 Automation

 Brief history of automation

 Type of Automation
 Advantages and disadvantages of Automation
 PLC
 Importance of PLC
 Block Diagram of PLC
 Difference between PC & PLC
 Number System
 Logic Gates
 Overview of PLC programming methods, ladder diagram, various examples
 Various examples of PLC application, a basic relay type instruction, timer
 SCADA
 ASSIGNMENT

Short Question Answer

1. Define Automation.
2. Define Industry.
3. Define PLC.
4. What amount and Which type of Power supply require to operate PLC?
5. How many I/P and O/P pins are available in S7 1200 Test kit?
6. Define Rectifier.
7. List of different type of programing method for PLC.
8. Define NO Switch.
9. Define NC Switch.
10. Define Timer.

Brief Question Answer

1. Write a short note on Importance of Automation.
2. Write a short note on Disadvantages of Automation.
3. Write a short note on Different type of Automation.
4. Write a short note on Basic Block Diagram of PLC.
5. Write a short note on Difference between PC & PLC.
6. Draw ladder diagram for automation of water pump for tank.

Long Question Answer

1. What is Ladder diagram? Draw a Ladder diagram for And, Or and Not Gate with truth
table.
2. What is Ladder diagram? Draw a Ladder diagram for Ex-or and Ex-nor Gate with
truth table.
3. Explain Architecture of PLC in detail.
4. Draw a ladder diagram for the following statement
a. Motor on after 10 sec of switch close.
b. Motor off after 10 sec of switch open.
1.Define a programmable logic controller.
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a microprocessor-based controller that uses a
programmable memory to store instructions and to implement functions such as logic,
sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic in order to control machines and process
2. What are the main components parts of a PLC?
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2.The input/output unit
3.The programming device
4. Memory Unit

PLC SYSTEM
3. What is the function of programming device?
The programming device is used to enter the required program using ladder logic into the
memory of the processor. The sequence of operation and ultimate control of equipment or
machinery is specified and determined by ladder programme.
4. List various types of PLC programming devices.
1. Use of hand held programmer
2.Terminal with video display unit
3. A personal computer with appropriate software
5. What is ALU? State is function.
The ALU is responsible for data manipulation and performs arithmetic and logical
operations such as addition and subtraction. In addition, the ALU contains number of
control inputs, which specify the data manipulation function to be performed. ALU is
combinational logic circuit, whose output is an instantaneous function of its data and
control inputs.
6. What are counters?
Counters allow a number of occurrences of input signals to count or record the number of
times some event occurs. PLCs include some form of counting element and are set to
some preset number value. When this value of input pulse has been received, it will
operate its contact, the normally open contacts would be closed and a normally closed
contact would be opened.
7.  Write down various types of counters.
1. Down counters
2. Up-counters
8. List down PLC programming methods.
1. Structured text
2. Ladder diagrams
3. Function block diagram
4. Sequential function charts
5. Instruction list
9. List down the different types of Timers.
1. On delay timer
2. Off delay timer
3. Retentive timer
4. Pulse delay timer
10. What are the types of bus?
(a) Address bus
(b) Data bus
(c) Control bus
11. What is ladder programming?
A ladder programming involves each program task being specified as though a Rung of
ladder. Thus such a rung could specify that the state of switches A and B, the inputs, be
examined and if A and B are both closed then a solenoid, the output is energized.
12. Write about the relay?
With the relay type, the signal from the PLC output is used to operate a relay and so is
able to switch currents of the order of a few amperes in an external, circuit. The relay
isolates the PLC from the external circuit and can be used for both D.C. and A.C.
switching. Relays are, however, relatively slow to operate.
13. What is continuous updating?
This involves the CPU scanning the input channels as they occur in the program
instructions. Each input point is examined individually and its effect on the program is
determined. Each input is scanned with a 3 ms delay, before the program has the
instruction for a logic operation to be executed and an output to occur. This process is
called continuous updating.
14. Write about the mass input/output copying?
To allow a more rapid execution of a program, a specific area of RAM is used as buffer
store between the control logic and the input/output unit. At the start of each program
cycle the CPU scans all the inputs and copies their status into the input/output address in
RAM. At the end of each program cycle all the outputs are transferred from RAM to the
output channels. The outputs are latched so that they retain their status until the next
updating.
15. Write about timer circuit.
A timer circuit is specified by stating the interval to be times and the conditions or events
that are to start and/or stop the timer. They are commonly regarded as delays with coils
which, when energized, result in the closing or opening of input contacts after some
preset time.
16. What are the inputs of shift register?
There are three inputs of shift register. They are,
(a) One to load data into the first element of the register (OUT)
(b) One as the shift command (SFT)
(c) One for resetting (RST)
17. What is the criteria need for the selection of a PLC?
The criteria needed for the selection of a PLC are the following,
(a) Input/ Output capacity is required
(b) Types of inputs/outputs are required
(c) Size of memory required
(d) Speed and power is required for the CPU
18. What are the axes of a pick and place robot?
The robot has three axes about which motion can occur.
(a) Rotation in a clockwise or counter clockwise direction of the unit on its base.
(b) Arm extension or contraction and arm up or down
(c) Gripper can open or close.
19. Define Adaptive control.
The control system which can adapt changes and it can change its parameters depending
on the situation. It is known as adaptive control system.
20. State the purpose of Jump controls
By causing Jump instruction, the processor scan time is reduced by Jumping over
instruction not pertinent to the machine operation. It is achieved by missing intermediate
program and can skip instructions when a production fault occurs.
21. How will you process the input and output of PLC?
From the input/output module, the information about in and out of PLC is obtained. The
input module terminals receive signals from wires connected to input sensors and
transducers. The output module terminals provide output voltages to energize actuators
and indicating device.
1. Explain analog input /output module for PLC.
2. Explain digital input /output module for PLC.
3. Describe PLC power connection
4. List out different types of PLC Programming languages.
5. Develop Ladder logic for NOT, AND, OR, NAND, Ex-OR, Ex-NOR logic.
6. Develop ladder logic for given Boolean algebraic equation.
7. Develop Ladder logic for holding contact.
8. Develop ladder logic for simple and complex branching ladder rung.
9. Develop ladder logic for ON-OFF temperature control using timer and limit switches
 1. Switching on/off the Lamp whether they are at the bottom or the top
of the staircase.

PLC
Topics Covered in this example is using Contacts in parallel.
Number of PLC Inputs Required

X0 – Switch at the bottom of Staircase

i.e. X0 turns ON when the bottom switch is turned to the right.
X1 – Switch at the top of Staircase
i.e. X1 turns ON when the top switch is turned to the right.

Number of PLC Outputs Required

Y0 – Lamp
PLC Ladder Programming:

plc ladder diagram

 2. Controlling the running state of the 1 ph motor by pressing START
and STOP pushbuttons i.e. motor should remain in ON state after
START pushbutton is pressed and should OFF when STOP pushbutton
is pressed. Checking if the Motor is running normally by pressing
TEST pushbutton.

PLC

Topics Covered in this example is Latching Contacts Ladder Program.

  Number of PLC Inputs Required

X0 – START pushbutton to Start Motor
X1 – STOP pushbutton to Stop Motor
X2 – Error signal from Motor to PLC.
  Number of PLC Outputs Required

Y0 –1 phase Motor
PLC Ladder Programming:

PLC Ladder Diagram

3. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of PLC over
electromagnetic relays.
4. Differentiate between a microcontroller and PLCs?
5. With ladder logic explain Smart Traffic Control Signal System.
6. With ladder logic explain Smart Elevator Control System.
7. With ladder logic explain Fire Detection and Alarm System.
8. With ladder logic explain Automatic Machine Handling System.
9. With ladder logic explain Automatic Vehicle Washer System
10. List out various type of sensor.
11. Define Scada.