lll.

HISTORY (PR)

Transportation

It refers to the movement of persons, vehicles or things from one place to another. The most
noteworthy points to consider in the history of traffic are the following:

1. Power either wind, animal or man; and

2. Road and Vehicle.

1. Power (WAM)

A. Wind (KOBRGAFS)

a. Ancient Chinese Kite

b. Omithopter by Leonardo Da Vinci which is based on the birds' wings.

c. Balloon by Montgolfier Brothers Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne. However, Pilatre de Rozier and
Marquis d' Arlanoes became the first men to make a free balloon ascend.

d. Rocket Plane by an electric industrialist, Erns Werner Von Siemen.

e. Glider by Otto Lilienthal.

f. Airship by Alberto Santos Dumont

g. Flying Machine by Orville and Wilbur Wright

Brothers

h. Spirit of St. Louis by Capt. Charles Lindbergh

Animal (ORDDLEHCY)

a. Ox

b. Reindeer

c. Dog

d. Donkey

e. Llama

f. Elephant

g. Horse
h. Camel

i. Yak

C. Man (PBSST)

a. Carrying Pole

b. Back Load and Tumpline

c. Sledge on Roliers

d. Sledge on Runners

e. Travois

2. Road and Vehicle.

A. Wheel

a. Solid wheels on fixed axle

b. Sumerian chariot with flank wheels

c. Greek quadrica with spoked wheels

d. Roman carpentum

e. Italian cocchio

B. Wheeled Vehicles

C. The Romans

D. John Macadam

E. After the Fall of the Romans

F. Coach Spring of 1650's

G. English Roads

H. John Palmer

I. Bicycle

J. Pneumatic Tires

K. Motor Vehicle
IV.FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT

A. Definition

Traffic

It refers to the movement of persons, goods and vehicles either powered by animals or animal-drawn
vehicles, or by combustion system from one place to another For the purpose of safe travel.

Trafico

It is a Greco-Roman word, which refers to the movement of people.

Traffic System

It is consist of the entire road and vehicle complex.

Traffic Unit

This refers to any person or vehicle using a roadway for the purpose of safe travel.

Management

It is the process of directing and controlling people and things so that organizational objectives can be
accomplished.

Operation

It refers to a course or series of acts to effect certain purpose, manner of action, or vital or natural
process of activity.

Accident

lt is an occurrence in a sequence of events that usually results in unintended damage to property,

injuries or death especially when motor vehicles and pedestrians are involved.

Investigation
It is an art which deals with the identity and location of the offender and provide evidence of his guilt in
criminal proceedings.

B. Causes of Traffic Congestion (4Ps)

1. Physical Inadequacy

2. Poor Control Measures

3. Poor Maintenance

4. Practically Human Errors

C. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management (L-PET -SIM -CCP)

1. Legislature

2. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

3. City Municipal Engineers' Office

4. Department of transportation and Communication (DOTC)

5. Schools

6. Public Information Agency

7. Media

8. Community

9. Courts

10. Philippine National Police

D. Five (5) E's of Traffic

The following are the five (5) pillars of traffic management commonly known as the 5 Es of Traffc, to wit

1. Education

It is the process of giving training and travel and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge: the crowning jewel of traffic management and abstract architect of social life and unyielding
master of man's destiny on the roadway.

2. Engineering
It is the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic flow and generation and the application of this
knowledge to the professional practice of planning and the operating traffic systems to achieve safe and
efficient movement of persons and goods. It is also the science of measuring traffic and travel.

3. Enforcement

It refers to the action taken by the police, such as arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket and giving
warning to the drivers for the purpose of deterring discouraging and preventing violations.

4. Environment

It deals with potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale
and density of a new urban concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution
and crowding, especially transport congestion, which result therein.

5. Economics

It deals with the way and means on how people manage to utilize insufficient resources to produce
things and eventually allocate and consume the same.

VI. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4136

This Act shall be known as the "Land Transportation and Traffic Code," which shall control, as far as they
apply, the registration and operation of motor vehicles and the licensing of owners, dealers, conductors,
drivers, and similar matters.

Salient Points of Republic Act No. 4136 Definition

In its section 3, the following words and phrases are defined:

(a) "Motor Vehicle" shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the
public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers,
bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public highways, vehicles
which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively
for agricultural purposes.

Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment to a
motor vehicle, shall be classified as separate motor vehicle with no power rating.
(b) "Passenger automobiles" shall mean all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those usually
known under the following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car, roadster ,jeep, cycle,
car (except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are classified with motorcycles),coupe,
landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.

Motor vehicles with changed or rebuilt bodies, such as jeepneys, jitneys, or station wagons, using a
chassis of the usual pneumatic-tire passenger automobile type, shall also be classified as passenger
automobile, if their net allowable carying capacity. as detemined by the Commissioner of Land
Transportation, does not exceed nine passengers and if they are not used primarily for carrying freight
or merchándise.

The distinction between "passenger truck" and"passenger automobile" shall be that of common usage:
Provided, That a motor vehicle registered for more than nine passengers shall be classified as"truck":
And Provided, further, That a "truck with seating compartments at the back not used for hire shall be
registered under special"S" classifications.In case of dispute, the Commissioner of Land Transportation
shall determine the classification to which any special type of motor vehicle belongs.

(c) "Articulated vehicle" shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached
that part of the trailer. rests upon motorvehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of
its load is borne by the motor vehicle.Such a trailer shall be called as "semi-trailer."

(d) "Driver" shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.

(e) "Professional driver" shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor
vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the public.

Any person driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a professional driver.

(f) "Owner" shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly
registered with the Land Transportation Commission.

The "owner" of a government-owned motor vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of the Bureau
to which the said motor vehicle belongs.
(g) "Dealer" shall mean every person, association, partnership, or corporation making,
manufacturing,constructing, assembling, remodeling, rebuilding,or setting up motor vehicles; and every
such entity acting as agent for the sale of one or more makes,styles, or kinds of motor vehicles, dealing
in motor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or selling same or handling with a view to trading same.

(h) "Garage" shall mean any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not include street stands, public service stations,
or other public places designated by proper authority as parking spaces for motorvehicles for hire while
awaiting or soliciting business.

(i,) Gross weight" shall mean the measured

weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or
passenger,determined by the

Commissioner of Land Transportation.

(k) "Highways" shall mean every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue,park, alley and
callejon, but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons,colleges, universities, or
other similar institutions.

(k) "The Commissioner of Land Transportation or his deputies" shall mean the actual or acting chief of
the Land Transportation Commission or such representatives, deputies, or assistants as he may, with the
approval of the Secretary of Public Works and Communications, appoint or designate in writing for the
purpose contemplated by this Act.

(l) "Parking or parked", for the purposes of this Act, shall mean that a motor vehicle is "parked" or
"parking" if it has been brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains
inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time. A motor vehicle which properlly
stops merely to discharge a passenger or

to take in a waiting passenger, or to load or unload a small quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch
shall not be considered as "parked", if the motor vehicle again moves away without delay.

(m) "Tourist" shall mean a foreigner who travels from place to place for pleasure or culture.
Important Notes on Registration and Classifications of Motor Vehicles

All motor vehicles and other vehicles must be registered. No motor vehicle shall be used or operated on
or upon any public highway of the Philippines unless thesame is properly registered for the current year
in

accordance with the provisions of this Act.

Change of motor number prohibited. No repair or change in the motor vehicle involving the
exchange,elimination, effacing, or replacing of the original or registered serial or motor number as
stamped or imprinted, shall be allowed, and any motor vehicle with a trace of having its motor number
altered or tampered with shall be refused registration or re-registration, unless such is satisfactorily

explained and approved by the Commissioner.

Encumbrances of motor vehicles. - Mortgages,attachments, and other encumbrances of motor vehicles,

inorder to be valid, must be recorded in the Land Transportation Commission and must be properly
recorded on the face of all outstanding copies of the certificates of

registration of the vehicle concemed.

Cancellation or foreclosure of such mortgages,attachments, and other encumbrances shall likewise be

recorded, and in the absence of such cancellation, no certificate of registration shall be issued without
the coresponding notation of mortgage, attachment and/or

other encumbrances.

Records of encumbrances of motor vehicles shallbe kept by the Land Transportation Commission in
chronological sequence and shall contain, among other things, the time, date and number of the entry
in a "Book of Motor Vehicles" referring to the creation, cancellation or foreclosure of the aforesaid
mortgages, attachments or to

other encumbrances.

General Classifications of Registered Motor Vehicles(PDPG)

1. Private (green with white background plate)

2. Diplomat (blue or other color with white background plate)

3. Public (black with yellow background plate)

4. Government (red with white background plate)

Specific Registration Classification

Every motor vehicle shall be registered under one of the following described classifications:

But (a) private passenger automobiles;

(b) private trucks, and

(c) private motorcycles, scooters, or motor wheel attachments.

Motor vehicles registered under these classifications shall not be used for hire under any circumstances
and shall not be used to solicit, accept, or be used to transport passengers or freight for pay.

Laborers necessary to handle freight on board private trucks may ride on such trucks: Provided, That
seats shall not be installed in the rear compartment thereof and

that only such number of laborers, not exceeding ten, as may needed to handle the kind of freight
carried, shall ride on the truck: Provided, further, That the combined weight of cargo and passengers
does not exceed the registered net capacity of the truck.

For the purpose of this section, a vehicle habitually used to cary freight not belonging to the registered
owner thereof, or passengers not related by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree to
such owner, shall be conclusively presumed to be "for hire."

(d) Public utility automobiles;

(e) public utility trucks;

( f) taxis and auto-calesas;

(g) garage automobiles;

(h) garage trucks;

(i) hire trucks: and

(j) trucks owned by contractors and customs brokers and customs agents.

Application for registration under these

classifications shall be accompanied by a certificate of public convenience or a special pemit issued by
the Public Service Commission, and motor vehicles registered under these classifications shall be subject
to the Public Service Law, rules and regulations, as well as the provisions of this Act.

(k) Undertakes

(l) Dealers Registrations under this classification are intended to cover generally and successively all the
motor vehicles imported or handled by dealers for sale. Motorvehicles registered under the dealer's
classification shall,under no circumstances, be employed to cary passengersor freight in the dealer's
business, or for hire. Such vehicles shall be operated under this classification only for the purpose of
transporting the vehicle itself from the pier or factory to the warehouse or sales room or for delivery to
a prospective purchaser or for test or demonstration.

(m) Government automobiles;

(n) government trucks; and

(o) government motorcycles.

Motor vehicles owned by the Government of the Philippines or any of its political subdivisions shall bere
gistered under these classifications. Motor vehicles owned by government corporations, by government
employees or by foreign governments shall not be registered under this classification.

(p) Tourists bringing their own motor vehicles to the Philippines may, without registering such motor
vehicles,use the same during but not after ninety days of their sojoum: Provided, That the motor vehicle
displays the number plates for the current year of some other country or state, and said number plates
as well as the name and address (pemanent and temporary) of the owner thereof are registered in the
Land Transportation Office prior to the operation of the motor vehicle.

If such tourist remains in the Philippines longer than ninety days the motor vehicle shall not be operated
unless registered in accordance with this Act and the corresponding registration fees paid.

(q) Special. The Commissioner of Land Transportation may, in his discretion, allow the registration under
this classification of motor vehicles which do not conform to the foregoing described regular
classification.

Registration Certificates, Records, Number Plates

Secticn 14. Issuance of certificates of registration. - A properly numbered certificate of registration shall
be issued for each separate motor vehicle after due inspection and payment of corresponding
registration fees.

Section 15, Use and authority of certificate of registration.

(a) The said certificate shall be preserved and caried in the car by the owner as evidence of the
registration of the motor vehicle described therein,and shall be presented with subsequent applications
for re-registration, transfer of ownership or recording encumbrances,

Provided, That in lieu of the certificate of registration a true copy or photostat thereof may be caried in
the motor vehicle.

(b) The certificate of registration issued under the provisions of this Act for any motor vehicle shall while
the same is valid and effective and has not been suspended or revoked, be the authority for the
operation of such motor vehicle.

(c) No motor vehicle shall be operated on the public highways in a manner which would place it under a
classification requiring the payment of a larger

registration fee than that stated in the certificate of registration.

Section 16. Suspension of registration certificate, If on inspection, any motor vehicle found to be
unsightly, unsafe,overloaded, improperly marked or equipped, or otherwise unfit to be operated, or
capable of causing excessive damage to the highways, or not conforming to minimum standards and
specifications, the Commissioner may refuse to register the said motor vehicle, or if already
registered,may require the number plates thereof to be surrendered to him, and upon seventy-two
hours notice to the owner of the motor vehicle, suspend such registration until the defects of the vehicle
are corrected and/or the minimum standards and

specifications fully complied with.

Whenever it shall appear from the records of the Commission that during any twelve-month period
more than three warnings for violations of this Act have been given the owner of a motorvehicle, or that
the said owner has been

convicted by a competent court more than once for violation of such laws, the Commissioner may, in his
discretion, suspend the certificate of registration for a period not

exceeding ninety days and, thereupon, shall require the immediate surrender of the number plates.

Whenever a motor vehicle is found to be underweight the owner thereof shall pay the diference in the
registration fees corresponding to the shortage in weight plus a fifty per cent Surcharge, and until such
payment is made, the certificate of registration of the motor vehicle concerned shall be suspended by
the Commissioner.

After two such suspension, re-registration of the vehicle concerned for one year may be denied.

The Commissioner shall notify the owner of the motor vehicle of any action taken by him under this
section.

Section 18. Use of number plates. - At all times, every motor vehicle shall display in conspicuous places,
one in front and one in the rear thereof, the said number plates.

The number plates shall be kept clean and cared for, and shall be firmly affixed to the motor vehicle in
such a manner as will make it entirely visible and always legible.

Except in the case of dealer's number plates which may be used successively on various motor vehicles
in stock, no person shall transfer number plates from motor vehicle to another.No dealer's number plate
shall be used on any motor vehicle after said vehicle has been sold and delivered to a purchaser, and no
dealer shall allow such dealer's number plates to be used on any motor vehicle after its sale and delivery
to a purchaser.

Protocol Plates Code

1- President -

duterte, baston

2- Vice President -

leni, snake hair

3- Senate President-

sotto, butterfly

4- Speaker of the House ,

Cayetano, dequatro,chair

5- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

- Lucas, hinahatulan Ang buntis

6.-Cabinet Secretary

- Ara mina, drawing apple

7.- Senator

Pacqiao, palakol
8- Congressman,

- Quimbo, yakult

9- Associate Justice Supreme Court

-molina, baloon pinaputok

10- Court Of Appeals Justice/Solicitor General

Marlyn, patiring

11- COMELEC Chairman

- lagrada, dart dalawa sa center.

12- Cabinet Undersecretary

- jelly, hanger pinapaikot sampayan

14- AFP and PNP Chief

- albayalde Valentine's card benjamin

16- RTC Judges

- acejo, pinana apple sa ulo Ni caagbay.

Operation of Motor Vehicle License to Drive Motor Vehicles

Section 19. Duty to procure license. - Except as otherwise specifically provided in this Act, no person
shall operate any motor vehicle without first procuring a license to drive a motor vehicle for the current
year, nor while such license is delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoked.

The license shall be carried by the driver at all

times when operating a motor vehicle, and shall be shown and/or surrendered for cause and upon
demand to any person with authority under this Act to confiscate the same.

Section 20. License for enlisted men operating Govemment motor vehicles. Enlisted men operating a
motor vehicle owned by the Govemment of the Philippines shall be licensed in accordance with the
provisions of this Act, but no license or delinquency fees shall be collected therefrom. All licenses so
issued shall bear the words "For Government Vehices Only" plainly marked or stamped in red ink across
the face thereof.

A license so marked or stamped shall authorize the holder thereof to operate a private-owned motor
vehicle.
Section 21. Operation of motor vehicles by tourists. - Bonafide tourist and similar transients who are
duly licensed to operate motor vehicles in their respective countries maybe allowed to operate motor
vehicles during but not after ninety days of their sojourn in the Philippines.

If any accident involving such tourist or transient occurs, which upon investigation by the Commissioner
or his deputies indicates that the said tourist or transient is incompetent to operate motor vehicles, the
Commissioner shall immediately inform the said tourist or transient in writing that he shall no longer be
permitted to operate a motorvehicle.

After ninety days, any tourist or transient

desiring to operate motor vehicles shall pay fees and obtain and carry a license as hereinafter provided.

Section 22. Driver's license, fees, examination. Every person who desires personally to operate any
motor vehicle shall file an application to the Commissioner or his deputies for a license to drive motor
vehicles: Provided, however, That no person shall be issued a professional driver's license who is
suffering from highly contagious diseases, such as, advanced tuberculosis, gonohea, syphilis, and the
like.

Section 23. Issuance of driver's license. If, after such examination, the Commissioner or his deputy
believes that the applicant possesses the necessary qualifications and is proficient in the operation of
motor vehicles, a license shall be issued to such applicant upon payment, but prior to the issuance of
said license, the applicant shall furnish three copies of his recent photograph to be securely attached to
the license, and two copies to be filed and kept as provided by this Act. All driver's licenses shall bear the
signature and right-hand thumb print of the licensee.

Section 24. Use of driver's license and badge. Every license issued under the provisions of this Act to any
driver shall entitle the holder thereof, while the same is valid and effective and not suspended or
revoked, to operate motor vehicles described in such license: Provide however, That every licensed
professional driver, before operating a public service motor vehicle registered under

classifications (d) to (j) inclusive of Section seven hereof,  shall secure from the Commissioner, upon
payment,

a driver's badge which he shall, at all times while so operating a motor vehicle, display in plain sight on
the band of his cap or on his coat or shirt. Such driver's badge shall be of metal with a plainly readable
numbe assigned to the to the license stamp thereon.
It shall be unlawful for any duly licensed driver to transfer, lend or otherwise allow any person to use his
license for the purpose of enabling such person to operate a motor vehicle.

No owner of a motor vehicle shall engage,

employ, or hire any person to operate such motor vehicle, unless the person sought to be employed is a
duly licensed professional driver.

Section 25. Driver's records.- Any driver who changes his address shall, within fifteen days, notify the
Commissioner  in writing of his new  address, name and address of his new employer, the number of the
motor vehicle he is employed to operate,  and such other information as the Commissioner may require.

Section 26. Renewal of license,- Any license not renewed on or before the last working day of the month
when the applicant was born shall become delinquent and invalid,except when the license is
surrendered to the Commissioner or his deputies before the last working day of the month of his birth in
order to avoid payment of the delinquency fees

Lost license.- In case the license for the previous year has been lost or cannot be produced, the applicant
shall obtain a duplicate in accord with Section eleven of this Act, on penalty of refusal, by the
Commissioner or his deputies, to renew the license: Provided, however, That the Commissioner or his
deputies may, in their discretion accept in lieu of the previous year's license, the duly signed and sworn
statement of an operator to the effect that he has not operated any motor vehicle  in the Philippines
during the year or years to which no license was issued in his name. The Commissioner and his deputies
are hereby authorized

to administer the oath in connection with such affidavit.

Section 27. Suspension, revocation of driver's license.

(a) The Commissioner may suspend for a period of not exceeding three months or, after hearing,revoke
any driver's license issued under the provisions of this Act, and may order any such license to be
delivered to him whenever he has reason to believe that the holder thereof is an improper person to
operate motor vehicles, or in

operating or using a motor vehicle in, or accessory to, the commission of any crime or act which
endangers the public. Any deputy of the  Commissioner may, for the same cause, suspend for a period
not exceeding three months any driver's license issued under the provisions of this Act Provided, That
such suspension may be appealed to the Commissioner who may, after reviewing the case, confirm,
reverse or modify the action taken by such deputy.
(b) Whenever during any twelve-month period aririver shall have been convicted at least three times for
the violations of any provisions of this Actor of any regulation issued by the Commissioner or any
municipal or city ordinance relating to motor vehicle traffic not in conflict with any of the provisions of
this Act, the Commissioner may, in his discretion, revoke or suspend the license of such driver for a
period not exceeding wo years.

(c) The license suspended or revoked under the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall
not be reinstated unless the driver has furnished a bond in accordance with Section twenty-nine of this
Act and only after the Commissioner has satisfied himself that such driver may again safely be permitted
to operate a motor vehicle.

(d) A decision of the Commissioner revoking or refusing the reinstatement of a license under the
provisions of this Section may be appealed to the secretary of Transportation and Communications.

Section 29. Confiscation of driver's licenses.

Law enforcement and peace officers duly designated by the Commissioner shall, in apprehending any
driver for violations of this Act or of any regulations issued pursuant thereto, or of local traffic rules and
regulations, confiscate the license of the driver concerned and issue a receipt prescribed and issued by
the Commission therefor which shall authorize the driver to operate a motor vehicle for a period not
exceeding seventy-two hours from the time and date of issue of said receipt. The period so fixed in the
receipt shall not be extended, and shall become invalid there after. Failure of the driver to settle his case
within fifteen days from the date of apprehension will cause suspension and revocation of his license.

Section 30. Student-driver's permit. Upon proper application and the payment, the Commissioner or his
deputy may issue student-driver's permits, valid for six months to persons not under sixteen years of
age, who desire to learn to operate motor vehicles. No application for driver's license shall be received
unless the applicant has undergone instruction in the operation of motor vehicles for at least a month
and has a valid student-driver's permit: Provided, however, That any person who has a license to
operate vehicles in other countries may, upon presentation of appropriate evidence of such license, be
allowed to pay for a driver's license without presenting a student drivers permit.

A student driver who fails in the examination shall continue as a student driver for at least one
additional month. No student driver shall operate a motor vehicle unless

accompanied by a duly licensed driver.

The licensed driver acting as instructor to the student driver shall likewise be responsible and liable for
any violation of the provisions of this Act and for any injury or damage done by the motor vehicle on
account or as a result of its operation by a student under his direction.
Illegal Use of Licenses, Number Plates, Etc.

Section 31. Imitation and false representations. - No person shall make or use or attempt to make or use
a driver's  license, badge, certificate of registration, number plate, tag, or permit in imitation or
similitude of those issued under this Act, or intended to be used as or for a legal license, badge,
certificate, plate, tag or permit or with intent to sell or  otherwise dispose of the same to another. No
person shall falsely or fraudulently represent as valid and in force any driver's license, badge,  issued
under this Act which is delinquent or which has been revoked or suspended.

No person shall, knowingly and with intent to

deceive, make one or more false or fraudulent statements in an application for the registration of
vehicies, or for a driver's license.

VIl. OTHER TRAFFIC LAws AND RULES

1. Republic Act No. 7924

  An act creating the Metropolitan Manila

Development Authority (MMDA), defining its powers and functions, providing funding therefor and for
other purposes

Sec. 1 Declaration of Policy-It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to treat Metropolitan
Manila as a special development and administrative region and certain basic services affecting or
involving Metro Manila as metro-wide services more efficiently and effectively planned,supervised and
coordinated by a development authority as created therein, without prejudice to the autonomy of the 
affected local government units.

Pursuant to this policy, Metropolitan Manila, as a public corporation created under Presidential Decree
No.824, embracing the Cities of Caloocan, Manila, Mandaluyong, Pasay, and Quezon and the
Municipalities of Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Marikina, Muntinlupa Navotas, Parañaque, Pasig, Pateros,
San Juan, Taguig,Valenzuela, is hereby constituted into a special development

and and administered region.

Sec. 2 Creation of Metropolitan Manila

Development Authority

  -The affairs of Metropolitan

Manila shall be administered by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority hereinafter referred to
as  MMDA, to replace the Metro Manila Authority (MMA)organized under Executive Order No. 392,
Series of 1990.

The MMDA shall perform planning, monitoring and coordinative functions,

in the process exercis regulatory and supervisory authority over the delivery of

metro-wide services within Metro Manila without diminution of the autonomy of the local government
units concerning

purely local matters.

Sec. 3 Scope of MMDA Services, - Metro-wide services under the jurisdiction of the MMDA are those
services which have metro-wide impact and transcend legal political boundaries or entail huge
expenditures such that itwould not be viable for said services to be provided by the individual local
government units (LGUs) comprising Metropolitan Manila. These services shall include:

Development planning which includes the preparation of medium and long-term development plans:
the development

evaluation and packaging of projects;

investment programming and coordination and monitoring of plan, program and project
implementation.

Transport and traffic management which includes the formulation, coordination and monitoring of
policies, standards, programs and projects to rationalize the existing transport operations, infrastructure
requirements, the use of thoroughfares, and promotions of safe and convenient

movement of persons and goods: provision for the mass transport system and the institution of a
system to regulate road users; administration and implementation of all irerhe, enforcement operations,
traffic engineering services and traffic education programs, including the institution of a single ticketing
system in Metropolitan Manila.

       Solid waste disposal and management which include fomulation, and implementation of policies,
standards, programs and projects for proper and sanitary waste disposal. It shall likewise include the
establishment and operation of sanitary landfill and related facilities and the implementation of other
alternative programs intended to reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste.

       Flood control and sewerage management which includes the formulation and implementation of
policies, standards, programs and projects for an integrated flood control, drainage and sewerage
system.

       Urban renewal, zoning and land use planning, and shelter services which includes the formulation,
adoption and implementation of policies, standards, rules and regulations, programs and projects to
rationalize and optimize urban land use and provide direction to urban growth and expansion, the
rehabiltation and development of slum and blighted areas, the development of shelter and housing
facilities and the provision of necessary social services thereof.

      Health and sanitation urban protection and pollution control which includes the formulation and
implementation of policies, rules and regulations, standards,programs and projects for the promotion
and safeguarding of the health and sanitation of the region and for the enhancement of ecological
balance and the prevention,control and abatement of environmental pollution.

Public safety which includes the formulation and implementation of programs and policies and
procedures to, achieve public safety, especially preparedness for preventive or rescue operations during
times of calamity

and disasters such as conflagrations, earthquake, flood and tidal waves: and coordination and
mobilization of resource

and the implementation for rehabilition and relief operations in coordination with national agencies
concerned.

Sec. 4 Metro Manila Council. The governing board and policy making body of the MMDA shall be the
Metro Manila Council composed Of the majors of the eight (8) cities and

nine (9) municipalities enumerated in Section 1 hereof and the president of the Metro Manila Vice
Mayors League and the president of the Metro Manila Councilors League.

The heads of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC)  Department of Public
transportation Works and Highways (DPWH). Department of Tourism (DOT) Department of Budget and
Management Office, Housing Urban and Development Coordinating Committee (HUDCC)

and the Philippine National Police (PNP) or their duly authorized representatives, shall attend meetings
of the Council as non-voting members.

The council shall be headed by a Chairman, who shall be appointed by the President and who  shall
continue to hold office at the discretion of the appointing authority. He shall  be vested with the rank,
rights privileges, disqualifications, and prohibitions of a Cabinet member.

  

  The Chairman shall be assisted by a General

Manager, an Assistant General Manager for Finance and Administration, an Assistant General manager
for Planning and an Assistant General Manager for operations, all of whom shall be appointed by the
President with the consent and concurrence of the majority of the Council, subject to

civil service laws and regulations. They shall enjoy security of tenure and may be removed for cause in
accordance with law.
  The Assistant General Manager for Planning must have not less than five (5) years of extensive
experience in development and planning or must hold a master's degree

in urban planning or similar discipline.

  The Chairman and the members of the Council shall be entitled to allowances and per diems in
accordance with existing policies, rules and regulations on the matter.

Sec. 5. Functions and Powers of the Metro Manila Developmeni Authority- The MMDA shall:

1.Formulate, coordinate and regulate the

implementation of medium and long term plans and programs for the delivery of metro-wide services,
land use and physical development within Metropolitan Manila, Consistent with national development
objectives and priorities.

2. Prepare, coordinate and regulate the implementation of medium term investment programs for
metro-wide services which shall indicate sources and uses of funds for priority programs and projects,
which shall include the packaging of projects and presentation to funding institutions

3. Undertake and manage on its own metro-wide programs and projects for the delivery of specific
services under its jurisdiction subject to the approval of the Council.For this purpose, MMDA can create
appropriate project management offices:

4. Coordinate and monitor the implementation of such plans, programs and projects in Metro Manila;
identify bottlenecks and adopt solutions to problems of implementation;

5. The MMDA shall set the policies concerning traffic in Metropolitan Manila, and coordinate and
regulate the implementation of all programs and projects concerning traffic management specifically
pertaining to enforcement,engineering and education. Upon request, it shall be extended assistance and
cooperation, including but not

limited to, assignment of personnel, by all other government agencies and offices concerned
6. Install and administer a single ticketing system , fix, impose and collect fines and penalties for all kinds
of violatiins of traffic rules and regulations, whether moving or non-moving in nature, and confiscate and
suspend or revoke driver's licenses in the enforcement of such trafic laws and regulations, the provisions
of RA 4136 and PD 1605 to the contrary notwithstanding. For this purpose, the Authority shall enforce
all traffic laws and regulations in Metro Manila, through its traffic operation center, and may deputized
members of the PNP, traffic enforcers of local government units, duly licensed security guards or
members of non-governmental organizations to whom may be delegated certain authority, subject to
Such conditions

and requirements as the Authority may impose.

7. Perform other related functions required to

achieve the objectives of the MMDA, including the undertaking of delivery of basic services to the local
government units when deemed necessary, subject to prior coordination with and consent of the local
government unit

concerned.

Sec. 6 Functions of the Metro Manila Council. The Council shall be the policy making body of the MMDA.

1. It shall approve metro-wide plans, programs and projects and issue rules and regulations and
resolutions deemed necessary by the MMDA to carry out the purposes of this Act.

2. It may increase the rate of allowances and per diems of the members of the Council to take effect
during the term of the succeeding Council; it shall fix the compensation of the

officers and personnel of the MMDA, and approve the annual budget thereof for submission to the
DBM.

3. It shall promulgate rules and regulations and set policies and standards for metro-wide application
governing the delivery of basic services, prescribe and collect service and regulatory fees, and impose
and collect fines and penalties.

Sec. 7 Functions of the Chairman. -The Chaiman shall:

1. Appoint, subject to civil service laws, rules and regulations,  all subordinate officers and employees,
who shall enjoy security of tenure and may be removed only for cause in accordance with law. The
Chaiman is hereby authorized to engage the services of experts/consultants either on full time or part-
time basis, as may be required in the perfomance of his functions and duties as may be determined by
him:
2. Execute the policies and measures approved by the Metro Manila Council and be responsible for the
efficient and effective day-to-day management of the operations of

the MMDA:

3. Prepare the annual budget for the operations of the MMDA for submission to the Council:

4. Submit for consideration of the Council such other policies and measures as may be deemed
necessary to carry out the purposes and provisions of this Act

5. Subject to the guidelines and policies set by the Council, prepare the staffing pattern and fix the
number of subordinate officials and employees of the MMDA: and exercise the power to discipline
subordinate officials and employees under the provision of law,

6.Prepare an annual budget repor on

accomplishments of the MMDA at the close of each calendar year for submission to the Council and to
the President ofthe Philippines, and

7. Perform such other duties as may be assigned to him by the President or by the Council.

Sec. 8 Functions of the General Manager. The General Manager shall:

1. Assist the Chaiman in the administration of the MMDA and supervision of subordinate personnel

2. Assist the Chairman in the supervision of the operation of various operating centers and units of
MMDA:

3. Assist the Chaiman in the review of plans and programs for the MMDA and for Metro Manila, in the
preparation of the annual report of the activities and accomplishments of the MMDA; and

4. Perform such other duties and functions as maybe lawfully delegated or assigned by the Chaiman
from time to time.

Sec. 9 Institutional Linkages of the MMDA.-The MMDA shall, in carrying out its functions, consult,
coordinate and work closely with the LGUs, the National Economic

Development Authority (NEDA) and other national government agencies mentioned in Section 4 hereof
and accredited people's organizations (POs): non-govenmental
organizations -(NGOs), and the private sector operating in Metro Manila. The MMDA Chaiman or his
authorized representative from among the Council members, shall be ex-officio member of the boards
of government corporations and corporations and committees of the department and

offices of government whose activities are relevant to the objectives and responsibilties of the MMDA
which shall include but not limited to Metropolitan Waterworks and

Sewerage (MWSS), DOTC, DPWH. HUDCC Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).

The MMDA shall have a master plan that shall serve as the framework for the local development plans
of the component LGUs.

The MMDA shall submit its development plans and investment programs to the NEDA for integration
into the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDD) and

public investment program.

The implementation of the MMDA's plans,programs and projects shall be undertaken by the LGUs, the
concemed national government agencies, the POs, NGOs

and the private sector and MMDA itself where appropriate, memoranda of agreement and other
cooperative arrangements with these bodies for the delivery of the required services within
Metropolitan Manila.

The MMDA shall, in coordination with the NEDA and the Department of Finance, interface with the
foreign assistance agencies for purposes of obtaining financing support, grants and donations in support
of its programs and projects.

Sec. 10 Sources of Funds and the Operating Budget of MMDA

   To carry out the purposes of this Act, the amount of one  billion pesos(P1 000,000,000) is hereby
authorized to the appropriated for the initial operation of the MMDA. Thereafter, the annual
expenditures including capital outlays of the MMDA shall be provided in the general Appropriations Act.

   The MMDA shall continue to receive the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) currently allocated to the
present MMA

The MMDA is likewise empowered to levy fines and impose fees and charges for various services
rendered.

Five percent (5%) of the total annual gross  revenue of the preceding year, net of the internal revenue
allotment of each local government unit mentioned in Section 2 hereof, shall accrue and become
payable monthly to the MMDA by each city or municipality. In case of failure to remit the said fixed
contribution, the DBM shall cause the disbursement of same to MMDA chargeable against the IRA
allotment of the city o municipality concemed, the provisions of Section 286 of RA 7160 to the contrary
notwithstanding.

2. Republic Act No. 8730 dated August 05, 1999 An Act Requiring the Mandatory Compliance by
Motorists of Private and Public Vehicles to Use Seat Belt Devices,and Requiring Vehicle Manufacturers
to Install Seat Belt Devices in all Their Manufactured Vehicles

3.Republic Act No. 8749 is known as the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999." It is an act providing for a
comprehensive air pollution control.

4. Republic Act No. 8750

It provides for the attachment of seat belts for all types of motor vehicles and imposes penalty for this
non compliance thereof.

5. Republic Act No. 10586

An act penalizing persons driving under the

influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and similar substances, and for other purposes

SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013"

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. - Pursuant to the Constitutional principle that recognizes the
protection of life and property and the promotion of the general welfare as essential for the enjoyment
of the blessing of demoracy is hereby declared the policy of the State to ensure road safety through the
observance of the citizenry of responsible and ethical driving standards.

Towards this end, the State shall penalize the acts of driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous
drugs and other intoxicating substances and shall inculcate the standards of safe driving and the benefits
that may be derived from it through institutional programs and appropriate public information
strategies.

SECTION.3. Definition of Terms.

-For purposes of this Act

(a) Alcohol refers to alcoholic beverages classified into beer, wine and distilled spirits, the consumption
of which produces

intoxcation

(b) Breath analyzer refers to the equipment which can determine the blood alcohol concentration level
of a person through testing of his breath.

(c) Chemical tests refer to breath, saliva, urine or blood tests to determine the blood alcohol
concentration level and/or positive indication of dangerous drugs and similar

Substances in a person's body.

(d) Dangerous drugs and other similar substances refer to drugs listed in the schedules annexed to the
1961 Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs, as armended by the 1972

Protocol, and in the schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention of Psychotropic Substances as
enumerated in

attachment which is an integral part of Republic Act No 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 and those that the Board may reclassify add to or remove from the list of
dangerous drugs.

(e) Driving under the influence of alcohol refers to the act of operating a motor vehicle while the driver's
blood alcohol concentration level has, after being subjected to a breath analyzer test, reached the level
of intoxication established jointly by the Department of Health (DOH), the National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM) and the Department of Transportation and Communications(DOTC).

(f) Driving under the influence of dangerous drugs and other similar substances refers to the act of
operating a motor vehicle while the driver, after being subjected to a confimatory test as mandated
under Republic Act No. 9165, is found to be positive for use of any dangerous drug

(g) Field sobriety tests refer to standardized tests to initially assess and determine intoxication, such as
the horizontal gaze nystagmus, the walk-and-turn, the one-leg stand, and other similar tests as
determined jointly by the DOH, the NAPOLCOM and the DOTC.

(h) Motor vehicle refers to any land transportation vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular
power.

(i) Motor vehicles designed to carry hazardous materials refer to those designed to carry or transport
materials which may endanger health and lives of the public.

(j) Public utility vehicles refer to motor vehicles for hire andused to carry or transport passengers or
goods.

SECTION. 4. Driver's Education. Every applicant for a motor vehicle driver's license shall complete a
course of instruction that provides infomation on safe driving including, but not limited to, the effects of
the consumption of alcoholic beverages on the ability of a person to operate a motor vehicle, the
hazards of driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances,and
the penalties attached for violation thereof.

For professional drivers, every applicant for a driver's license or those applying for renewal thereof shall
undergo the driver's education herein stated.

The driver's license written examination shall include questions concerning the effects of alcohol and
drug intoxication on the ability of a person to operate a motor vehicle and the legal and pecuniary
consequences resulting

from violation of the provisions of this Act.

SECTION. 5. Punishable Act- shall be unlawful for any person to drive a motor vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances

SECTION. 6. Conduct of Field Sobriety. Chemical and Confirmatory Tests. A law enforcement officer who
has probable cause to believe that a person is driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs
and/or other similar Substances by apparent indications and manifestations,including overspeeding,
weaving, lane straddling, suddenstops, swerving, poor coordination or the evident smell of alcohol in a
person's breath or signs of use of dangerous drugs and other similar substances, shall conduct field
sobriety tests.

If the driver fails in the sobriety tests, it shall be the duty of the law enforcement officer to implement
the mandatory determination of the driver's blood alcohol concentration level through the use of a
breath analyzer or similar measuring instrument. If the law enforcement officer has probable cause to
believe that a person is driving under the influence of dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances,
it shall be the duty of the law enforcement officer to bring the driver to the nearest police station to be
subjected to a drug screening test and, if necessary, a drug confimatory test as mandated under
Republic Act No. 9165. Law enforcement officers and deputized local traffic enforcement officers shall
be responsible in implementing this section.

SECTION 7. Mandatory Alcohol and Chemical Testing of Drivers Involved in Motor Vehicular Accidents. A
driver of a motor vehicle involved in a vehicular accident resulting in the loss of human life or physical
injuries shall be subjected to chemical tests, including a drug screening test and, if necessary, a drug
confimatory test as mandated under Republic Act No. 9165, to detemine the presence and/or
concentration of alcohol. dangerous drugs and/or similar substances in the bloodstream or body

SECTION. 8. Refusal to Subject Oneself to MandatoryTests.-A driver of a motor vehicle who refuses to
undergo the mandatory field sobriety and drug tests under Sections
6, 7 and 15 of this Act shall be penalized by the confiscation and automatic revocation of his or her
driver's license, in addition to other penalties provided herein and/or otherpertinent laws.

SECTION. 9. Acquisition of Equipment.- Within four (4)months from the effectivity of this Act, the Land
Transportation Office (LTO) and the Philippine National Police (PNP) shall acquire sufficient breath
analyzers and drug-testing kits to be utilized by law enforcement officersand deputized local traffic
enforcement officers nationwide giving priority to areas with high reported occurrences of accidents.
For purposes of acquiring these equipment and for the training seminars indicated in Section 10 hereof,
the LTO shall utilize the Special Road Safety Fund allotted for this purpose as provided under Section 7 of
Repubic Act No.8794, entitled: "An Act Imposing a Motor Vehicle User's Charge on Owners of All Types
of Motor Vehicles and forOther Purposes'. Additional yearly appropriations for the purchase of breath
analyzers and drug-testing kits shall be provided annually under the General Appropriations Act.

SECTION. 10. Deputation.- The LTO may deputize traffic enforcement officers of the PNP, the
Metropolitan Manila

Development Authority (MMDA) and cities and municipalities in order to enforce the provisions of this
Act.

SECTION. 11. Law Entorcement Oficer Education. - LTO and the PNP shall conduct training seminars for
their law enforcers and deputies with regard to the proper conduct of field sobriety tosts and breath
analyzer tests every year.

Within four (4) months from the effectivity of this Act, the LTO shall pubish the guidelines and
procedures for the proper

conduct of field sobriety tests, which guidelines shall be made available to the public and made available
for

download through the official LTO website.

SECTION, 12. Penalties. - A driver found to have been driving a motor vehicle while under the infiuence
of alcohol,dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances. as provided for under Section 5 of this Act,
shall be penalized as follows:

(a) If the violation of Section 5 did not result in physical injuries or homicide, the penalty of
imprisonment, and a fine ranging from Twenty thousand pesos (Php20,000.00) to Eighty thousand
pesos(Php80,000.00) shall be imposed;

(b) If the violation of Section 5 resulted in physical injuries,the penalty provided in Article 263 of the
Revised Penal Code or the penalty provided in the next preceding sub paragraph, whichever is higher,
and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) to Two hundred thousand pesos
(Php200,000.00) shall be imposed;
(c) If the violation of Section 5 resulted in homicide, the penalty provided in Article 249 of the Revised
Penal Code and a fine ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos(Php300,000.00) to Five. hundred
thousand pesos(Php500,000.00) shall be imposed; and

(d) The nonprofessional driver's license of any person found to have violated Section 5 of this Act shall
also be confiscated and suspended for a period of twelve (12)months for the first conviction and
perpetually revoked for the second conviction. The professional driver's license of any person found to
have violated Section 5 of this Act shall also be confiscated and perpetually revoked for the first
conviction. The perpetual revocation of a driver's license shall disqualify the person from being granted
any kind of driver's license thereafter.

The prosecution for any violation of this Act shall be without prejudice to criminal prosecution for
violation of the Revised Penal Code, Republic Act No. 9165 and other special laws and existing local
ordinances, whenever applicable.

SECTION. 13. Direct Liability of Operator and/or Owner of the Offending Vehicle. - The owner and/or
operator of the

vehicle driven by the offender shal be directly and principally held liable together with the offender for
the fine and the award against the offender for civil damages unless he or

she is able to convincingly prove that he or she has exercised extraordinary diligence in the selection and
supervision of his or her drivers in general and the offending driver in particular.

This section shall principally apply to the owners and/or operators of public utility vehicles and
commercial vehicles Such as delivery vans, cargo trucks, container trucks, school and company buses,
hotel transports, cars or vans for rent taxi cabs, and the like.

SECTION. 14. Nationwide Information Campaign.- Within one (1) month from the promulgation of the
implementing rules and regulations as provided under Section 17 hereof the Philippine Information
Agency (PIA), in coordinatfon with the LTO, the local government units (LGU's) and other

concomed agencies, shall conduct information, education and communication (EC) campaign for the
attainment of the

objectives of this Act.

SECTION. 15. Nationwide Random Terminal Inspection and Quick Random Drug Tests.- The LTO shall
conduct random terminal inspections and quick random drug tests of public utility drivers. The cost of
such tests shall be defrayed by theLTO.

SECTION. 16. Review of Penalties. The LTO shall, after five (5) years from the effectivity of this Act and
every five (5)years thereafter, review the applicability and enforcement of all foregoing pecuniary
penalties and shall initiate amendment and/or upgrade the same as may be necessary,subject to the
approval of the Secretary of the DOTC.

SECTION. 19. Repealing Clause. - Subparagraph (f) ,Section 56, Article 1 of Republic Act No. 4136,
otherwise known as the "Land Transportation and Traffic Code', as amended; subparagraph (, Section 5
of Republic Act No.7924, otherwise known as "An Act Creating the Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority, Defining its Powers and Functions, Providing Funds Therefore and for Other Purposes"
subparagraph (a), Section 36 of Republic Act No.9165, and all other laws, orders, issuances, circulars,
rules

regulations or parts thereof which are inconsistent with any provision of this Act are hereby repealed or
modified accordingly.

5. Miscellaneous Traffic Rules

Section 50. Tampering with vehicles. No unauthorized person shall sound the hom, handle the levers or
set in motion or in any way tamper with a damage or deface any

motor vehicle,

Section 51. Hitching to a vehicle.- No person shall hang on to, ride on, the outside or the rear end of any
vehicle, and no person on a bicycle, roller skate or other similar

device, shall hold fast to or hitch on to any moving vehicle, and no driver shall knowingly permit any
person to hang on to or ride, the outside or rear end of his vehicle or allow

any person on a bicycle, roller skate or other similar device to hold fast or hitch to his vehicle.

Section 52.  Driving or parking in sidewalk- No person shall drive or park a motor vehicle upon or along
any sidewalk, path or alley not intended for vehicular traffic or parking.

Section 53. Driving whie under the influernce of liquor or narcotic drug. - No person shall drive a motor
vehicle while  under the influence of liquor or narcotic drug

Section 54. Obstruction of traffic.- No person shall drive his motor vehicle in such a manner as to
obstruct or impede the passage ofany vehicle, nor while discharging or taking on passengers or loading
or unloading freight, obstruct the free passage of other vehicles on the highway.
Section 55. Duty of driver in case of accident.- In the event that any accident should occur as a result of
the operation of a motor vehicle Upon a highway, the driver present, shall show his driver's license, give
his true name and address and also the true name and address of the  owner of the motor vehicle.

No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicular accident shall leave the scene of the accident
without aiding the victim, EXCEPT under any of the following

circumstances: (DRS)

1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of the
accident:

2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law or

3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.

Section 57. Punishment for other offenses.The conviction of any person for any offense under this Act
shall not bar

his prosecution for any other offense which may have been committed by such person concurrently with
the commission of the offense of which he was convicted or doing the act or series of acts which
constituted the

offense of which he was convicted.

VIll. DIFFERENT VIOLATIONS OF TRAFFIC ORDER, LAWS AND RULES

Source: NLEX Motorist's Handbook

A. Violations concerning licensing

-.Driving without license

-.Driving , with delinquent,invalid suspended, ineffectual revoked or improper license

-. Failure to show or surrender driver's

license for cause upon demand by person with authority to confiscate

-.Drving whle under the influence of liquor

or prohibited drug

-.Allowing unlicensed/improperly

licensed to drive motor vehicle

-.Possession and use of fake driver's license

-. Allowing another person to use his driver's

license

-.Use driver and involvement of motor vehicle by the driver operating  commission a crime

-. Student driver operating a motor vehicle

without being accompanied by a licensed driver

-.Unlicensed conductor of a motor vehicle for hire

B. Violations concerning registration

•Operating a motor vehicle which is unregistered improperly

registered/delinquent or with invalid

registration

• operating a motor vehicle with unregistered subsitute or replacement engine, engine block or chassis,
change color, change body or configuration

• Failure to cary in the motor vehicle the

Certifiate of Registration (CR) and Offical

Receipt (OR), original photocopies

C. Violations concerning number plates and

stickers

•Motor vehicle plates not firmly attached

and visible

✓Dirty or uncared for plates

✓ Inconspicuously displayed plates in front and rear

✓No curent registration sticker

•License plates different from body number

on Public Utility Vehicle

•Improper display of motor vehicle plates by owner to accommodate a better display
commemorative/other plates

• Display of expired commemorative/other

plates

• Tampered/marked plates/stickers from one motor vehicle llegal transfer and use of motor vehicle  to
another except security plates

on authorized vehicle

D. Violations relative to equipment parts,accessories, devices and marking of motor vehicle

•Operating motor vehicle with metallic tires

in any public highway

    ✓Defective brakes

    ✓Improper\defective horn or

    ✓signaling device

    ✓Unnecessary lights visible in

front of vehicle

    ✓Without/defective headlights/taillights

    ✓Without red rear.

        lights at  both/each side visibie at least

        100 meters from vehicle

    ✓Without plate light

    ✓Without opening brake lights

    ✓Without/defective wiper on the

windshield

    ✓Without cut/disconnected muffler

•Dirty/unsightly dilapidated motor vehicle

•Failure to paint or improper painting of

authorized route of plates on-painting of business or trade name

•Use of authorized improvised plates. Use

of improvised plates to make motorvehicle appear as for hire

•For motor vehicles operated for hire

      ✓Dirty/unsanitary defective unit

      ✓Without/defective hand brakes

      ✓Without/defective speedometer or                                 tachometer

      ✓Defective or broken windshield Wiper

      ✓Without rear view mirror

      ✓Without interior light

• Name of business name and address not inscribed on both sides of motor vehicle

used for public service

•No spare tire

• Use of unauthorized bell, siren or exhaust

whistled on emergency

•No red flag or red lights on projecting end of load extending more than a meter

beyond the bed or body

• Failure to paint appropriate body number

on a motor vehicle for hire on both sides

•Failure to carry Early Warning Device(EWD). Failure to install EWD four meters away to the front and
rear of stalled/disabled motor vehicle

•No capacity marking

•Installation of jalousies, curtains, dim colored lights, strobe lights, dancing lights or similar lights/tinted
colored or painted windshield or window glass. Sun visor or

front windshield is allowed

• No permanent tailgate or failure to put

"NOT FOR HIRE" sign in a private

jeepney/jitney

E. Violations concerning weights and load limits

•Load extending beyond projected width

without permit

•Overloading

         ✓Operating motor vehicle with wheel, axle or axle group loads in excess of the limits in Sec. 9 R.A.
4136 or any regulation

without permit

         ✓Operating motor vehicle with total weight of cargo carrying device on passenger truck including
cargo exceeds 100

kilos

         ✓Allowing more passengers

and/or more freight or cargo in vehicle beyond the registered carrying capacity.

         ✓Baggage or freight carried on top of truck exceeds 20 kilos per square meter and distribution of
such endangers in the

passenger or stability of the truck

IX. LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO)

Historical Background

The concept of land transportation system in the Philippines started when our ancestors invented the
means of locomotion with the animals in moving people and goods from place to place, Although the
means of land transportation during the early days were not as sophisticated as the modern vehicles of
today and the roads not as well constructed, the early Filipinos also observed some laws to govern their
mobility.These laws were as informal and simple as specifying which animal could be used for certain
purposes but these showed that our ancestors had already felt the need to regulate the

transportation system.

As early as 1910, there were already few motor vehicles seen operating in public highways in Manila and
suburbs.
Better means of transportation were invented and introduced in the country. Gradually, the Filipinos
learned to use cars, trucks, jeeps and other types of vehicles. The means of transportation became
better and powerful and the laws governing land travel became more formal and moderm.

On February 6, 1912, Legislative Act No. 2159 was enacted to regulate motor vehicles in the Philippine
lslands and to provide for the regulation and licensing of operators. This was the first formal law on land
transportation passed by the legislature. This law created an Automobile Section under the
Administrative Division ofthe Bureau of Public Works. The Section was tasked to take

charge of motor vehicles and drivers' services.

Later on, Legislative Act 2159 was amended by 2389, 2556, 2587, 2639 and 2925. In 1922, Act No. 3045
was passed into law compiling and incorporating all laws governing  motor vehicles. The Automobile
Section was

upgraded to the Automobile Division under the Bureau of Public Works.

On January 1, 1933, Act No. 3992 otherwise known as "The Revised Motor Vehicle Law was enacted
amending Act 3045. The

Automobile Division renamed Division of Motor Vehicles. The Chief of the Division was called the
Superintendent of Division of Motor Vehicles Act No. 3992 was amended by Commonwealth Act
Numbers 123, 548,556, 652 and Republic Act Numbers

314, 587, and 2383.

On June 2, 1945, Department Order No. 4 was

issued by the department of Public Works and Highways reorganizing the Division. This took effect after
the liberation

of the Philippines from the Japanese invasion. In 1947, Executive rder No. 94 was promulgated
reorganizing the different executive departments, bureaus and offices. Under Section 82 of this E.O., the
Division of Motor Vehicles was upgraded into the Motor Vehicles Office (MVO) with the

Category of a Bureau. The Chief of the MVO enjoyed rights and privileges of a Bureau Director.

During the fifties and early sixties, our country started undergoing rapid economic development.

Industrialization advanced and as a consequence, more and better roads were constructed. The Filipino
then realized the need for more and better means of transportation. The growth in the number of motor
vehicles increased the demand for services that the MVO must render to the public.This necessitated
the issuance by the DPWH on June 5,1961 of Administrative Regulation No. 1 transferring the function
of collecting the registration fees from city

treasurers to the various vehicle agencies of MVO.

On June 20, 1964, R.A. 4136, otherwise known as the "Land Transportation and Traffic Code" was
enacted abolishing the Motor Vehicle Office and creating the Land Transportation Commission. This law
likewise partially repealed Act No. 3992. The Code provided that the Land Transportation Commission
shall "Control as far as they apply, the registration and operation of motor vehicles and the licensing of
owners, dealers, conductors, drivers and similar matters." To effectively carry out its mandate, the Land
Transportation Commission established regional offices in various parts of the country.

On July 23, 1979, Executive Order Number 546 was promulgated creating the Ministry of Transportation
and Communications (MOTC).This marked reorganization.The Land Transportation Commission was
renamed Bureau of Land Transportation and was absorbed by MOTC.

On June 2, 1980, Batas Pambansa Bilang 43 was passed providing for the issuance of permanent number
plates to owners of motor vehicles and trailers, amending for

the purpose section 17 of RA 4136.

On March 20, 1985, Executive Order 1011 was promulgated. This Executive Order abolished the Board
of Transportation and the Bureau of Land Transportation and established the Land Transportation
Commission. The defunct BLT and BOT were merged and their powers, functions and responsibilities
were transferred to the Land Transportation Commission (LTC) headed by a Chairman, assisted by four
Commissioners. The LTC was tasked to perform functions such as

registering motor vehicles, licensing of drivers and conductors,franchising of public utility vehicles and
enforcing traffic rules and regulations and adjudicating apprehensions. On January 30, 1987, the Land
Transportation Commission was abolished and two offices were created, namely: The Land

Transportation Office (LTO) and the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB).The
LTO took

over the functions of the former BLT and the LTFRB took over the functions of the former BOT. The
MOTC was likewise renamed DOTC.

All these changes took effect with the promulgation of Executive Order No. 125 which was later
amended by Executive Orders No. 125-A dated April 13, 1987 and E.O.226 dated July 25, 1987. Despite
the changes in names of Office and all the reorganizations that took effect,  its basic
functions on land transportation system remain the same.

The promotion of safety and comfort in land travel is its continuing commitment. When Executive
Orders 125, 125-A and 226 were promulgated, LTO was composed of only thirteen (13) regions, As time
went on, aditional regions were created, namely: CAR, CARAGA and MIMAROPA. While CAR and
CARAGA are attached to the DOTC, they

report to LTO Central Office on matters of registration of motor vehicles, issuance of drivers licenses and
enforcement of land transportation laws rules

and regulations.

The LTO is now composed of the following regions:

•Region I - Aguila Road, Brgy. Sevilla, San

Fernando City, La Union

•Region lI -San Gabriel, Tuguegarao, Cagayan

•Region lIl- Brgy. Maimpis, City of San Fernando,Pampanga

•Region IVA- Old City Hall Compound, Lipa City

•Region IVB- MIMAROPA- LTO Compound., EastAvenue, QC.

•Region V - Regional Govt. Center Site, Rawis,Legaspi City

•Region VI- Tabuc-Suba, Jaro, loilo City

•Region VIl- Natalio Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City

•Region VIll- Old Army Road, Tacloban City

•Region IX - Veterans Ave., Zamboangga

City/Balangasan St., Pagadian

•Region X - MVIS Compound, Zone 7, Bulua,

Region Cagayan de Oro City

• Region Xl - Quimpo Blvd., Davao City

• Region XIl - ARMM Compound, Cotabato City/No. 79 G. Del Pilar St., Koronadal City, South Cotabato

•National Capital Region (NCR) Delta Bldg.Mirasol St., Cubao, QC

•Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)Engineer's Hill Baguio City/2nd Flr., Post Office Loop, Session
Road, Baguio City

•CARAGA - Capitol Avenue, Butuan City

•Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)-DSWD Bldg., ARMM Complex, Cotabato city The
volume of transactions at LTO has grown so fast without increasing the manpower, hence to meet the
public's demand, LTO introduced the computerization  of its transactions sometime in 1998. To date,
almost all LTO Offices are computerized except those with manpower, telecommunications and security
issues.

Services

A. Law Enforcement and Adjudication of Cases

1.settlement of Admitted Case

MOTOR VEHICLE (MV) / PLATE

Requirements

1. Temporary Operator's Pemit (TOP) -

pink copy Note: If TOP was lost, secure an Affidavit of Loss TOP

2. Photocopy of Certificate of Registration (CR) of themotor vehicle

3. Photocopy of Official Receipt (OR) of the motor vehicle

If the vehicle is For Hire, Unit Verification from the Land Transportation Franchising & Regulatory Board
(LTFRB) and Photocopy of Decision and/or Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC)

5. Resolution and/or Judgment from the Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS)

6.Official Receipt of payment of fines and penalties

7. Other pertinent documents / certification

such as Motor Vehicle Inspection Report (MVIR) and certificate of Emission Compliance (CEC)

Procedure

1. Present the issued TOP (pink copy) together with all other pertinent documents to the Evaluator.

   If the apprehension is less than fifteen (15) days, a "Resolution" and/or "Judgment" shall be issued to
the driver duly signed by the Evaluator.

But, if it is more than fifteen (15) days, the transaction shall pass through the Hearing Officer and a
"Resolution" and/orJudgment" shall be issued duly signed by the Approving Officer.

2. Proceed to the Cashier to pay the corresponding fines and penalties.

3. Proceed to the Law Enforcement Custodial Section/Releasing Officer to redeem the confiscated
motorvehicle plate/s. Submit the following documents;

a. Temporary Operator's Pemit (TOP)-pink copy

b. Resolution/Judgmentper

c. Official Receipt of payment of fines and penalties

d. Photocopy of the OR/CR of the motor vehicle

e. Certificate of Attendance (Seminar/Exam result) if the violation committed was a running/moving

violation

Note: If the violation committed was a running/moving violation such as but not limited to Disregarding
Traffic Sign(DTS), Reckless, Obstruction, llegal Parking, etc., proceed to the Road Safety Training
Seminar, Traffic Safety Division/Seminar Room to attend a seminar and undergo a written

examination prior to the release of the confiscated motorvehicle plates. Only those who passed the said
examination will be issued a "Certificate of Attendance" which is required in the redemption of the
confiscated motor vehicle plate/s.

f. Motor Vehicle Inspection Report (MVIR)(if the violation committed has an accessory penalty which is a
motor vehicle related)

• If the violation committed has an accessory penalty which is a motor vehicle related, e.g. violation is
no seatbelt installed and broken windshield, the driver/operator is required to correct the said defects.

•After the correction of defects, the apprehended unit shall be submitted to the Motor Vehicle
Inspection Center (MVIC) for inspection wherein an MVIR shall be issued to the driver/operator.

Venue

•LTO Central Office (Main Office)Traffic

Adjudication Service (TAS)

•LTO National Capital Region (NCR) - Operations Division

•Other LTO Regional Offices-Operations Division

•Any LTO District Office if apprehended in other Regions

Fines and Penalties

2. Settlement of Admitted Case

DRIVER'S LICENSE (DL)

Requirements

1. Temporary Operator's Pemit (TOP) pink copy

Note: If TOP was lost, secure an Affidavit of Loss TOP

2. Resolution and/or Judgment from the Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS)

3. Official Receipt of payment of fines and penalties

4. Certificate of Attendance - Seminar Examination

5.Other pertinent documents/certification such as photocopy of Official Receipt (OR) and Certificate of
Registration (CR).

Procedure

1. Present the issued TOP (pink copy) together with all other pertinent documents to the Evaluator.If the
apprehension is less than fifteen (15) days, a"Resolution" and or"Judgment" shall be issued to the driver
duly signed by the Evaluator. But, if it is more than fifteen 15) days, the transaction shall pass through
the Hearing Officer and a "Resolution" and/or"Judgment shall be issued duly signed by the Approving
Officer.

2. Proceed to the Cashier to pay the coresponding fines and penalties.

3.Proceed to the Law Enforcement Custodial Section/Releasing Officer to redeem the confiscated
Driver'sLicense. Submit the following documents

a. Temporary Operator's Pemit (TOP)- pink copy

b. Resolution/Judgment

c. Official Receipt of payment of fines and penalties

d. Certificate of Attendance (Seminar/Exam result) -

if the violation committed was a running/moving violation

Note: if the violation committed was a running/moving violation such as but not limited to Disregarding
Traffic Sign(DTS), Reckless, Obstruction, illegal Parking, etc., proceed to the road Safety Training
Seminar, Traffic safety Division /Seminar Room to attend a seminar and the written examination prior to
the release of the confiscated driver'slicense. Only those who passed the said examination will be issued
a "Certificate of Attendance" which is required in there redemption of the confiscated driver's license.
Venue

• LTO Central Office(Main Office) - Traffic

Adjudication Service (TAS)

• LTO National Capital Region (NCR) - Operations Division

• Other LTO Regional Offices s-Operations Division

• Any LTO District Office - if apprehended in other Regions

Fines and Penalties

3. Settlement of Contested Case

MOTOR VEHICLE (MV) /PLATE

Requirements

1. Temporary Operator's Permit (TOP) - pink copy Note: If TOP was lost, secure an Affidavit TOP

2. Photocopy of Certificate of Registration (CR) of the motor vehicle

3. Photocopy of Official Receipt (OR) of the motorvehicle

4. If the vehicle is For Hire, Unit Verification from the Land Transportation Franchising &
RegulatoryBoard (LTFRB) and Photocopy of Decision and/orCertificate of Public Convenience (CPC)

5. Resolution and/or Judgment from the Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS)

6. Official Receipt of payment of fines and penalties

7. Other pertinent documents/ certification such as Motor Vehicle Inspection Report (MVIR)
andCertificate of Emission Compliance (CEC).

Procedure

1. Present the issued TOP (pink copy) together with all other pertinent documents to the Evaluator.

2. A "Notice of Hearing" duly signed by the Hearing Officer, shall be issued to the driver/operator
indicating the date and time (Schedule) of the"Hearing".

4. Settlement of Impoundable Violation(Impounded Motor Vehicle)

Requirements

1. Original copy of Impounding Receipt of Motor Vehicle (IRMV) Note: If IRMV was lost, secure an
Affidavit of Loss IRMV
2. Temporary Operator's Permit (TOP) pink copy Note: If TOP was lost, secure an Affidavit of Loss TOP

3.Resolution and/or Judgment from the Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS)

4. Official Receipt of payment of fines and penalties

5. Original and photocopy of Certificate of

Registration (CR) of the motor vehicle

6. Original and photocopy of Official Receipt (OR) of the motor vehicle

7. Stencil of the engine and chassis number of the motor vehicle validated by the motor vehicle
custodian and/or impounding officer

8.If the vehicle is For Hire, Unit Verification from the Land Transportation Franchising & Regulatory
Board (LTFRB) and Photocopy of Decision and/orCertificate of Public Convenience (CPC)

9.Other pertinent documents /certification such as Motor Vehicle Inspection Report (MVIR).

Procedure

1. Present the issued TOP (pink copy) and the IRMV, together with all other pertinent documents to the
Evaluator.

2. A"Resolution" and/or"Judgment" shall be issued to the driver duly signed by the Approving Officer.

3. Proceed to the Cashier to pay the corresponding fines and penalties.

4. Proceed to the Law Enforcement Custodial Section (LECS)/ Releasing Officer for approval of the
release of impounded motor vehicle and to redeem other confiscated items. Submit the
followingdocuments:

a. Impounding Receipt of Motor Vehicle (IRMV)

b. Temporary Operator's Pemit (TOP)-pink copy

c. Resolution/Judgment

d. Official Receipt of payment of fines and penalties

e. Photocopy of the OR/CR of the motor vehicle

f. Stencil of the engine and chassis number of the motor vehicle validated by the motor vehicle
custodian and/or

impounding officer

g. Certificate of Attendance (Seminar/Exam result) if the violation committed was a running/moving

violation
Note: If the violation committed was a running violation such as but not limited to Disregarding Traffic
Sign (DTS), Reckless, Obstruction, illegal Parking, etc., proceed to the Road Safety Training Seminar,
Traffic Safety Division /Seminar Room to attend a seminar and undergo a written examination prior to
the release of the impounded motorvehicle and confiscated driver's license/plates. Only those Who
passed the said examination will be issued a "Certificateof Attendance" which is required in the release
of the driver's license/MV plates.

h. Motor Vehicle Inspection Report (MVIR) (if the violation committed has an accessory penalty which is
a motor vehicle related)

• if the violation committed by the apprehended driver has an accessory penalty which is a motor
vehicle related, e.g. violation is no seatbelt installed and broken windshield, the driver/owner is required
to surrender the two (2) motor vehicle plates to the Law Enforcement Plate Releasing Unit (LEPRU)
before the release of the impounded unit because there is a need to correct the defects cited in the
IRMVTOP/Resolution,

• Correction of defects (as indicated in the IRMVITOP/Resolution) shall be done after the apprehended
unit was released from the LTO Impounding Area. Said unit shall be submitted  to the Motor Vehicle
Inspection Center (MVIC) for inspection where an MVIR shall be issued to the driver / operator. This
shall be presented to the LECS for the release of the motor vehicle plate/s

Venue

• LTO Central Office (Main Office) Traffic

Adjudication Service (TAS)

• LTO National Capital Region (NCR) Operations Division

• Other LTO Regional Offices-Operations Division

• Any LTO/ District Office - if apprehended in other Regions

Fines and Penalties

5. Law Enforcement Certification/Clearance

(Application for Duplicate Plates for Private and For Hire Motor Vehicle),

Requirements

1. Affidavit of Loss Plate duly notarized executed by owner/operator/authorized representative

2 . Certified true copies of the official Receipt (OR) and Certificate of Registration (CR) of the motor
vehicle The presentation of the original copies should be mandatory for purposes of authentication,
3 . Photocopy of the Deed of Sale if the affidavit is executed by the buyer the registered

4. Motor Vehicle Inspection Center (MVIC) Report (if in Metro Manila) Motor Vehicle Inspection Report
(if in the Regions)

5 Clearance from the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)-if in Metro Manila

6. A Board Resolution and Secretary's Certificate stating the person authorized to sign for and in behalf
of the Corporation (if the OR/CR is under the name of the company)

Procedure

1. The registered owner/operator/authorized representative shall proceed to the following for

verification of pending apprehension/s of motor vehicle (if there is any):

a. Law Enforcement Service (LES) Plate Releasing Unit (if in Metro Manila)

b. Anti-Smoke Belching Unit (ASBU), Traffic Safety Division for smoke-belching apprehensions (if in
Metro Manila)

c. Operations Division (if in the Regions)

2. If there is no pending apprehension/s, the applicant shall proceed to the Law Enforcement Clearance
Unit to file an LES Certification/Clearance.

If there is pending apprehension/s, the applicant shall proceed to the Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS)
to settle the apprehension/s. After the settlement of apprehension/s.the owner/operator/authorized
representative may return tothe LES Clearance Unit for the Certification/Clearance.

3. Pay the Certification/Clearance fee at the Cashier.

4. Retum to the LES Clearance Unit to obtain the printed Certification/Clearance. Upon securing the LES
Certification/Clearance, the applicant shall proceed to the Motor Vehicle Inspection Center (MVIC) for
the inspection of his motor vehicle. After the completion of the requirements,the
owner/operator/authorized representative shall file his application in the LTO District Office which
originally issued the motor vehicle license plate/s.

However, in case the owner/operator had changed  residence or the motor vehicle had already been
sold or transferred to a new owner who is residing in a place far away from the initial registering agency,
the application can be filed in the LTO District Office nearest his place of residence or place of abode.

If the application filed in an LTO District Office is different from the original registering agency, the
process of confimation of the fact of the issuance of the said license plate and the exact alphanumeric
should be strictly followed. Note: No application for duplicate plate shall be processed without the
required request for confirmation and the official reply from the original issuing agency.if only one (1)
piece of the license plate is lost, the other one should be surrendered to the LTO District Office where
the application is filed.

If both plates were lost, the same should be stated in the Affidavit of Loss and supported by a
certification from the LTO motor vehicle inspector of the fact that at the time of inspection, both plates
were not attached to the motor vehicle duly approved by the District Head.

Venue

•Law Enforcement Service (LES) Clearance Unit,LTO Central Office, East Avenue Q.C.

•LTO National Capital Region (NCR) - operationsDivision

•Other LTO Regional Offices-Operations Division

•Any LTO District Office

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a TOP?

TOP means Temporary Operator's Permit. Pursuant to Memorandum Circular No. 515-2004 dated 25
May 2004, TOP shall be used in apprehension of all violations and it is strictly required to be issued to
the apprehended driver/operator at the site and time of apprehension.

2. What is an IRMV?

IRMV means Impounding Receipt of Motor Vehicle. It is issued if the motor vehicle was impounded.
IRMV is accomplished by the apprehending officer and validated by the Motor Vehicle Custodian (MVC)
assigned at the impounding area.

3. Can TOP be temporarily used as a driver's license of the apprehended operator/driver?Yes. TOP
serves as driver's temporary license within 72hours or 3 days only.

4 How many days is the validity of the TOP?72 hours or 3 days is the validity of the TOP, unless specified
for a shorter period of time.

5. Can TOP be extended after 72 hours or 3 days after its validity?

No. There is no extension of TOP after 72 hours or 3 days.

6. When can an apprehended operator/driver settle his case?

An apprehended operator/driver can settle his case within 15 days from the date of apprehension
Provided the  apprehension is reported and  encoded | in the LTO-IT system.

7. What will happen if the apprehended operator/driver failed to setle his case within 15 days from the
date of apprehension?
If the apprehended driver/operator failed to setle his case within 15 days from the date of
apprehension, it will cause the suspension/revocation of his driver's license.

8. Where will the apprehended operator/driver settle his case?

Can he settle his case in any LTO Regional/DistrictOffice?

The place of settlement of apprehension is indicated in the TOP (middle portion). Not all apprehended
operator/driver is allowed to settle his case in any LTO Regional/District Office.  If he was apprehended
within Metro Manila he will appear at the LTO Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS),Central Office, East
Avenue, Quezon City to settle his case.But, if he was apprehended in other LTO Regional/District Offices,
he will appear at the concerned LTO Operations Division as specified in his TOP. Note: An apprehended
operator/driver may settle his case in

any LTO Regional/District

Office IF his violation/s is included in the list of the "LET AS SETTLE ANYWHERE". The Traffic Adjudication
Service(TAS) / Operations Division may detemine it through the LTO-IT system.

9. How does the apprehended operator/driver detemine the amount of the fines/penalties as well as
the accessory penalties of the violation/s indicated in the TOP?

The corresponding amount of the fines/penalties as well ast he accessory penalties are determined by
the Traffic Adjudication Service based on the violations specified in the TOP and through the LTO-IT
system.

10. What is an Admitted Case?

An admitted case is a case wherein the apprehended operator/driver admits the violation/s cited in his
TOP.

11. Can the apprehended operator/driver protest the violations charged/cited in his TOP to deny the
violations and/or to lessen the payment of the fines/penalties?

Yes. An apprehended operator/driver may protest the violations specified in the TOP. This is a contested
case.

12. What is a Contested Case?

A contested case is a case wherein the apprehended operator driver signifies his intension to oppose to
the violations indicated in the TOP. it should be acted upon with dispatch by preparing the Summons
both for them apprehending officer and respondent. The apprehending

officer shall have been summoned at least once with proof of service for clarification purposes.
Violation/s listed in theTOP and/or encoded in the LTO-IT system shall be dropped/dismissed provided
that the apprehended driver/ operator presents sufficient documentary evidence to warrant its
dismissal and/or if the violations cited in the TOP are interrelated or common.
Example:Common violations- Obstruction and Disregarding Traffic Sign (DTS) Interrelated violations -Out
of Line and Breach of Franchise and No Panel Route Painted

13. Can the confiscated items such as the driver's license and/or motor vehicle plates be immediately
released to the

apprehended operator/driver after the payment of the fines/penaities?

Yes. The confiscated items may be immediateiy released after the payment of the corresponding
fines/penalties

provided that there is no accessory penalty is and/or suspension indicated in the Resolution and/or
Judgment.

Example: If the apprehended operator/driver is required to attend the seminar/exam before the release
of the confiscated items,

the accessory penalty is the seminar/exam.

14. Can the impounded motor vehicle be immediately releásed by the apprehended operator/driver
after the payment of the fines/penalties?

Yes. The motor vehicle may be released after the payment of the corresponding fines/penalties provided
that there is no accessory penalty/s and/or suspension stipulated in the Resolution and/or Judgment.

Example:If the violation is unregistered motor vehicle, the operator/driver is required to surrender first
the two (2) motorvehicle license plates before the release of the apprehended unit.The accessory
penalty is to register the motor vehicle before the release of the surrendered plates.

15. Who will detemine as to when will the apprehended operator/driver pay the accessory fine of One
Thousand Five Hundred (P/1,500.00) pesos per day for the violation of Colorum or Out of Line?

Based on Department Order No. 2008-039, the accessory fine of one thousand five hundred
(P/1,500.00) pesos per day applies only to impounded motor vehicles (issued IRMV with violation of
Colorum or Out of Line.

The Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS) Operations Division determine the accessory fine of P/1,500.00
pesos per day.Collection of the said accessory fine covers the period from

the time the apprehension case was encoded in the LTO-IT system (Posting Date) until the settlement of
the case.

16. What is Technical Impounding?

Technical impounding is the confiscation of both the driver'scense and the two (2) motor vehicle license
plates at the

time of apprehension instead of impounding the motor vehicle.

17. Is the accessory fine of One Thousand Five Hundred(P/1,500.00) pesos per day also applies to
Technical Impounding?

No. The accessory fine of one thousand five hundred(P/1,500.00) pesos per day does not apply to
technical impounding.

18. When will a a suspension of a confiscated item such as driver's license and/or motor vehicle plate/s
be lifted in order to be released?

The confiscated item/s shall only be released after serving the required suspension. Example: Colorum
(1st offense)

violation- driver's license and motor vehicle plates will be suspended for three (3) months

19.Do all apprehended operator/driver required to attend/undergo the seminar and exam?

No. Not all apprehended operator/driver is required to attend/undergo the seminar and exam. Seminar
and exam is an accessory penalty and only apprehended

operator/driver who committed running violations such as but not limited to Disregarding Traffic Sign
(DTS), Reckless,

Obstruction, llegal Parking, etc.... and private or for hiremotor vehicles are required to undergo the
seminar andexam.

20. What is an LES Clearance?

An LES Clearance or Law Enforcement Clearance is a Certification issued by the LTO Law Enforcement
Clearance

Unit to the operator and/or authorized liaison officer/personnel.

21. When is an LES Clearance required?

LES Clearance is required only in securing duplicate motor vehicle license plate/s and windshield
stickers/year tags.
22. Does an LES Clearance apply to private and for hiremotor vehicles?

Yes. LES Clearance applies to private and for hire motorvehicles,

23. ls an LES Clearance a requirement in securing a duplicate Drivers License (DL) / Official Receipt
(OR)Certificate of Registration (CR)?

No. An LES Clearance is not a requirement in securing a duplicate DL/OR/CR.

IMPORTANT POINTS IN VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN DIRECTION AND CONTROL IN ALL SITUATIONS

A. Definition

Management It is the process of directing and controlling people and things so that organizational
objectives can be

accomplished.

Traffic Management

It is an executive function which includes planning,organizing, directing, supervising, coordinating,

operating,recording and budgeting traffic affairs such as traffic flow requirements, construction and
maintenance of public facilities and licensing and controlling the use of these facilities.

Traffic Direction and Control

It is an activity by which the movement of traffic units at a particular intersection are controlled and
allocated according to proportionate time to prevent traffic accident

and to maintain the smooth flow of traffic.

Warning Device

lt is a classification of traffic control device used to inform the road user of potentially hazardous
roadway conditions.

B. Speed Limit and Keeping to the Right prescribed under RA 4136

Section 35. Restriction as to speed,

(a) Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at a careful and prudent
speed,not greater nor less than is reasonable and proper,having-due regard for the traffic, the width of
the highway, and of any other condition then and there existing: and no person shall drive any motor
vehicle upon a highway at such a speed as to endanger the life, limb and property of any person,nor at
a. speed greater than will pemit him to bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear

distance ahead.

The rates of speed shall NOT apply to

the following: (LAVW-AFPP)

(1) A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws;

(2) The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of accident

or other emergency;

(3) Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic, or any
other similar place,

(4) The driver of a motor vehicle belonging

to the Armed Forces while in use for

official purposes in times of riot,

insurrection or invasion:

(5) The driver officially operating a motor

vehicle of any fire department, provided that exemption shall not be construed to allow unless or
unnecessary fast driving of drivers aforementioned.

(6) The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal;

(7) A physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency calls;

Section 37. Driving on right side of highway. Unless a different course of action is required in the interest
of the safety and the security of life, person or property, or because of unreasonable difficulty of
operation in compliance herewith, every person operating a motor vehicle or an  animal-drawn vehicle
on a highway shall pass to the right when meeting persons or vehicles coming toward him, and to the
left when overtaking persons or vehicles going thesame direction, and when turning to the left in going
from one highway to another, every vehicle shall be conducted to

the right of the center of the intersection of the highway.

Section 38. Classification of highways. Public highways shall be properly classified for traffic purposes by
the provincial board, municipal board or city council having jurisdiction over them, and said provincial
board, municipal board or city council shall provide appropriate signs therefor,subject to the approval of
the Commissioner. It shall be the duty of every provincial, city and municipal secretary to certify to the
Commissioner the names, locations, and limits of all "through streets" designated as such by the
provincial board, municipal board or council.

C. Overtaking and Passing a Vehicle, and Turning an Intersections

Section 39. Overtaking a vehicle. - The driver of any motorvehicle overtaking another vehicle proceeding
in thesame direction shall pass at a safe distance to the LEFT thereof, and shall not again drive to the
right side of the highway until safety clear of such overtaken vehicle except that on a highway, within a
business or residential district,having two or more lanes for the movement of traffic in one direction, the
driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle on the right. Nothing in this section shall be
construed to prohibit a driver overtaking and passing, upon the right, another vehicle which is making or
about to make

a left turn.

Section 40. Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle. The driver of a vehicle about to be overtaken and
passed by another vehicle approaching from the rear shall give way to

the overtaking vehicle on suitable and audible signal being given by the driver of the overtaking vehicle,
and shall not increase the speed of his vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle.

Section 41. Restrictions on overtaking and passing

(a) The driver of a vehicle shall NOT drive to the left side of the center line of a highway in

passing another vehicle overtaking or

proceeding in the same direction, UNLESS such left side is clearly visible, and is free of oncoming traffic
for a sufficient distance aheadto permit such overtaking or passing to be made in safety.

(b) The driver of a vehicle shall NOT overtake or pass another vehicle prceeding in the same direction,
when approaching the crest of agrade, not upon a curve in the highway, were the driver's view along the
highway is

obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet ahead, except on a highway having two or more lanes
for movement of traffic in one direction where the driver of a vehicle may overtake or pass another
vehicle: Provided, That on a highway within a business or residential district, having two or

more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction the driver of a vehicle may overtake or pass another
vehicle on the right.
(c) The driver of a vehicle shall NOT overtake or pass any other vehicle proceeding in the same direction,
at any railway grade crossing, not at any intersection of highways UNLESS such intersection or crossing is
controlled by traffic signal, or unless permitted to do so by a watchman or a peace officer, except on a
highway having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction where the driver of a vehicle
may overtake or pass another vehicle on the righ Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit a
driver overtaking or passing upon the right another vehicle which is making or about to make a left turn.

(d) The driver of a vehicle shall NOT overtake or pass, or attempt to pass, any other vehicle,

proceeding in the same direction, between any points indicaied by the placing of official temporary
warning or caution signs indicating that men are working on the highway.

(e) The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass, or attempt to overtake or pass, any othervehicle
proceeding in the same direction in any "no-passing or overtaking zone."

SPECIAL PLANS AND POLICIES  ON EMERGENCY TRAFFIC SITUATION WITH THE USE OF BOTH SIGNAL
LIGHTS AND ELECTRICAL SiGNAL LIGHTS AND

OTHERS

Traffic Sign

This refers to a device mounted or on portable support  where a message is conveyed by means of
words or symbols, officially erected or installed for the purpose regulating, warning and guiding traffic.

Traffic Light

It is a signal -operating device either manually or electrically by which traffic is alternatively commanded
to stop or to proceed.

Relevant Provisions of RA 4136

A. Accsesories of Motor Vehicles

Section 34.

(a) Tires of motor vehicles- No motor vehicle with metallic tires shall be operated upon any public
highway, and solid tires whenever used shall be operated upon any public highway, from coming in
direct contact with the road.

sufficient thickness to prevent the metal rims thereof from coming in direct contact with the road
(b) Brakes- Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with dual hydraulic brake
system so that in case of hydraulic line failure affecting the braking efficiency of any of the four wheels
at least either the front or rear wheels shall retain normal braking capabilities. In the absence of such
dual braking system every motor vehicle

with four or more wheels shall be provided with safety valve devices of such design and make so that
failure of the hydraulic braking system of the vehicle because of leakage in the line of other parts of the
system will not affect all wheels but rather render at all times effective the braking power of either the
two front wheels or the two rear wheels when brakes are applied. This requirement

however, does not apply to motor vehicles equipped with pneumatic braking system.

(b- 11) horns- every motor vehicle shal be

provided with a horn or signalling devise in good working order. Provided, however, That no horn or
signalling device emitting an exceptionally loud, startling, or disagreeable sound shall be installed or
used on any motor vehicle.

All authorized emergency vehicles, such as

ambulance and police cars and fire wagons used for emergency calls shall be equipped with a bell, siren
or exhaust whistle of a

installed Commissioner,  and no such device shall be installed or used in any other vehicle

No Vehicle not classified as a motor vehicle under this Act shall be equipped with a horn or signaling
device similar to the horn customarily used on motor vehicles.

(c) Headilights, - Every motor vehicle of more than one meter of projected width, while in use on any
public highway shall bear two headlights, one on each side, with white or yellowish light visible from the
front, which, not later than one-half hour after sunset and until at least one-half four before sunrise and
whenever weather conditions so require, shall both be lighted.

Additional lamps and light may be carried, but no red lights shall be visible forward or ahead of the
vehicle. Trucks, buses, trailers, and other similar vehicles must carry, while in use on any public highway
during night-time, colored riding lights on each of the four corners not more than ten centimeters from
the top.

All motor vehicles shall be equipped with devices for varying the intensity of light, and the driver must
dim the headlights or tilt the beams downward whenever the vehicle is being operated on well-lighted
streets within the limits of cities, municipalities, and thickly populated barrios or districts, or whenever
such vehicle meets another vehicle on any public highway.
(d) Taillights. - Every motor vehicle and trailer shall, during the above-mentioned hours, also bear on
each side in the rear a lamp showing a red light visible at least one hundred meters from the rear of the
vehicle and a lamp throwing a white light upon the number plate issued for such vehicle.

(e) Stop lights. Every motor vehicle shall be equipped at the rear with at least one lamp which shall
throw a sustained bright red light visible underall conditions, even under bright sunlight, when the
brakes are applied. Each bus, truck, trailer or similar vehicle shall be equipped, as its stop light at or near
its rear center, with a lamp at least twelve centimeters in diameter with the word "stop"inscribed in the
center.

(f) Motorcycle and other vehicle lights. Every motor vehicle of less than one meter of projected width
shall be subject to the preceding provisions of this section, except that one headlight and one

tailight shall be required. No signal light shall be necessary. Additional lamps may be carried provided
they comply with the preceding provisions of this section.

Every motor vehicle, or whatever style, kind, make, character, or nature, when upon a highway during
the hours above-mentioned, whether in motion or not, shall have one or more lights so arranged that
the same shall be visible at least fifty meters from the front and the rear of such vehicle.

(g) Lights when parked or disabled. - Appropriate parking lights or flares visible one hundred meters
away shall be displayed at a corner of the vehicle whenever such vehicle is parked on highway or in
places that are not well-lighted or is placed in such manner as to endanger passing traffic.

(h) Windshield wiper. Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a mechanically or electrically operated
device for wiping off raindrops or other moisture from its front windshield.

(i) Use of red flag. - Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than one meter beyond the bed or
body thereof, there shall be displayed at every projecting end of such load a red flag not less than thirty
centimeters both in length and width, except that during the hours fixed under subsection (c), there
shall be displayed, in lieu of the required red flags, red lights visible at least fifty meters away.

(j) Mufflers. - - Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine shall be equipped with a
muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly
populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be
operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke
or noise.
B. Right of Way and Signals

Section 42. Right of way.

(a) When two vehicles approach or enter an intersection at APPROXIMATELY THE SAMETIME, the driver
of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way to the vehicle on the right,except as otherwise
hereinafter provided. The driver of any vehicle traveling at an UNLAWFUL SPEED SHALL FORFEIT ANY
RIGHT OF WAY which he might otherwise have hereunder.

(b) The driver of a vehicle approaching but not having entered an intersection, shall yield the right of
way to a vehicle within such intersection or turning therein to the left across the line of travel of such
first-mentioned vehicle, provided the driver of

the vehicle turning left has given a plainly visible signal of intention to turn as required in this Act.

(c) The driver of any vehicle upon a highway within a business or residential district shall yield the right
of way to a pedestrian crossing such highway within a crosswalk, EXCEPT at

intersections where the movement of traffic is being regulated by a peace officer or by traffic

signal. Every pedestrian crossing a highway within a business or residential district, at any point other
than a crosswalk shall yield the right of way to vehicles upon the highway.

(d) The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall bring to a full stop such vehicle before traversing any
"through highway" or railroad crossing: Provided, That when it is apparent that no hazard exists, the
vehicle may be slowed down to five miles per hour instead of bringing it to a full stop.

Section 43. Exception to the right of way rule.

(a) The driver of a vehicle entering a highway from a private road or drive shall yield the right of way to
all vehicles approaching on such highway.

(b) The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of way to police or fire department
vehicles and ambulances when such vehicles are operated on official businessand the drivers thereof
sound audible signal of their approach.

(c) The driver of a vehicle entering a "through highway" or a "stop intersection" shall yield the right of
way to all vehicles approaching to either direction on such "through highway": Provided,That nothing in
this subsection shall be construed as relieving the driver of any vehicle being operated on a "through
highway" from the duty of driving with due regard for the safety of vehicles entering such"through
highway" nor as protecting the said driver from the consequence of an arbitrary exercise off such right
of way.

Section 49. Right of way for police and other ermergency vehicles. Upon the approach of any police or
fire department vehicle, or of an ambulance giving audible signal, the driver of every other vehicle shall
immediately drive the same to a position as near as possible and parallel to the right-hand edge or curb
of the highway, clear of any intersection of highways, and shall stop and remain in such position, UNLESS
otherwise directed by a

peace officer, until such vehicle shall have passed.

Section 44. Signals on starting, stopping or turning.

(a) The driver of any vehicle upon a highway, before starting, stopping or turning from a direct line, shall
first see that such movement can be made in safety, and if any pedestrian may be affected by such
movement, shall give a clearly audible signal by sounding the horn, and whenever the operation of any
other vehicle approaching or following may be affected by such movement, shall give a signal plainly
visible to the driver of such other vehicles of the intention to make such movement.

(b) The signal herein required shall be given by means of extending the hand and arm beyond the left
side of the vehicle, or by an approved mechanical or electrical signal device.

C. Turning and Parking

Section 45. Turning at intersections.

(a) The driver of a vehicle intending to run to the right at an intersection shall approach such
intersection in the lane for traffic nearest to the right-hand side of the highway and, in turning, shall
keep as close as possible to the right-hand curb or edge of the highway.

(b) The driver of a vehicle intending to turn to the left shall approach such intersection in the lane for
traffic to the right of and nearest to the center line of the highway, and, in turning, shall pass to the left
of the center of the intersection, except that, upon highways laned for traffic and upon one-way
highways, a left turn shall be made from the left lane of traffic in the direction in which the vehicle is
proceeding.

(c) For the purpose of this section, the center of the intersection shall mean the meeting point of the
medial lines of the highways intersecting one another, except when it is occupied by a monument, grass
plot or any permanent structure, other than traffic control device.

Section 46. Parking prohibited in specified places.(SCCIP - HRD)

No driver shall park a vehicle, or permit it to stand, whether attended or unattended, upon a highway in
any of the following places:
(a) Within four meters of the driveway entrance to and fire station.

(b) On a crosswalk

(c) Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.

(d) Within an intersection

(e) At any place where official signs have been

erected prohibiting parking.

(f) Within four meters of fire hydrant

(g) On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb or edge of the highway

(h) In front of a private driveway

Section 47. Parked vehicle,- Whenever a motor vehicle is parked unattended on any highway, the driver
thereof must

turn off the ignition switch and stop the motor and notch effectively the hand brake

XII. CONCEPTS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES TO BE CONSIDERED IN HIT AND RUN CASES

A. Definition

Accident

It is an occurrence in a sequence of events that usually results in unintended damage to property,

injuries or death especially when motor vehicles and pedestrians are involved.

Accident Analysis

It is the process of detemining factors on how

accidents occur and on how to mitigate and prevent its effects through clinical and statistical method.

Biorhythm

It is a theory that asserts that man exhibits constant variation of life, energy and mood states.
Hit and Run

It happens when a driver fails to stop after a motor vehicle traffic accident.

Motor Vehicle Non Traffic Accident

It is any motor vehicle accident occurring entirely at a place other than on a highway.

Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident

It refers to a motor vehicle accident that occurs on a traffic way or that occurs before the motor vehicle
ruris off

the roadway.

Scuff Marks

These are marks left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the wheels are still tuming.

Skid Marks

These are the marks left on the road by tires when the brakes are applied.

B. Chain of Events in Vehicular Accident (PEC-EDSA)

1. Perception of Hazard

2. Start of Evasive Action

3. Initial Contact

4. Maximum Engagement

5. Disengagement

6. Stopping or final position

7. Severity of Accident

Classification of Accident According to Severity (FNP)

1. Fatal Accident

2. Non-Fatal Accident
3. Property Damage Accident

RA 4136 Section 48. Reckless driving. - No person shall operate a motor vehicle on any highway
recklessly or without reasonable caution considering the width,traffic, grades, crossing, curvatures,
visibility and other conditions of the highway and the conditions of the atmosphere and weather, or so
as to endanger the property or the safety or rights of any person or so as to cause excessive or
unreasonable damage to the highway.