Reviewer in Practical Research 2.

Quantitative Research - is concerned with numbers and its relationship with events.
-an objective. Systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena
through the use of computational techniques.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research:

 Objective
 Clearly defined research questions
 Structured research instruments
 Numerical data
 Large sample sizes
 Replication
 Future outcomes

1. Objectives- it is not based on mere intuition and guesses.

2. Clearly Defined research questions- the questions are well defined for which objective answers
are sought.
3. Structured research instruments- data are normally gathered using structured research tools such
as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio economic
status, number of children, among others.
4. Numerical Data- figures, tables, graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to show
trends, relationship or difference among variables. In sum, the charts and tables allow you to see
the evidence collected.
5. Large sample sizes- this requires a large sample size, depending on how the characteristics of the
population vary. Random sampling is recommended in determining the sample size to avoid
researchers bias in interpreting the results.
6. Replication- quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus
strengthen and reinforcing validity of finding eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.
7. Future outcomes- by using complex mathematical calculations, quantitative research puts
emphasis on proof rather than discovery.

Strengths of Quantitative research:

1. It is objective, the bigger the number of the sample of a population, the results or generalization
are more reliable and valid.
2. The use of statistical techniques, it is easy to analyze and comprehend a huge amount of vital
characteristics of data.
3. It is real and unbiased.
4. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way.
5. Quantitative studies are replicable.
Weaknesses of Quantitative research:

1. Quantitative requires a large number of respondents, the larger the sample is, the more
statistically accurate the findings are.
2. It is costly. Since there are large sample size of respondents, the expenses will be greater in
reproducing questionnaires for the people.
3. The information is contextual factors to help interpret the results or to explain variations are
usually ignored.
4. Much information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments.
5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and
inaccurate.
6. Difficult to gather data.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

 Descriptive
 Correlational
 Evaluation
 Survey research
 Causal- comparative
 Experimental

1. Descriptive Research- it is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and components
if the population.
2. Corelational Research- correlate the two variable, it is the systematic investigation of the nature
of relationships or associations between and among variables.
3. Evaluation Research- it aims to asses the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or
programs.
4. Survey Research- it is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and
studying samples.
5. Causal- Comparative research- it is also known as ex- post ( after the fact) research. This derives
conclusion from observation and manifestation that already occurred in the past and now
compared to some dependent variables. It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs.
6. Experimental Research- this utilizes scientific method to test cause-and- effect relationships
under conditions controlled an independent variable.

Types of Variables
1. Constant- do not undergo any changes during an experiment.
2. Attribute- characteristics of people: intelligence, creativity, anxiety, learning styles, etc.
3. Covariate- included in the research study to create interactions with the independent and
dependent variables.
4. Continuous- quantitative in nature and is used in interval or ratio scale measurement.
5. Dichotomous- has only two possible results: one or zero.
6. Latent- cannot be directly observed like personality traits.
7. Manifest- can be directly observed to give proofs to latent variables
8. Exogenous- found outside an identified model
9. Endogenous- found inside; as a part of identified model.