: (LST 5 : eaeSovlt Invasion of afghanistan = Soca ct pa icc enc me aes ona ve oppo eater ae ‘enmannace nya et ty mn nena wanna aaNet en a as ‘oti uit og te sh U [078M ncromanesin Alfie vthnd Fama WB emmemnintecimenthacnmas ‘etna ns peepee Pease tend be Pac at a sa ete hana nee ops DemcnscPety ch [Sip ndorennt mtn outer arene ahem geen sas es nas es oe oreo sc Feral atc contin. enn an aca ate receding tae mop coms pao ern rota ‘Braet uaa pu na Serna tase sce fea ewe hp ofc are cs oes Sige ore ee eee eae cet eigen ara or ar ety ac ely ar eg Sareea inctien cacaarauanocets r datos corer Theremin pd wn se nor yt tiny it rence a ty tr me eat ‘jatar guage haere mentite wa esaWhat happens if Russia shuts off gas supplies to Europe?Russia inflation Rate 2 Russia’s International Reserves Source: Bank of Russia 0) ee itRussia’s International Reserves Source: Bank of Russia Russia’s International Reserves Source: Bank of Russia Only 16% CGT Ke( CleRUSSIAN BANKS - Rossiya -1S Bank ~ General Bank - Promsvyazbank ~ Black Sea Bank Ieeu}Peas oat 17 ae aA hLDA SS7 S-400 missile systems: First delivered and four awaited Talwar class warships: Two being made in Te ee AMM Tel) ‘Akula’ class N-submarine: India in talks for UR cols)roi IN nina Soa uae RS 2 Tpebentomrs + (DE nen seeanee A seine @ ear emt 2 Brann A atond Dawe Vow inet - Ot So wR: rescalae tengo! this round of new fnandal ations 5 unpeecedeted bat sce some of hose measures wereatendy plemented Inargund 204, the recent measures are just a indo expansion ant grading of hs: Wester counts i before ink Rusia might have ety grea ow way to den with them," Xu tol the Gaba Te, ‘someottosecoplngmethods have aay bet leased For example the rin cont srdred san oor etchant and raderby ‘uaa ssnato outa the county. "vir Naina the Russian central ankle, was ao quoted assaying recently tat erase of Rass own fala messaging stam SPF, which ‘places SWIFT, he sin final infrstocture wil run smth ithe cisen environment, ccrding tonal media, "The Banko Rosi ali dub the cunty'sbenbmak interes tf 20(| ns wr | Me Ae |e a |B (ae a Bw a % ca Cyber element seeanee ieepey Deiter Santee Satoh Get hanths. @ Ee Mf ape , a a en ee or on Elec (hme np wie Rae wa aaa waMEe - . ves Nbiuling the tusan ental ankche, was abo quoted arseving needy tat hecate of ese's own tnatlalmesaping eta S98, whith plo SWIFT, the Rain nana infestectre wi nemo athe event om 95 porn. The poly tert haveboon ote ineabiing, (Gh reach fll ier th nteratinal Mantay Iie Fenn nies, tld he Ga ies that ane method Ross cold adont ‘uslng CHOC to bypass the US-led payment syter, (henalsnoted tat toes wl tate nt conaderation hereby US the Bank o Russiaalso doubled the countrys benchmatk interest rateto 20, percent from 95 percent. The policy cems tohave been effective in stabi ‘hecurroney, asthe rule climied against the greenbackon Tuesday mete se oG eerste Sante Stink Bent Menthe @ Ee Bf ep 5 chow | fie | Oa (Vow Vine = 2m (6 8 ORT ‘me currency, ste ule dma gan the reesbac on Tuesday. ‘Gia teens ello under the nteratinal Monetary tsi nmin Univeral tld he Gla Tans that ane method Rl couldadont ‘blag CHOC to bypate the US-led payment yer, (enalnoed that esl take ina consferation hecreity ofS stons a devngf Russa out f SWIFT would havea serous pt on ‘ahermember counties, while nuturng competitors fr SWIFT, Song president of the Contomporary Ghins-Ressa eon! Ecanomy sear Instat, alot the Ghba Times fat Russa resources, -omeof the ros abundant nthe word, ouldsupporties conan facing ‘theseeteral ehllenges, he Eo cine (Chen algo noted that Rania wll akeinte contlderation the credibility of US sanctions as driving of Russia out of SWIFT would havea serious impact on other member countries, while nurturing competitors for SWIFT.CAM Reha eee aaa aoa eee ea ele. «Bony ce sete ,sevoree Dest 9 sake , a a@ om ‘Western Sanctions Bite Russian Economy, TD trevcre owe 1D) | oe or (Aan na ae ‘West's financial sanctions tougher than in 2014,, but Russian economy may withstand them, experts say “nm fvee Eb wcinws(Soar aE e- - Te ca cheese ~sohn aeecree eerie Bim Nonna I pina GEARS nay , a Viner - 0% |e 5 8 vnprecedetdin ale pie on con of sts prince” CRN ac secortingt Fre ois Rua hs ton lon ats ene whch opie rap Ste il aT i Ru ben apd ye ES ewe ans 6 5 Cala a ae le uneven revaree ee a enn hi a Ce rear en ee o @ ‘A Margin For Safety? reported by CN Bsns es coromyis fing the pune the wa Te Rison let tai rc atom by dropping 32% pegged Bo r 2hese =en# ca ‘tener sesanee Caeepey Qemitantak Sanka Satoh Ghent Maniths. @ Eee Mf ete , oa cn ae ee oe Ee eens sits economy was timed have gow bys yearafer ating ark {yalmosa in 200, te wrt enh panera cnc. Analysts id te Ukaite wic ey ve ina inpaon he bal enony orev he van as tigre sue nota energy pices henna ‘racebatea os lv qa neve ous, eng the UK The var omen ar te gud econ el cog orth pnt ‘pcs cao Wedd to more tae are the Niet eel Snce201, 38 the poret of diet nce fom Rusa et ney murat engi on word cond bags expr a rps inna Sold set ncreaerin oan asprin bess. conomtfoeat ihe flaton vl tases and sso and ren sewn ecnonies Analysts & the eon Oxf rononkessie presse on Resin fncel penctrwelddamageRun's DP icy Wy ssa soon ain to “ssfrwist plane downside ses CSA EA re kaa AI ee] ~ (aK ce ‘isonet seeanee eens Qemtantek Sanhae Steinke Manthey 5 “a Sho | Riwine | DAvin | Vow: Vin - Ot 6 5 @ Rt E> mines ured hat Bassin ol and gas wou keep wing weatwats The stat of tele hat, even the ng Seas ofthe wate Sov Uno nd Bop ‘he startoming iscsi yo realy ant oh he san eon ad he ce ton sts eery ert scr» at as bo puted seins Sa nd wnterhunirde lone dae aly Te poet made pate Oy ‘The White Huse sadn Wednesday 'very opr” tthe energy sanctions srRuran One might sn esioy tat wer Walruchsoment for Washington tha Ero bu eer Geran ir epic ang butt woul apenas supplies Soden “We ne pate otha TeaSource: Novokmet, Piketty & Zucman (2018) |SSS. —- - ee hoe How Russia's Pipeline Politics Holds the EU Hostage us cary 4.20 sere 2098 osc samt grsuct Tt ‘ing rurtaigpoer ay wth cenoesrts fe gotrnent maroon iGeeenmy assure Sacer oestatesby teen Marry Fo uss OO pect sS7564 Ns stand gst hun Ba end Tt |B tanto |B Misnaaerme |B Haine 9) Basen ,eevone eS om hoe Signs Tose wetness own managers peta uss nee Crtre opera ean Pesce Rangoon heciay nead ropes gum ow rough Uae Hee stargengter pices Eh eee ; 182 |B metony et | Bnet alt 8K rset seeanee Seth Vow: Vim - €ee G5 8 ® E> minesare cutting off Ru sdoing what the US. and &2U. were more reticent do: Punish RtLi SS see nese SBIDH »oeea o . pe ee ee ee sui Apu. mt University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan sn agin of alle fred Cinmloeih t be Vref Bovtor of Veterinary Medicine rs oneeerege Port Suton, san thr ht tin te : tof Reiner § ed Sot Ce ee nceseRSB/DH »oeea o eR oainee Sect Nc pith @ crt A en ai Ppa ke University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan sn agin of he fille fered ps ar ana (duly oso ! hoy 2 essed erry Se roa — cote Veinary ha Rteee Fenn Se Gee fee Gao Bi = 8 von She NewlforeCines Soc Bhutto Survives as No-Confidence Vote Falls Short tower ED tions a= om le eg searccnl Paar poe a Te Imran Khan becomes 2nd prime minister to seek voluntary vote of confidence a ce i ED einsEP reams teraz cham nent ees panties on Mapped: The7 Governments the US. Has Overthrown tion that th CUA was bee Trans 1953. coup Bt rs apped: The 7 Governments the US. Has Overthrown ht the CIA ws behind ransH9St comp RatJP vera stent temzine china | mendes) eet) antes ‘eneracee Pmcs| seas som CN Mapped: The 7 Governments the jas Overthrown ¥ ave confratien ta the CLA wa stopped there. «50 ae oe re mo @ 2 Imran Khan becomes 2nd prime minister to seek voluntary vote of confidence ED einsae Tif jis Imran Khan becomes 2nd prime minister to seek voluntary vote of confidence imran Khan becomes 2nd prime minister to seek voluntary vote! f confidencea * Itwos a great pleasure to meet you yesterday | hope we meet again soon * Grandma is afraid she is going to miss something as 2 result she stays up too late * The committee included'Ali,Professor of English from Karachi SindhAkbar Director sports from Multan. Punjabilyas Under secretary.Law Department from (Quetta Balochistari and Anwar Commissioner Peshawar division Khyber Pukhitunkhwa: » The committee included‘Ali,Professor of English from Karachi.SindhAkbar, Director sports from Multan, Punjabillyas.Under secretary.Law Department from Quetta Balochistan|and Anwar,Commissioner Peshawar division, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa.‘onthe the hand «at The lollowing Ao Roe et also incidentally nonetheless asa result indeed on the contrary besides in fact on the other hand consequently inother words _ otherwise finally & instead still for example then furthermore meanwhile therefore hence moreover thus however nevertheless aa6 * poo a eee ed on --) Trends forvouWord-Parts of Speech e * alouris2naming werd + ange dere ous rprenous + ankbvs cess eves vers, tbe aber + aCongncton jong wore + aegis worth postionsTae noi e + Asentence:is a group of words that expresses complete meaning a subject) Sp ) wa Phrase Vs Clause A phrase Is a word or group of words that forms part of 2 sentence. It does not convey complete sense. Phrases leaving the theater bofore the first assignment after the movie broken into pieces because of her intelligence.tine of cont Trepicof Cancer anni, ne. Land Mass 165 | 3 Land Mass 12% oP AKISTAN Mig Land Mags 6.8% 2 tind ass 20.4% Land Mass 9.2%05 pein same ie eT LA = = me The Nucleur Doctrine of Pakistan Fn | ema ° a ‘einen Bie ak eka Sian Th ne = es. — om sii taataenceans — tm er tty et rt rn 2 iocton tomes1. The law of politics is rooted in human nature which is self-secking, self-interested and power loving. 2. Polities is an autonomous sphere of activity, and does not depend on economics. The concepts of “interest” and ‘power’ can make politics independent of other disciplines. 3. A state’s interests are not fixed: they are changeable depending on time and space. ‘This reality must be recognized in international politics. 4. Ethics in international politics is political or situational ethics, and therefore sharply opposed to private morality. 5. Political falisiii believes that aspirations of a particular state cannot become the governing law of the universe 6. Statecraft is a sober and uninspiring activity that involves a profound awareness of ‘human limitations. Human nature as itis should be considered in international politics, rather than the human nature as it should be. © & smn 45e tems ofthe comeqaental lal persons no hat, for ample git analy he ovement te tet ao fat he copii stew da with Se perme orem shor ofthe ate and accept the wal pl onsacs ‘suchas tem pee and mii wetnthe dmetic legate H ula womsirtins have wu lapel lege role in he dex sion stro et 1 grat ection Howe cra tit ave rere sone ecgntion og changein omen Sich ‘pote that onc ew deme ete coetrlll the cou ‘yd atts ered lly 0 cnt, ecoputin shoul a be “elt The Uni! fnglomon s uber of seasons ade he ‘preach Ian dcr bythe Under See of tt for Fria [isin yrotatiesot popes whether et heen ovr ‘enenyed ih season prope of erase, hecbedince ofthe ops. lite consol of mach the grater BP sare tlt ery of tcc ™ thst which pred ch pices antercoitinothe Bcwmnor~ E> eresé ° aaa a SOL a Pe bp brosel pri dritoui tun . euP)3 gui 2 laid 7 euyeiT 5 cuyudet 4 eterna ten nie LIS Li GAL gL biing UK L Ie See ply tle a ao a py JE I ll oe a oe » ABI AM gay aa gS gS LN pat oh OL aah ze silly Fen loure BUG eve 23 Wet fe? Sigur LiL MIS VLE TIVO PY Fb iE cheng Setatguir Lingo El meine ane ee em py le al che a J py JE JE a oy pee pe ABS AM ep yey eS Sey Ls paps ol LN oe aye ly Cen Lolttee GV cde sin Bui feP SuiguP iL pial HE MIS IL BAI ote PBL salar, Healer L ogee > OD & smn 450[2 stir | vine | etn | a | abn) etn ns + Betas |} 8 R One. RscremininaseeoNtytnahnStStooed 40 goes epi Qemitania Ssanhantne Satoh tet Mans. @ Ee Bf wey , = iw|vo a 2G Bho | Mavi | Dain | Vor Vivien - Ot |S 5 Ml” tet co nd Nai E> miceChapter 40 Pay mand Nazi ism. deat two resemble in thet toconsider ther sep th the twin thedies of Haucitey andl Nvziven. The pirations, ideals and policies, bat i i uveful ely, FASCISM Anplo-Frenhs 4-14) i the hope of being aleatod in Africa, Albania sod nin, Fut ber Allis atthe Paris Peace Crnferenice, colony. I created feeling af shar reventment and ftes-ffec of the war preduced soxial, economic cl 8 Erowing wncioployineny, ination, ereruptin he iment, trate comes Ngo wee de to er he wat gh tan In ly" tnd plea xing, Inury an government es al eke men aT ‘vistorious in Russia, began : coat ‘ana dependene Dees by the omalenrcn cree on igo eget kr egy parliamentary sysiem became cornpt.insffiiert and impereet te provide rf rec ot at ea eto tas ene nN eh eT Brn eon acer eee ed Pen aly Se oan Gt Aden ocr ie rater ae tera inte Hae Se coche wl ro at tera ae Foal Matar hl eet ee ad road rats ae ec hme eae de Heaptingrah openpe role peasy ets Sear i oe we ee Tcl ney feet a ai Staten aly T1929, the King ae ial ue, Wil Technic ob eek Pe etna ee ‘ee ace writer et a epee errr)ieee Federation: The organization of autonomous states (OREGEFAHOM: It is the association of the sovereign states ‘Cigarizetion:strong relations Guided by:Const ‘Association: Not strong relations Guided by:Merely contract ‘Same currency Currency can be same or not same euro/pound ‘Same force Combined forcetindividuel force Federating units can_not have their separate | EU hasits embassies in 105 countries including foreign policy. Pakistan. Eu behaves like 2 state, We have separate relations with Germanyiitley,Erance and same for Eu. Federation cannot become state. Bexit: you can leave the contract L@ EUSB hana has eT RRIF TNT hr ‘td thretened to weaken th racial sick. Sich fears were expressed in the “Bhod sn Soi tas of Wate Dare They ai ean wh the Nast exe he vies of Ka wich ‘holed he ik restr an ak sil ofthe Gamnn people oe th eal apy Foire of wesem craton solaiseapenion ite petro “hs peas okey Aad inprat inpetbnsfor begs ply In prea ep 0 fit fajunionst kis by stent i aac of Lshuaun. Only cg tere pant old oer arma et pe aon pei ee ‘erp pes exe EE eet Brahe Uli) Fascism state worship chauvinist nationalism voluntarism national greatness organic unity pragmatic anti-Semitism frurism/modernism corporatism colonial expansion Nazism state as vessel extreme racialism essentialism biological superiority racial purity/eugenics genocidal anti-Semitism peasant ideology war economy world domination aCue words are critical in Compare and Contrast Essays Comparison Contrast + Inthesame way + Otherwtie + Bythe same token + On the cantrary + Similarly In contrast + Intke manner Notwithstanding At the same time Yot otherwise Likewise + On the other hand a oPorevamnle: Comnape tie. itigsos For example: Compare two cities + Step 1: Establish parameters + Step 2: Etabish parameters of of comparison. comparison. + climate * Both cities should be in + Population © Pakistan. S renee + este + Both should be in Punjab. = een {Simitarity) 3 “(Gl rairals —tahers + eatin fatesComposition of a (body) Paragraph Topic: Deforestation 1 Deforestation is one of the major problems that are having negative impact on the environment. Due to the cutting down of trees the ecological balance of a region gets disturbed. When a large number of trees are cut down from a region the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide production is disrupted with negative impact on life of all sorts. For example, when the trees are removed in the urban areas for expanding human dwellings, there are no means left to convert the excessive carbon dioxide into oxygen. Moreover, the wild life is adversely affected because animals “Topic Delorstation 1 Tee Stiene 2. sa ‘sts > siopene int bain) mmm | Mil armen eter ene reer Inthe urtan ares fo ecerciog haven ME Sens ihre wenn neh oc a 7. Concluding ‘es ‘Sewn at‘Academic Paragraph Structure 3+ Supporting Point: (°) * Gwesthemain agument related tothetopc sentence = itsupoors eee ofthe paragraph. = 5h actualy enlarges the scape ol the paragraph 4. Etamplefevidence: 3 Supporting Point: SP) "Gives the main ergumert related tothe ope sentence. + auppa%9 the topo thereof the pacagrph 1 stuallyelantes se sope ofthe paragraph 4+ bxample/eridence ‘Facts fques/statsis, example, quotation, to provide actual evidence of supportng pore2 supponing Pint: (5P) * 1 sep90%s he topic or theme othe pacagrph ‘+P actually eames she scope ofthe paragraph, 4 pxample/enidence > Facts iures/staties example, qvotation, to provide lectualevidenceot ‘Evidence inks the supporting pinto reality. (Ee) 5 Concusing Sentence: + i concludes theargument or theme, r polit discussed inthe peragrapt, 5. Concluding Sentence: = Itconclodes the argument o theme, or point discussed inthe paragraph. (eeimary ash) T = Htsums up what has been said inthe sentences above Asal there should be no new pointin the concuding cantence + Donet ry tooer the scutin/iemedy tote problem here.Topic ‘The prospects of establishing peace have mostly been bleak Sentence _ it Afghanistan. Reason or __ The reason is that throughout history Afghanistan hes seen explanation little peace in total Supporting __ The lend of Afghanistan, with its mountainous terrain, point somewhat responsible for the warring history of its ethnically different people who live isolated in different valleys and plains. Evidence Afghanistan comprises, 34 provinces each one of which is ruled by one or two dominant tribes. These tribes are mostly at daggers drawn with each other. Whether the dispute is territorial, cultural, social, or religious, it is mostly settled in Topic ‘The prospects ofestablshing peace have most bee Sentence _nAlshanstan | Reason or | The reason lsthat throughout history Alghariston ha eS ethnically different peonte who live isolated in dffere valleys and pains. Evidence | Afthanistan comprises 34 provinces each one of whichis ruled by one or two dominant tribes. These tribes ace mosty at daggers drawn with each other. Whether the dispute is territorial tural, sock or religious, it k mostly settled in riitant sive. (Christophe Jeffrelot,“Pokistan at the Crossroads”, 2016)PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE — (Topic: Efforts of Pan-islamism) Topic During the late 1960s and early 1970s, several Islamic states Sentence became independent and the need of pan-islamism was felt across the globe. Explanatory | The idea was that Muslim states could form an Islamic bloc while or Reasoning | the world was divided under the influence of two major super- PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE — (Topic: Efforts of Pan-Iislamisr Topic During the late 1960s and early 1970s, several Islamic states Sentence _ became independent and the need of pan-Islamism was felt across the globe. [Explanatory | The idea was that Muslim states could form an Islamic bloc while or Reasoning the world was divided under the influence of two major super- [sentence powers —USA and USSR. Supporting | The leaders of major Muslim nations sought to unite the Muslim Point (1) Ummah under one flag of Islam so that the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire could be compensated. “1 3or Reasoning | the world was divided under the influence of two major s sentence powers —USA and USSR. Supporting —_ The leaders of major Muslim nations sought to unite the Point(1) | Ummah under one flag of Islam so that the dissolution of Ottoman Empire could be compensate: Exampl Asa resul desire, Organization of the Islamic Count (OIC) was formed, and its first meeting was held in 1969 in Rabat, Morocco, Concluding | This shows that the efforts of pan-Islamism were not only Sentence conceived theoretically but the Muslim Ummah also took | practical steps to achieve that goal. dtm temeettemoagsnemae — a ow vest1+ Topic segmentation: (Headings of outline) (© Fiked Headings (Paragraphs) ‘© Introduction (First paragraph) © GVEFVIEW OF the Kopie (second paragraph) ‘© Conclusion (last paragraph) (© Break down the topic into Primary headings (variable) according tothe keywords of the essay statement (topic) and their correlation with each other. (© For example: (Energy Balin Pakistan) The isue-based topes canbe broken down into: © Causes a Otek UUW Hie LOPE HW PERE enn partner LLU WWE keywords ofthe essay statement (topic) and their correlation with each other. om ‘©. For example: (Energy crisis in Pokistan) The issue based topics can be broken down into: © Causes Effects ‘© Remedies 2. Brainstorming: (sub-headings) ‘ © Apply divergent thinking and come up with several possible pol the topic © Collect a pool of idaae and points I Sao cot prreces the pciots ot this tage,Mepewngnet tpseaen anren Lope Sequencing: App one ofthe pial sequencing model to srange he Si nin it sod ers and Rc nse onLogieal Re Sequencing reyModelsuo Goyernance eeBRA Pearelvilian Dees nnnEconomyEvidence ‘Aighanistan comprises 34 provinces each one of which is ruled by one or two dominant tribes. These tribes are mostly at daggers drawn with each other. Whether the dispute is territorial, cultural, social, or religious, itis mostly settied in militant style. (Christophe Jefrelot, “Pakistan at theSupporting The leaders of major Muslim nations sought to unite the Muslim Point (1) | Ummah under one flag of Islam so that the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire could be compensated. Supporting The leaders of major Muslim nations sought to unite the Point(1) __ Ummah under one flag of Isiam so that the dissolution of | Ottoman Empire could be compensated. | | Example (1) As a result ofthis desire, Organization ofthe Islamic Countries Concluding Sentence (OIC) was formed, and its first meeting was held in 1969 in Rabat, Morocco. This shows that the efforts of pan-Islamism were not only conceived theoretically but the Muslim Ummah also took practical steps to achieve that goal.es eyseicurns Meroe Ce aca Ree gi aT Pakistan, agriculture provides subsistence to Pra aCe ceed however depicts a catastrophic soci Pees wean ata end ict a) shift in the role of agriculture sector is GvC ene gor seuatar aceite PON eta ac titt eart Thesis Statement: IT revolution can be better utilized by Pakistan's young people if they learn to resolve the enigma and own the power of IT as their strength rather than making it their weakness.Topic: True Democracy cannot be exercised without literacy ‘Thesis statement: Democracy encompasses the will of people and ascertains the future of a state based on national consensus.‘Thesis Statement: IT revolution can be better utilized by Pakistan's young people if they learn to resolve the enigma and own the power of IT as their strength rather than making it their weakness.Se eeGrammatical Cohesion = Grammatical cohesion, which is based on structural content. = When we discuss any topic in the class, we are aware of the previous knowledge of students. In this class we have already discussed how links between different sentences are created. We ‘said that coherence words should not be used between paragraphs by force. | was giving different examples. | was also telling how some students would make this mistake in their write- ups. Students mentioned that | had already taught them poneenl structure. So, now we sie ree tine, Sow, and Lexical cohesion = Lexical cohesion, which is based on lexical content and background knowledge. “Cohesive Ties" = For example: - Pronouns should match with nouns. ~ Other referents should match the rest of the sentence. (this, that, those, these, whose, whom, étc.)= Due to its function of tying the whole paragraph together, the cohesion of a passage is sometimes destroyed by adding a quotation which does not integrate into its lexical and grammatical structure. + Eaiiatin is the actual ambassador of peace in the wold is only through education that one bring the into Coherence = Definition: “the quality of being logical and consistent”. = Another Definition: “the situation when the parts of something fit together in a natural or reasonable way”.Oe gE a In order to make sense to us, discourse must be both cohesive and coherent. Take a look at the following example: “A week has seven days. Every day | feed my cat. Cats have four legs. My leg hurts. Hurts,js a verb.” This sequence is highly cohesive, as each sentence is connected to the previous one at the level of discourse. However, it is not coherent, because no plausible connections In order to make sense to us, discourse must be both cohesive and coherent. Take a look at the following example: “A week has seven days. Every'day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. My leg hurts. Hurts,is a verb.” This sequence is highly cohesive, as each sentence is connected to the previous one at the level of discourse. However, it is not coherent, because no plausible connections can be made outside th° ——— Now take a look at the following example: “Liverpool shot a goal. The whistle blew.” The sequence is not cohesive, since no clear connections are made at the level of discourse. ® Nevertheless, the sequence is coherent, as-the reader/listener can draw plausible conclusions about what happened based on his/her knowledge of the context. When faced with any stretch of discourse, we expect it to be sufficiently cohesive and coherent. If some connections are missing, we will make an effort to establish them on our own. Activity: try to reconstitute the original sequence. However, nobody had seen one for months. He thought he saw a shape in the bushes. Mark had told him about the foxes. John looked out of the window. SeNeF eel ae "| The original sequence is: John looked out of the window. He (= John) thought he saw (= looking out) a shape in the bushes. Could it (> the shape) be a fox? Mark had told him (> John) about the foxes (= fox). However (= the fox hypothesis), nobody had seen one (= foxes) for months. In order to reconstitute the original sequence, you have relied on the existing cohesive ties (= xxx), but you have also drawn upon your knowledge of the world. pe Se ee 1. It is a fact that capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime. 2. Statistics show that in states with capital punishment, murder rates are the same or almost the same as in states without capital punishment. 3. It is also true that it is more expensive to put a person on death row than in life imprisonment because of the costs of maximum security. 4. Unfortunately, capital punishment has been used unjustly, 5. Statistics show that every execution is of a man and that nine out of ten are black. 6. So prejudice shows ‘ei= Due to its function of tying the whole paragraph together, the cohesion of a passage is sometimes destroyed by adding a quotation which does not integrate into its lexical and grammatical structure. = Education is the actual ambassador of peace in the world. It is only through education that one can expect to bring the dream of out of the PANLAISATEE into As Nelson Mandela points out that can be used as the strongest weapon to bring about any Grammatical Cohesion = Grammatical cohesion, which is based on structural content. m= When we discuss any topic in the class, we are aware of the previous knowledge of students. In this class we have already discussed how links between different sentences are created. We said that coherence words should not be used between paragraphs by force. | was giving different examples. | was also telling how some students would make this mistake in their write- ups. Students mentioned that | had already taught them paragraph structut now we are discussing the time flow and Coherence = Definition: “the quality of being logical and consistent”. = Another Definition: “the situation when the parts of something fit together in a natural or reasonable way”.In order to make sense to us, discourse must be both cohesive and coherent. Take a look at the following example: “A week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. My leg hurts. Hurts,is a verb.” This sequence is highly cohesive, as each sentence is connected to the previous one at the level of discourse. However, it is not coherent, because no plausible connections _-can he made outside the discourse. Now take a look at the following example: “Liverpool shot a goal. The whistle blew.” The sequence is not cohesive, since no clear connections are made at the level of discourse. ® Nevertheless, the sequence is coherent, as-the reader/listener can draw plausible conclusions about what happened based on his/her knowledge of the context.When faced with any stretch of discourse, we expect it to be sufficiently cohesive and coherent. If some connections are missing, we will make an effort to establish them on our own. Activity: try to reconstitute the original sequence. & However, nobody had seen one for months. He thought he saw a shape in the bushes. Mark had told him about the foxes. John looked out of the window. cf): Set C55 2018 Topic: Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears. F.LR.E. Model 1 Individual * Individual decisions based on fears, not according to their dreams + Lack confidence in their own thinking and follow others + Fearof failure * Fear of disappointing family + Fatalism hinders craving for dream Familywu muny uj ud ule mucHuiny oUF UreuIns veLUUse we Ure ‘wvHy UUT JeUr>. Model Individual * Individual decisions based on fears, not according to their dreams # Lack confidence in their own thinking and follow others + Fearof failure * Fear of disappointing family I * Fatalism hinders craving for dream Family * Family wants to secure individual's future and worldly success * Individual will and wish is sacrificed for the sake of elders’ will * Comparison with other © Family's financial situat Relatives/Friends future, education, and career uu muny uj us ure noc uve uur ureumis veuuuse we ure nviny OUT seur>- Model Individual * Individual decisions based on fears, not according to their dreams * Lack confidence in their own thinking and follow others + Fear of failure * Fear of disappointing family © Fatalism hinders cravingfor dream Family + Family wants to secure individual's future and worldly success + Individual will and wish is sacrificed for the sake of elders’ will * Comparison with other relatives’ children + Fomily’s financial situation dictates children’s future, education, and career Relatives/FriendsSA Ser ar usa Ipt + Fetalism hinders craving for dream Family * Family wants to secure individual's future and worldly Success * Individual will and wish is sacrificed for the sake of elders’ will * Comparison with other relatives’ children + Family's financial situation dictates children’s future, education, and caret Relatives/Friends ang tein * Family imposes its decisions according to traditions and conventions (patriarchal society) 1 * Fear of what others will say * High status relatives impose their will to protect family reputation © Peer pressure among fi Profession + Limited scope of certai + Fetalism hinders craving for dream Eamily © Family wants to secure individua's future and worlaly Success * Individual will and wish is sacrificed for the sake of elders’ will * Comparison with other relatives’ children + Family's financial situation dictates children’s future, education, and career Relatives/Friends * Family imposes its decisions, 20.1%" Sa \v¥'fo 9s ond conventions (patriarchal society) sue + Fear of what others will say * High status relatives impose their will to protect family reputation * Peer pressure among f Profession + Limited scope of certai+ Fer Ur Ursa yponieing + Fatalism hinders craving for dream Family * Family wants to secure individual's future and worldly Success + Individual will and wish is sacrificed for the sake of elders’ will + Compatison with ather relatives’ children + Family's financial situation dictates children’s future, education, and carser Relatives/Friends * Family imposes its decisions according to traditions and conventions (patriarchal society) + Fear of what others will say + ‘High status relatives impose their will to protect family reputation * Peer pressure among friends Profession * Limited scope of certain professions + Comparison with other relatives’ children + Family's financial situation dictates children’s future, education, and career Relatives/Friends 7 * Family imposes its decisions according to traditions and conventions (patriarchal society) + Fear of what others will say * High status relatives impose their will o protect family reputation # Peer pressure among friends Profession + Limited scope of certain professions * Association of status with profession + _Lack of promotion in certain careers+ Family imposes its decisions according to traditions and conventions (patriarchal society) * Fear of what others will say 5 * High status relatives impose their will to protect family reputation * Peer pressure among friends Brofession + Limited scope of certain professions * Association of status with profession Lack of promotion in certain careers Society + Herd mentality — blindly following what others are doing + Certain professions not highly regarded by society * Peer pressure among friends Profession + Limited scope of certain professions * Association of status with profession + Lack of promotion in certain-careers Society * Herd mentality — blindly following what others are doing * Certain professions not highly regarded by society + Pressure of following Social role models Economy * Only high-rewarding activities are encouraged Religion * Professions not allowed or unacceptable by religion, * Workplace environment net approved by religious scholarsSociety _ - * Herd mentality — blindly following what others are doing * Certain professions not highly regarded by society * Pressure of following Social role models Economy * Only high-rewarding activities are encouraged Religion * Professions not allowed or unacceptable by religion, + Workplace environment not approved by religious scholars Education * Opting for degrees and disciplines regarded highly by society * Traditional Education vs modern education History * Choices are based on trends, not on passion ‘euunuiny * Only high-rewarding activities are encouraged Religion * Professions not allowed or unacceptable by religion * Workplace environment not approved by religious scholars Education * Opting for degrees and disciplines regarded highly by society * Traditional Education vs modern education History ‘ * Choices are based on trends, not on passion * East has been wary of adopting new knowledge and profession * Colonized always retaliates to colorizer’sideologyEssay Tople: Too many of us ore not living our dreams because we ore ling our feors, (2018) Outline 1 Introduction a. Thesis Statement 2- How living one's fears is different from living one’s dreams 3: Individual fear of survival dictates life decisions a. Education leading to safe careers 3. Marriage in affluent families Fear of others — social pressure Family expectations and fears Limitations of religion Cultural taboos and traditions n and society inject fear and expect complying behavior b. c 4. e. f. ving our feors. (218) Outline 1- Introduction y a. Thesis Statement: 2- How living one's fears is different from living one’s dreams 3- Individual fear of survival dict*- Education leading to safe. ea Marriage in affluent farilies Fear of others — social pressure Family expectations and fears Limitations of religion Cultural taboos and traditions 4- Profession and society inject fear and expect complying behavior a. Efforts to secure one's job b. Gender oriented work environment+ Inaiviaual tear of survival aictates ite decisions a. Education leading to safe careers 3. Marriage in affluent families Fear of others — social pressure . Family expectations and fears Limitations of religion Cultural taboos and traditions n and society inject fear and expect complying behavior a. Efforts to secure one’s job b. Gonder oriented work environment €. Fear of losing social acceptance d. Fear of taking professional initiatives €. Employees compromise personal integrity for job 5- Societies make safe political decisions a. Politicians want to spend on social welfare, but they have to b. c 4. e. f 4, Family expectations and fears e. Limitations of religion f. Cultural taboos and tracitions 4. Profession and society inject fear and expect complying behavior 2. Efforts to secure one’s job ». Gender oriented work environment €. Fear of losing socal acceptance 4, Fear of taking professional initiatives e. Employees compromise personal integrity for job 5. Societies make safe political decsions 2. Politicians want te spend on social welfare, but they have to spond on defense bb. Country's foreign policy is based on fear rather than on people's wishes and desires €. Ideal form of government isnot implemented forthe fearof autocracyvoy muny yy us ure Nuc Viny WUT Ureums VELUUsE We Ure HWviNY UUT JeUTD. E. Model & Individual * Individual decisions based on fears, not according to their dreams * Lack confidence in their own thinking and follow others © Fear of failure * Fear of disappointing family © _Fatalism hinders craving for dream uu muny vj ud ule nucnviny oUF Ureulns veLUUDE we Ure wvHIY UT JeUr>. Model Individual * Individual decisions based on fears, not according to their dreams * Lack confidence in their own thinking and follow others + Fear of failure * Fear of disappointing family * Fatalism hinders craving for dream Family + Family wants to secure individual's future and worldly success + Individual will and wish is sacrificed for the sake of elders’ will * Comparison with other relatives’ children + Fomily’s financial situation dictates children’s future, education, and career Relatives/Friends i Family © Family wants to secure individual’s future and worldly success Individual will and wish is sacrificed for the sake of elders’ will ‘* Comparison with other relatives’ children Family's financial situation dictates children’s future, education, and career Dalativinn IEeinmde Relatives/Friends ‘* Family imposes its decisions according to traditions and conventions (patriarchal society) ‘+ Fear of what others will say ‘* High status relatives impose their will to protect family reputation ‘Peer pressure among friendsProfession ‘+ Limited scope of certain professions * Association of status with profession ‘* Lack of promotion in certain careers Protession © Limited scope of certain professions 5 * Association of status with profession *__Lack of promotion in certairicareers Society * Herd mentality — blindly following what others are doing * Certain professions not highly regarded by society * Pressure of following Social role models Economy ‘© Only high-rewarding activities are encouraged Religion * Professions not allowed or unacceptable by religion ‘* Workplace environment not approved by religious scholars Economy © Only high-rewarding activities are encouraged Religion ‘Professions not allowed or unacceptable by religion ‘¢ Workplace environment nat approved by raligious scholars Education : ‘+ Opting for degrees and disciplines regarded highly by society ‘+ Traditional Education vs modern educationI iprteencAPMDENSECOCNISSIOMEMD 1 eR acre e eyes Qeitanta SY Sanhene Satoh Ghat Phan. @ Ee Bf nn , S| Shem | mew | oem | Vow Vien - 2am (6 8 OMT ED? eines eo 7Wome PORESANOPINLEATONS\ —cATLCRNER news ARCUT amnsons Host ovement Lor mate wwocarons teal Adjecnt amie mia fema ana shes Foie pues baeuson Ferlespuduche Fonlecagovemert Femair Nw Sagowrnert eu |Oovmcee oantmiae Simintin # Dewectene, Peeie me @ omen Mowe 9 : ert of Pakistan poles yoncango tong tie information gvenbelw. : hierarchy of Pakistan po 30 trough renbelew. et) MAM ty wnt a HERAREHY This ite can't be reached aBackground The Local Governments (LGs) in Pakistan: + 1 Generation Inherited at the time of Independence: + 2 Generation Basic Democracies Order 1959 + 3" Generation Local Government Ordinances, 1979 * 4" Generation Local Government Ordinances, 2001 BsiicePlayer + 00a Salient Features of the LG0,2001 * Governance through elected representatives * LGs to function within Provincial framework + Enhanced representation of women * Three tiers of LGs politically linked * Elimination of rural - urban divide * No vertical linkage * Functional distribution among three tiers * Decentralization of Financial and Administrative Authority Zz ‘sierayer « 0008Adi ive Structure (District / City District } ZILA NAZIM Plamingistrative Structure (Union) Secretary ff Secretary (Union a Coundl) ee) Development) iePlayer GE028 Political Structure ‘Bsicerayer «institutions under LGO 2001 Provincial Local Government Commission Provincial Finance Commission Zila Mohtasib Monitoring Committees/Accounts Committees Musalihat Anjuman Village & Neighbourhood Councils Citizen Community Boards Zila Mushavirat Committee = eoe Constitutional Position + Local Government is a Provincial subject + System was provided a safeguard by its inclusion in the schedule VI of the Constitution Laws included in the Sith Schedule not to be altered, repealed or amended without the previous sanction of the president (268 (2)){Bsicerlayer ‘Bsicerayer + Major Issues Lack of ownership Coordination Size of the Provincial Government Transfers / Postings No regular monitoring. of Nazims Relationship with the rival L6s Creation of new districts Resource mobilization 89008 Revamping vs Scrapping Lack of institutional arrangement System - at standstil Violation of prevalent law Role of Bureaucracy Development process —halted Government interference in the LG matters Vilfcation Campaign 80008Analysis + The political leaders reluctant to share power with people at the grass root level + Aworkable system has fallen prey to the machinations of politicians, Bureaucracy and the vasted interests + Fiscal transfers to the grass root level being acknowledged even by the worst critics + Assignment of duties relating to law and Order to Zila Nazim not being accepted + Zila Nazim being considered as rivals ‘oe eine @00n8 Analysis + Nazims required to be apolitical but have become political Non-estabishment of the institutions lke Vilage & Neighbourhood Councils and Zila Mohtasib has affected the common man + Constitutional safeguard has provided the system a much needed safety valve Inabiity of the opponents of the system to develop altsmate model Huge investment, in terms of money and human resouroe, made in the new system would get wasted (@ “incase of any haphazard change 7 @0008Governments, Parliamentarians, opinion be held WePlayer report Recommendations Wide-ranging consultations stakeholders i.e. Provincial Civil Society among all the Governments, Local Organizations, and all other shades of public 890: Recommendations oo) Tendency to scrap the systems by the successive Governments needs to be strongly discouraged * Public policy institutions must also initate work on analyzinglevaluating the system + Third party evaluation of the system be got conducted and the revamping should be done on the basis of the(P nesrpeer critical Evaltation ~ Positive and Negative Consequences CSS Women Empowerment and Gender Equality Increased Economic Productivity Benefits associated with Individualism Degradation of Cultural Values and Less Care for Older Persons Increasingly stressful life due to weakening of Family Bonds Problems in the upbringing of children due to work-life conflict2 eben teers Sie URE 285 Temacicaon tel to posh) Sinite amazon oe am ‘ laren aon De wae ‘har (9 Presprousi soo 0 Ei Gureccterte ce Agee Simro ee ee we (Na eam SS rete ea ‘Skee mmm umes@ ele \e\lejeie eae 1 je /e 6 Seki Soqpas 3) ecwnctacanbite dina? ryledes Useful sentence connectors ‘Avideo series by Parkash SaranganiImportant Cases/Developments for Legal Debates Movi Tamizuddin Case Dosso's Case Mehl Ali Khan’s Case ‘Agartala Conspiracy Case ‘Begum Nusrat Bhutto's Case ( versus the government ) Missing Persons Caso Asghar Khan Case Panama Papers Case Musharraf's High Treason Case stustice Qazi Faez Isa Case Rule by Ordinances (recently passed series of Ordinances by the President ) Creation of New Provinoas et.[SAMO UIE @ ann » [ee RRRRTNS: ‘Your min wil aden fom mn ating ne. Yurties ‘sheeve yo op Ine. ug a ey word wns Sremroptetyeren cyngor tobe ee meio ‘eames abel Who you dane ne! eure epeal acin {ere ore ler vor, weve wwe eben a ‘Sa yaw lng ogy 1M Saleguars as to arrest and detoton =) tb poser we knew tei crs ane be dane by aon parece C2 Ey ao nur nd tren ie ‘Sov ares, cg tw ie crs fe ey he son stl edt aston ese pod wt he ‘toyota magsrae {Neri ease (1) an) at pp to ay pram ne are or detuned una yaw reg reer tesa (@) Nolan rowan or prevendvedeteoot ss be mate exep) to dou wer prsore singin a manner prepara He sey. ‘Secon or ccenoe or Pusan vay pa ere eta ska kPa use oer ote manna sages Ste a a ita erin rn Sci ard i petty argh pes. ‘ered tha tow mn opmon sow Case or uch ern, ee te Getrsey © chcmand hr te snd pond ce ‘Tone nos appograe evi Sardis anne ice Seep Be xm nh pt reica panna MRR] yams mca « ene ee eee ens Dieses: Vector Ss ie aca | TD > rrcinsn BO ee ee aa areas =e © howim | Reta om wowessexampointcom ca Lienienonnegnnonenarmono BS @ 2 eo te Se eyes eine Sahm Siesta Hh ay ‘ rs , So © hoim | heron aT Par Diversity Snapshot E> nics‘© White men are more than 12 times more likely than black women to commit suicide. »— : iz es Zs 3 ry a4 = 7 ee = a. Diversity Snapshot FIGURE 1-1 Rate of Death by Suicide, by Race and Sex, for the United States ‘Suicide rates are higher for write people than for black people and higher for men than for women. Rates indicate the number of deaths by suicide for every 100,000 people in each category for 2007. ‘Source: Xu et al. (2010) IF you can perceive it your mind ean believe it only than you can achieve i A person what he thinks about most of the time. AXvdream written down with date becomes goal goal broken down in steps become A EEEIF you can perceive it your mind ean believe it only than you can achieve A person what he thinks about most of the time. IF you can perceive it your mind ean believe it only than you can achieve i A person what he thinks about most of the time. 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