F A M I LY

H E A LT H
NURSING
D E F I N I T I O N O F F A M I LY
▪ Basic unit in society, and is shaped by all forces surround it.

▪ Values, beliefs, and customs of society influence the role and function of the family (invades every aspect
of the life of the family)

▪ Is a unit of interacting persons bound by ties of blood, marriage or adoption.

▪ Constitute a single household, interacts with each other in their respective familial roles and create and
maintain a common culture.

▪ An open and developing system of interacting personalities with structure and process enacted in relationships
among the individual members regulated by resources and stressors and existing within the larger community
(Smith & Maurer, 1995)

▪ Two or more people who live in the same household (usually), share a common emotional bond, and perform
certain interrelated social tasks (Spradly & Allender, 1996)

▪ An organization or social institution with continuity (past, present, and future). In which there are certain
behaviors in common that affect each other.
T H E F I L I P I N O F A M I LY

• Based on the Philippine Constitution, Family Code with focus on religious, legal, and
cultural aspects of the definition of family.
Section 1

▪ The state recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it
shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development

Section 2

▪ Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of family and shall be

protected by the state.
Section 3

• The state shall defend –

• the right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the
demands of responsible parenthood

• the right of children to assistance including proper care and nutrition, and special protection
from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and other conditions prejudicial to
their development

• the right of the family to a family living wage income

• the right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation
of policies and programs of that affect them

Section 4

▪ The family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the state may also do so
through just programs of social security
T H E F I L I P I N O F A M I LY A N D I T S
CHARACTERISTICS
The basic social units of Philippine society are the nuclear family
• Although the basic unit is the nuclear family, the influence of kinship is felt in all segments of social
organizations

• Extensions of relationships and descent patterns are bilateral

• Kinship circles is considerably greater because effective range often includes the third cousin

• Kin group is further enlarged by a finial, spiritual or ceremonial ties. Filipino marriage is not an individual
but a family affair

• Obligation goes with this kingship system

• Extended family has a profound effect on daily decisions

• There is a great degree of equality between husband and wife

• Children not only have to respect their parents and obey them, but also have to learn to repress their
repressive tendencies

• The older siblings have something of authority of their parents.

T Y P E S O F F A M I LY
• There are many types of family. They change overtime as a consequence of BIRTH, DEATH, MIGRATION,
SEPARATION and GROWTH OF FAMILY MEMBERS
A. Structure
▪ NUCLEAR- a father, a mother with child/children living together but apart from both sets of parents and other relatives.

▪ EXTENDED- composed of two or more nuclear families economically and socially related to each other. Multigenerational,
including married brothers and sisters, and the families.

▪ SINGLE PARENT-divorced or separated, unmarried or widowed male or female with at least one child.

▪ BLENDED/RECONSTITUTED-a combination of two families with children from both families and sometimes children of the newly
married couple. It is also a remarriage with children from previous marriage.

▪ COMPOUND-one man/woman with several spouses

▪ COMMUNAL-more than one monogamous couple sharing resources

▪ COHABITING/LIVE-IN-unmarried couple living together

▪ DYAD—husband and wife or other couple living alone without children

▪ GAY/LESBIAN-homosexual couple living together with or without children

▪ NO-KIN- a group of at least two people sharing a relationship and exchange support who have no legal or blood tie to each other

▪ FOSTER- substitute family for children whose parents are unable to care for them
FUNCTIONAL TYPE:

▪ FAMILY OF PROCREATION- refers to the family you yourself created.

▪ FAMILY OF ORIENTATION-refers to the family where you came from.

B. Decisions in the family (Authority)

▪ PATRIARCHAL – full authority on the father or any male member of the family e.g. eldest son, grandfather

▪ MATRIARCHAL – full authority of the mother or any female member of the family, e.g. eldest sister,
grandmother

▪ EGALITARIAN- husband and wife exercise a more or less amount of authority, father and mother decides

▪ DEMOCRATIC – everybody is involve in decision making

▪ AUTHOCRATIC-

▪ LAISSEZ-FAIRE- “full autonomy”

▪ MATRICENTRIC- the mother decides/takes charge in absence of the father (e.g. father is working overseas)

▪ PATRICENTIC- the father decides/ takes charge in absence of the mother

C. Decent (cultural norms, which affiliate a person with a particular group of
kinsman for certain social purposes)

▪ PATRILINEAL – Affiliates a person with a group of relatives who are related to him
though his father

▪ BILATERAL- both parents

▪ MATRILINEAL – related through mother

D. Residence

▪ PATRILOCAL – family resides / stays with / near domicile of the parents of the
husband

▪ MATRILOCAL – live near the domicile of the parents of the wife

A C K E RM A N S T A T E S T H A T T H E
F U N C T I O N O F F A M I LY A R E :
• Insuring the physical survival of the species

• Transmitting the culture, thereby insuring man’s humanness

▪ Physical functions of the family are met through parents providing food, clothing
and shelter, protection against danger provision for bodily repairs after fatigue or
illness, and through reproduction

▪ Affectional function – the family is the primary unit in which he child test his
emotional reactions

▪ Social functions – include providing social togetherness, fostering self esteem

and a personal identity tied to family identity, providing opportunity for observing
and learning social and sexual roles, accepting responsibility for behavior and
supporting individual creativity and initiative.
U N I V E R S A L F U N C T I O N O F T H E F A M I LY
BY DOODE
▪ REPRODUCTION – for replacement of members of society: to perpetuate the human
species

▪ STATUS PLACEMENT of individual in society

▪ BIOLOGICAL and MAINTENANCE OF THE YOUNG and dependent members

▪ Socialization and care of the children;

▪ Social control
T H E F A M I LY A S A U N I T O F C A R E

Rationale for Considering the Family as a Unit of Care:

▪ The family is considered the natural and fundamental unit of society

▪ The family as a group generates, prevents, tolerates and corrects health problems
within its membership

▪ The health problems of the family members are interlocking

▪ The family is the most frequent focus of health decisions and action in personal care

▪ The family is an effective and available channel for much of the effort of the health
worker
T H E F A M I LY A S T H E C L I E N T
Characteristics of a Family as a Client
▪ The family is a product of time and place-

▪ A family is different from other family who lives in another location in many ways.

▪ A family who lived in the past is different from another family who lives at present in many ways.

▪ The family develops its own lifestyle

▪ Develop its own patterns of behavior and its own style in life.

▪ Develops their own power system which either be:

▪ Balance-the parents and children have their own areas of decisions and control.

▪ Strongly Bias-one member gains dominance over the others.

▪ The family operate as a group

▪ A family is a unit in which the action of any member may set of a whole series of reaction within a group, and entity
whose inner strength may be its greatest single supportive factor when one of its members is stricken with illness or
death.
T H E F A M I LY A S T H E C L I E N T
▪ The family develops its own lifestyle

▪ Develop its own patterns of behavior and its own style in life.

▪ Develops their own power system which either be:

▪ Balance-the parents and children have their own areas of decisions and control.

▪ Strongly Bias-one member gains dominance over the others.

▪ The family operate as a group

▪ A family is a unit in which the action of any member may set of a whole series of reaction within a group, and entity whose i nner
strength may be its greatest single supportive factor when one of its members is stricken with illness or death.

▪ The family accommodates the needs of the individual members.

▪ An individual is unique human being who needs to assert his or herself in a way that allows him to grow and develop.

▪ Sometimes, individual needs and group needs seem to find a natural balance;

• The need for self-expression does not over shadow consideration for others.

• Power is equitably distributed.

• Independence is permitted to flourish.

T H E F A M I LY A S T H E C L I E N T
▪ The family relates to the community

▪ Family develops a stance with respect to the community:

• The relationship between the families is wholesome and reciprocal; the family utilizes the community
resources and in turn, contributes to the improvement of the community.

• There are families who feel a sense of isolation from the community.

▪ Families who maintain proud, “We keep to ourselves” attitude.

▪ Families who are entirely passive taking the benefits from the community without either
contributing to it or demanding changes to it.

• The family has a growth cycle

• Families pass through predictable development stages (Duvall & Miller, 1990)
S TAG E S :
▪ Stage 1: MARRIAGE & THE FAMILY

▪ Involves merging of values brought into the relationship from the families of orientation.

▪ Includes adjustments to each other’s routines (sleeping, eating, chores, etc.), sexual and economic aspects.

▪ Members work to achieve 3 separate identifiable tasks:

• Establish a mutually satisfying relationship

• Learn to relate well to their families of orientation

• If applicable, engage in reproductive life planning

▪ Stage 2: EARLY CHILDBEARING FAMILY

▪ Birth or adoption of a first child which requires economic and social role changes

▪ Oldest child: 2-1/2 years

▪ Stage 3: FAMILY WITH PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

▪ This is a busy family because children at this stage demand a great deal of time related to growth and
development needs and safety considerations.

▪ Oldest child: 2-1/2 to 6 years old

S TAG E S :
▪ Stage 4: FAMILY WITH SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN

▪ Parents at this stage have important responsibility of preparing their children to be able to function in a complex world whi le at
the same time maintaining their own satisfying marriage relationship.

▪ Oldest child: 6-12 years old

▪ Stage 5: FAMILY WITH ADOLESCENT CHILDREN

▪ A family allows the adolescents more freedom and prepare them for their own life as technology advances -gap between
generations increases

▪ Oldest child: 12-20 years old

▪ Stage 6: THE LAUNCHING CENTER FAMILY

▪ Stage when children leave to set their own household -appears to represent the breaking of the family

▪ Empty nests

▪ Stage 7: FAMILY OF MIDDLE YEARS

▪ Family returns to two partners nuclear unit

▪ Period from empty nest to retirement

▪ Stage 8: FAMILY IN RETIREMENT/OLDER AGE

▪ Stage 9: PERIOD FROM RETIREMENT TO DEATH OF BOTH SPOUSES

1 2 B E H AV I O R S I N D I C AT I N G A W E L L
F A M I LY
▪ Able to provide for physical emotional and spiritual needs of family members

▪ Able to be sensitive to the needs of the family members

▪ Able to communicate thought and feelings effectively

▪ Able to provide support, security and encouragement

▪ Able to initiate and maintain growth producing relationship

▪ Maintain and create constructive and responsible community relationships

▪ Able to grow with and through children

▪ Ability to perform family roles flexibly

▪ Able to help oneself and to accept help when appropriate

▪ Demonstrate mutual respect for the individuality of family members

▪ Ability to use a crisis experience as a means of growth

• Demonstrate concern of family unity, loyalty and interfamily cooperation

F A M I LY H E A LT H TA S K

▪ Health task differ in degrees from family to family

▪ TASK- is a function, but with work or labor overtures assigned or demanded of the
person

▪ Duvall & Niller identified 8 task essential for a family to function as a unit:
E I G H T F A M I LY TA S K S ( D U VA L L &
NILLER)
• Physical maintenance- provides food shelter, clothing, and health care to its members being certain that
a family has ample resources to provide

• Socialization of Family– involves preparation of children to live in the community and interact with
people outside the family.

• Allocation of Resources- determines which family needs will be met and their order of priority.

• Maintenance of Order– task includes opening an effective means of communication between family
members, integrating family values and enforcing common regulations for all family members.

• Division of Labor – who will fulfill certain roles e.g., family provider, home manager, children’s caregiver

• Reproduction, Recruitment, and Release of family member

• Placement of members into larger society –consists of selecting community activities such as church,
school, politics that correlate with the family beliefs and values

• Maintenance of motivation and morale– created when members serve as support people to each other
5 F A M I LY H E A LT H TA S K S ( M A G L AYA , A . ,
2004)
▪ Recognizing interruptions of health development

▪ Making decisions about seeking health care/ to take action

▪ Dealing effectively health and non-health situations

▪ Providing care to all members of the family

▪ Maintaining a home environment conducive to health maintenance

F A M I LY RO L E S

▪ Nurturing figure– primary caregiver to children or any dependent member.

▪ Provider – provides the family’s basic needs.

▪ Decision maker– makes decisions particularly in areas such as finance, resolution, of

conflicts, use of leisure time etc.

▪ Problem-solver– resolves family problems to maintain unity and solidarity.

▪ Health manager– monitors the health and ensures that members return to health
appointments.

▪ Gate keeper-Determines what information will be released from the family or what new
information cam be introduced.
T H E O R E T I C A L A P P RO A C H E S T O F A M I LY
H E A LT H C A R E ( F A M I LY A P G A R )
Family Models

▪ the use of family model provides a perspective of focus for understanding the family

▪ have categorized according to their basic focus as developmental, interactional structural -functional,
and systems model

Developmental Models

• Duvall’s and Stevenson’s Family development model

▪ Evelyn Duvall’ (1977) family developmental framework provides guide to examine and analyze the
basic changes and developmental tasks common to most families during their life cycle. Although
each family has unique characteristics normative patterns of sequential development are common to
all families

▪ These stages and developmental tasks illustrate common family behaviors that may be expected at
specific times in the family life cycle. The stages are marked by the age of the oldest child however
some overlapping occurs in families with several children.
 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT BASIC FAMILY TASK

A. Beginning Families
A. Physical maintenance

B. Early childbearing

B. Allocation of resources
C. Families with preschoolers

C. Division of labor
D. Families with school children

D. Socialization of members.
E. Families with teen-agers

E. Reproduction, recruitment and release of Members

F. Launching center families

F. Maintenance of order

F. Middle-aged families
G. Placement of members in larger community Maintenance of motivation and
morale
G. Aging Families

▪ Duvall’s developmental model is an excellent guide for assessing, analyzing and planning around basic family tasks developmental
stage, however, this model does not include the family structure or physiological aspects, which should be considered for a
comprehensive view of the family. This model is applicable for nuclear families with growing children and families who are
experiencing health-related problems.
 S T E V E N S O N ’ S F A M I LY D E V E L O P M E N TA L
MODEL
• Joanne Stevenson (1977) describes the basic tasks and responsibilities of families in four stages.

STAGES HEALTH TASKS

Couple strives for independence from their parents and to develop a sense of
Emerging family (from marriage for 7 to 10 years) responsibility for family life.

To assume responsibility for growth and development of individual members and

Crystallizing family (with teenage children) outside organizations

Interacting family(children grown and small Assumption of responsibility for “continued survival and enhancement of the
grandchildren) nation.”

Assume the responsibility for sharing the wisdom of age, reviewing life and
Actualizing family (aging couple alone again) putting affairs in order

▪ She views family tasks as maintaining a common household rearing children and finding satisfying work and leisure. It also in cludes sustaining
appropriate health patterns and providing mutual support and acculturation of family members.

▪ This model is useful for nuclear families because it examines psychosocial patterns to specific stage of development, however , it also does not
include family structure, nor it addresses health promotion and health -related concerns that the family may face.
S T RU C T U R A L - F U N C T I O N A L M O D E L
Friedman’s Structural- Functional Family Model

▪ Was developed from sociological frameworks and systems theory by Marilyn Friedman (1986)

• The family is the focus of this model as it interacts with supra -systems in the community and with individual
family members in the subsystem

Friedman’s Family Model Components

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

Family composition Affective
Value systems Physical necessities and care
Communication patterns Economic
Role structure Reproductive
Socialization and social placement
Power structure Family coping
F R I E D M A N ’ S F A M I LY M O D E L
COMPONENTS
▪ Structural component examines the family unit, how it is organized and how members
relate to one another in terms of values, communication network, role system and
power while functional components refers to the interaction outcomes resulting from
family organizational structure.

▪ The structural-functional components and parts all intimately interrelate and interact;
the others affect each component and part.

▪ This model provides a broad framework for examining the interactions among family
and within the community. This incorporates physical, psychosocial and cultural
aspects of the family along with interacting relationships.

▪ This model is very applicable to any type of family and their health-related problems
 SYSTEMS MODEL
Calgary’s Family Model (system’s model)
▪ Is an integrated conceptual framework of several theorists.

▪ Model is based on three major categories: family structure, function and development. Each is further subdivided
into parts that interacts with others and changes the whole family configuration.

Family Structure Family Family Functions External Expressive

Development
• Internal • developmental • daily living • Culture • Communication
• Family stage activities • Religion • Problem-solving
composition • developmental • allocation of • Social class status • Roles
• Rank order of tasks tasks and mobility • Control
member’s • attachments • Environment • Beliefs
• Subsystems in • Extended family • Alliances/coaliti
family ons
• Boundaries of
family

▪ This model is comprehensive and incorporates three major areas, namely, the structure, function and development of
the family.

▪ It is complex, with too many sub concepts for the health worker to explore and focus.

▪ It can be applied to any type of family with any health-related problems.

 F A M I LY A P G A R Q U E S T I O N N A I R E
(SMILKESTEIN, 1978)
SOMETIME HARDLY
ALWAYS S EVER
(2 PTS.) (1 pt.) (0 PT.)
I am satisfied with the help I receive from
my family when something is troubling
me. Scoring:
I am satisfied with the way my family Check one of the three choices:
discovers items of common interest and Total Score:
shares problem-solving with me. ▪ 7-10 = suggests a highly
I find that my family accepts my wishes functional family
to take on new activities or make changes
in my lifestyle.
▪ 4-6 = moderately dysfunctional
family
I am satisfied with the way my family
▪ 0-3 = severely dysfunctional
expresses affection and responds to my
feelings such as anger, sorrow and love
family

I am satisfied with the way my family

and I spend time together.
H E A LT H A S A G O A L O F F A M I LY H E A LT H
CARE
▪ HEALTH DEFICIT- this refers to conditions of health breakdowns or advent of illness
in the family

▪ HEALTH THREAT- these are the conditions that make it more likely for accidents,
disease or failure to thrive or develop to occur.

▪ FORESEEABLE CRISIS- these are anticipated periods of unusual demand on the family
in terms of time or resources

▪ WELLNESS POTENTIAL- this refers to states of wellness and the likelihood for health
maintenance or improvement to occur depending on the desire of the family
RO L E S O F H E A LT H C A R E P RO V I D E R I N
F A M I LY H E A LT H C A R E
▪ HEALTH MONITOR

▪ PROVIDER OF CARE

▪ COORDINATOR

▪ FACILITATOR

▪ TEACHER

▪ COUNSELOR
F A M I LY H E A LT H C A R E P RO C E S S

▪ DATA COLLECTION: METHODS AND TOOLS

▪ DATA ANALYSIS or INTERPRETATION

▪ PLANNING

▪ IMPLEMENTATION

▪ EVALUATION PHASE
F A M I LY H E A LT H C A R E P RO C E S S

ASSESSMENT PHASE

▪ first major phase of nursing process in family health nursing

▪ Involves a set of action by which the nurse measures the status of the family as a
client. Its ability to maintain wellness , prevent, control or resolve problems in order to
achieve health and wellness among its members

▪ Data about present condition or status of the family are compared against the norms
and standards of personal , social, and environmental health, system integrity and
ability to resolve social problems.

▪ The norms and standards are derived from values, beliefs, principles, rules or
expectation.
ASSESSMENT PHASE
TWO MAJOR TYPES
• FIRST LEVEL ASSESSMENT- a process whereby existing and potential health conditions or problems of the family are
determined (WS, HT, HD, SP or FC)

• SECOND LEVEL ASSESSMENT- defines the nature or type of nursing problem that family encounters in performing health task
with respect to given health condition or problem and etiology or barriers to the family’s assumption of the task

DATA COLLECTION METHODS: SELECT APPROPRIATE METHOD

OBSERVATION

▪ done through use of sensory capacities

▪ The nurse gathers information about the family’s state of being and behavioral responses

▪ the family’s health status can be inferred from the s/ sx of problem areas

▪ a. communication and interaction patterns expected ,used, and tolerated by family members

▪ b. role perception / task assumption by each member including decision making patterns

▪ c. conditions in the home and environment

** Data gathered though this method have the advantage of being subjected to validation and
reliability testing by other observers
ASSESSMENT PHASE
▪ PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

▪ significant data about the health status of individual members can be obtained through direct examination through
IPPA, Measurement of specific body parts and reviewing the body systems

▪ data gathered from P.A form substantive part of first level assessment which may indicate presence of health deficits
(illness state )

▪ INTERVIEW

▪ Productivity of interview process depends upon the use effective communication techniques to elicit needed response
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED:

▪ How to ascertain where the client is in terms of perception of health condition or problems and the patterns of
coping utilized to resolve them

▪ Tendency of community health worker to readily give out advice, health teachings or solutions once they have
identified the health condition or problems.

▪ Provisions of models for phrasing interview questions utilization of deliberately chosen communication techniques for
an adequate nursing assessment.

▪ confidence in the use of communication skills

▪ Being familiar with and being competent in the use of type of question that aim to explore, validate, clarify, offer
feedback, encourage verbalization of thought and feelings and offer needed support or reassurance.
TYPES:

• completing health history of each family member

▪ Health history determines current health status based on significant PAST HEALTH HISTOI\RY e.g. developmental
accomplishment, known illnesses, allergies, restorative treatment, residence in endemic areas for certain diseases or sources of
communicable diseases.

▪ FAMILY HISTORY e.g. genetic history in relation to health and illness.

▪ SOCIAL HISTORY e.g. intra-personal and inter-personal factors affecting the family member social adjustment or vulnerability to
stress and crisis

• Collecting data by personally asking significant family members or relatives questions regarding health, family life
experiences and home environment to generate data on what wellness condition and health problem exist in the family ( first
level assessment) and the corresponding nursing problems for each health condition or problem ( 2nd level assessment)

▪ RECORDS REVIEW

▪ Gather information through reviewing existing records and reports pertinent to the client

▪ Individual clinical records of the family members, laboratory and diagnostic reports, immunization records reports about
home and environmental conditions
LABORATORY/ DIAGNOSTIC TEST

ANALYZE DATA TO IDENTIFY NEEDS AND PROBLEMS

• CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS:

• PROCESS FOR ANALYSIS:

▪ SORTING OF DATA

▪ CLUSTERING OF RELATED CUES

▪ DISTINGUISHING RELEVANT FROM IRRELEVANT CUES

▪ IDENTIFYING PATTERNS

▪ COMPARING PATTERNS

▪ INTERPRETING RESULTS OF COMPARISON

▪ MAKING INFERENCES AND DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H N E E D S A N D P RO B L E M S O F T H E
F A M I LY
▪ A situation which interferes with the promotion and / or maintenance of health

▪ It is a health problem when it stated as the family’s failure to perform adequately

specific health task to enhance the wellness state or manage a health problem