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COURSE NAME : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY - I

CHAPTER : 05
COURSE CODE : SOC-1101

Deviant Behavior and Social Control:

A Chart of Deviant Behavior:
Crime
Violation of Law:
Repressive Law (Pre-capitalist)
Restitutive Law (Capitalist)
Punishment Through:
Judiciary = Court+ police
Deviance Sin
Violation of Norms:
Violation of Religious
Mores = Do not ( Must Punishment)
Folkways= do custom, traditional
Obligations
(No Punishment= Reward)
Samaj/ Salish Judicial Body of Learned Persons

Impressionment
× ×
Fine EX- Communication + Corporal Shariya Law
Punishment.
This World > State This World > Society After the World > God

Note: Repressive Law is Pre-capitalist

Law. Such as, Killing istead of killing.
Restitutive Law is the Opposition of
Repressive Law.

Introduction: Deviance And Crime Are Not Synonymous, Though In Many Cases
They Do Overlap. The Concept Of Deviance Is Much Broader Than Crime, Which
Refers Only To The Breaking Of Laws. Many Forms Of Deviant Behavior Are Not
Sanctioned By Law. Thus, Studies Of Deviance Might Investigate Phenomena As
Diverse As Naturism , 1990s Rave Culture And The Lifestyles Of ‘New Age’ Travelling
Groups

Definition Of Deviant Behavior:

According To Harton, The Term Social Deviance Is Given To Any Failure To Confirm
To The Customary Norms Of The Society.

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COURSE NAME : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY - I

CHAPTER : 05
COURSE CODE : SOC-1101
According To Popenee, Deviance Is Behavior That Violates The Social Norms Of A
Group Or Society . [Popenee,1986]
According To R.T. Schaefer, Deviance Is A Kind Of Behavior Which Breaks The
Value Of A Group Or Society. [Schaefer, 1983]

Theories Of Deviance:

Causes of Deviance:
 Biological
 Psychological
 Social:
 Functionalist
 Conflict
 Intractionalist/Symbolic
Functionalist Perspective:
Emil Durkheim >
In Functionalist Perspective , Emil Dukheim Described About Deviance Based On
Anomie. Anomie Has Two Kinds. One Is Economic Anomie And The Other Is
Domestic Anomie . Anomie Occurs When There Are No Clear Standards Of
Behavior In A Given Area Of Social Life . Durkheim Climed That Deviance Is Actually
Necessary For Society , It Fulfils Two Important Functions .First, Deviance Has An
Adaptive Function; It Can Introduce New Ideas And Challenges Into Society And
Can Therefore Be An Innovative Force , Bringing About Social And Cultural Change
. Second, It Promotes Boundary Maintenance Between ‘Good’ And ‘Bad’ ;A Deviant
Or Criminal Act Can Provoke A Collective Response Bad Heightens In-Group
Solidarity And Clarifies Social Norms .
Merton >
Merton Identified Five Types Of Adaptive Behavior; A Chart Of Adadptive Behavior
is given below:-

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COURSE NAME : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY - I

CHAPTER : 05
COURSE CODE : SOC-1101

Mode Industrial Means (Hard Social Goals (Success)

Working)
Conformity: Accept Accept
Non-Deviant

(priest)

Innovation: (Scientist) Reject Accept

Ritualism: (breaucrats) Accept Reject
Deviant

Retricism: (Drug Addicts) Reject Reject

Rebellion: (militia Group) Replacement (New Social Replacement With New
Structure > With New Ideas) Goals

Conformity: Those Who Conform Choose Not To Deviate. They Pursue Their Goals
To The Extent That They Can Through Socially Accepted Means.
Innovation: Those Who Innovate Pursue Goals They Cannot Reach Through
Legitimate Means By Instead Using Criminal Or Deviant Means.
Ritualism: People Who Ritualize Lower Their Goals Until They Can Reach Them
Through Socially Acceptable Ways. These Members Of Society Focus On Conformity
Rather Than Attaining A Distant Dream.
Retreatism: Others Retreat And Reject Society’s Goals And Means. Some Beggars
And Street People Have Withdrawn From Society’s Goal Of Financial Success.
Rebellion: A Handful Of People Rebel And Replace A Society’s Goals And Means
With Their Own. Terrorists Or Freedom Fighters Look To Overthrow A Society’s
Goals Through Socially Unacceptable Means.

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COURSE NAME : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY - I

CHAPTER : 05
COURSE CODE : SOC-1101
Intractionalist Perspective:
Cultural Transmission: (Phillip Ethnic Groups) >Human Learns How To Behave In Social
Institutions Whether Properly Or Improperly . >Conforming And Deviant Acts. >Learns
Criminal Behavior By Intracting With Others. > Techniques Of Law Breaking.
Routine Activities : Routine Activities Theory Is An Approach In Criminology Which Examines
The Ways In Which The Everyday Behavior Of Individuals Exposes Them To More Or Less Risk Of
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Being A Victim. The Exploration Of Such Routine Activities Allows The Criminologist To Identify
'Hot Spots' Where Criminal Activity Is Likely To Be Concentrated.

For A Crime To Occur According To Routine Activities Theory, There Must Be Three Elements:
Firstly, A Motivated Offender; Secondly, A Suitable Target; And, Thirdly, The Absence Of Capable
Guardians. The Combination Of These Three Factors Leads To Crime.

Definition of Cultural transmission: Definition Of Cultural Transmission Is The Process Through Which
Cultural Elements, In The Form Of Attitudes, Values, Beliefs, And Behavioral Scripts, Are Passed Onto And
Taught To Individuals And Groups.

Conflict Perspective:
 No Social Values But Conflicting Values And Interests.
 People With Power.
 Protect Their Own Interests And Define Deviance To Suit Their Own Needs.
 Crime Conduct Created Authorized Of Social Control:-
 Lagislators.
 Law Enforcement Officers.
 Criminal Justice System Defers Of Racial Ethnic And Social
Class Background.
Social Control: The Techniques And Strategies For Preventing Deviant human
behavior.
Agencies of Social Control:

 Formal Social Control : Carried Out By Authorized Agents. Such As:- Police Officers, Judges, School
Administrators, Employer, Military Officers And Manager Of Movie Theaters.
 Informal Social Control : Carried Out By Ordinary People. Such As Family.
Through Means Such As- Laughter, Smiles, Ridicule.

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COURSE NAME : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY - I

CHAPTER : 05
COURSE CODE : SOC-1101

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