©) Secondary ampere-turns interfering with the primary ampere-turns (d) The fact that the primary and secondary windings are not firmly coupled. 22. The core loss and copper loss of a transformer on full load are 400 W and 600 W, respectively. Their values at one-third full load will be (a) 133.3 Wand 200 W (b) 400 W and 66.66 W (c) 133.3 W and 600 W (@) 400 W and 200 W. The full-load core loss and copper loss of a trans- former are 400 W and 600 W, respectively. At approximately what percentage of full-load will the efficiency be maximum? (a) 81 percent (©) 95 per cent 23. (b) 91 per cent (d) 99 per cent. 24. The full load output of a transformer at unity power factor is 800 W. Its output at half load 0.8 power 25. Large capacity transformers g filled with transformer oil, Wry Peg are not valid for the abovey'“* the (a) Oil provides insulatio, : twoewindings. te (6) Oil cools the transformer, (c) Oil prevents magnetizin reduced with time, (A) Temperature rise of the wi control. 26. The full-load copper loss ofa trans At half load the copper loss wil] be ‘sy, 18 FU fro ding ike, (@) 600W (©) 300W Clan 27. The full-load core loss of a At half load the core loss “am "yy (2) 600W (>) 1200 (© 300W (@) 00, 28. The no-load current ofa certain transfone, Its magnetizing component may be * (a) 1L8A (6) 0.24 (©) 044 @) 0.024, 29. When the primary and secondary winding transformer are perfectly magnetically com; (a) The leakage reactance will be high and voltage regulation will be high (ie. pou The leakage reactance will be low and voltage regulation will be low (ie, good) (©) The leakage reactance will be low and voltage regulation will be high (ie. pow (@ The leakage reactance will be high and © factor will be voltage regulation will be low (a) 400 W (b) 320W (ie., good). (c) 160W (@) 640W. Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (@) 6. (b) 7. (© 8. (©) 9. (b) 10. (c) LL, (a) 12. ) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (b)

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