3/22/22

Definitions & Terminology

Trust Boundary
Organisational Boundary
Physical perimeter that surrounds a set
of IT resources owned and governed
by an organisation DS
Organisation

Trust Boundary
Logical perimeter that typically spans
physical boundaries to represent the
Organisational Boundary
extent to which IT resources are
trusted

Definitions & Terminology

Scaling
Represents the ability of the IT resource to handle increased or decreased
usage demands

Horizontal Scaling
Allocating or releasing IT resources that are of the same type

Vertical Scaling
n Replacing existing IT resource by another higher or lower capacity

1
 3/22/22

Centralised vs Distributed
Centralised system
n Early computing was performed on a single
machine (1 cpu, array processors, super-
computers); called centralised computing
n Have the overall supervision of computations
Distributed system
n Collection of independent computers,
interconnected via a network, to share
resources and capable of collaborating on a
task.

Centralised vs. Distributed

Distributed computing has become increasingly common for many
reasons:
n Bigger challenges in science and industry
n Performance (Task farming / Parallelisation)
n Resource sharing
n Scalability
n Availability
n DS are much cheaper than mainframes

2
 3/22/22

Taxonomy
!More recent (Stallings, 1993) PE MU

PE MU
CU PE MU CU

SISD SIMD
PE MU

CU PE CU PE MU
Shared memory

CU PE

Network
CU PE MU
MIMD - SM MIMD - PM

CU PE CU PE MU

Classification of MIMD
P&D
Tightly Computers
Loosely
coupled coupled
MIMD

Multiprocessors Multi-computers
(SM) (DM)

Bus Switched Bus Switched

sequent Ultra-computer Workstation Hypercube

On a LAN

3
 3/22/22

Middleware
Middleware ~ Distributed OS
n Middleware technologies based on threads / sockets, RPC,
Java RMI, SOAP/Web Services, etc.

Key Technology: Virtualisation

App App App

App App App OS OS OS

Hypervisor / Virtual Machine

Operating System
Manager

Hardware Hardware

Traditional Stack Virtualised stack

4
 3/22/22

Why virtualised resources?

Cost reduction
Isolation
Testing / evaluation of OS, kernel, or applications
Easy duplication
Running applications not supported by the host
Green IT!