ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM ELECTRIC GROUND

X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEM
 to convert electric energy into electromagnetic energy
ELECTROSTATICS
 is the science of stationary electric charges.
 LAW:
 Unlike charges attract
 Like charge repel
 Electric field radiate out from positive charge
 Electric field radiates toward a negative charge
 Uncharged particles do not have electric field
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 is a means of transferring electric potential energy from
one position to another, as in a transformer.
ELECTRIC CHARGE
 Positive or negative
 It has potential energy
 Smallest Units: electron & proton
 Fundamental Unit (SI): coulomb (C)
 1 C:6 x 1018 electron charges
 Uniform throughout or on the surface
 Conductor is concentrated along the sharpest curvature of
the surface
ELECTRIFIED
 The object that has too few or too many electrons
ELECTRIFICATION
 The process of adding or removing electrons from an object
 It is created by contact, friction or by induction
 The object that behaves as a reservoir for stray electric
charges
ELECTRIC FIELD
 The lines of force exerted on charged ions in the tissues by
the electrodes
 It causes charged particles to move from one pole to
another
 Positive charge: points outward
 Negative charge: points toward
ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
 The force of attraction between unlike charges or repulsion
between like charges
 Directly proportional to the product of the charges
 Inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them
COULOMB’S LAW
 The electrostatic force is directly proportional to the
product of the electrostatic charges & inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them
 Formula: F = k(QaQb/d2)
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
 SI Unit: Volt (V)
 1 V: 1 J/C or 1 potential energy/unit charge
 Also called voltage
  110V- US  electric potential in homes andoffice
 220V- X-ray imaging systems usually require

ELECTRODYNAMICS
  is the science of electric charges in motion.  A material that some conditions behaves asan
Electrical Engineer insulator & as a conductor
 Work with electric current  Characteristics:
Physicist o Can be conductive
 Concerned with electron flow o Can be resistive
Four States of Matter o Basis for computers
 Conductor, Insulator, Semiconductor,  Examples:silicon (Si-14) & germanium (Ge-32)
Superconductor Superconductor
Conductor  Any material that allows electrons to flowwithout
 Any substance through which electronsflow easily resistance
 Characteristics:  Characteristics:
o Variable resistance o No resistance to electron flow
o Obeys Ohm’s law o No electric potential required
o Requires voltage o Must be very cold
 Examples: copper (Z=29), aluminum (Z=13)&  Examples:niobium (Nb-41) & titanium (Ti-22)
water William Shockley (1946)
Insulator  He demonstrated semiconduction
 Any material that does not allowelectronflow Superconductivity (1911)
 Characteristics:  The property of some matter to exhibit no
o Does not permit electron flow resistance below a critical temperature
o Extremely high resistanceoNecessary with Electric Circuits
high voltage  The path of electron flow from the generating
 Examples: glass, rubber & clay source through the various components & back
Semiconductor again
Electric Current/Electricity
 The flow of electrons through a conductor
 Direction:always opposite the electron flowIt is
measured inAmperes (A)1 A:1 C/s or 1 electric
charge/secondElectric PotentialIt is measured
involts (V)1 V:1 J/C or 1 potential energy/unit
chargeElectric ResistanceIt is measured inohms
(Ω)Ohm’s LawThe voltage across the total circuit
or anyportion of the circuit is equal to the
currenttimes the resistanceFormulas:V = IR; R =
V/I; I = V/RTwo Basic Types of Electric
CircuitsSeries & Parallel CircuitsSeries CircuitAll
circuit elements areconnected in a linealong the
same conductorRules for Series CircuitRt= R1+
R2+ R3It= I1= I2= I3Vt= V1+ V2+ V3