July Magazine Final - Compressed

Large Hadron Collider Federal Budget 2022-23 UN Ocean Conference (UNOC)
Pakistan’s First Monthly E-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants
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July 2022
Current Affairs
MCQs
June 2022
Remembering
Abdullah Khattak
“You never really know where the road takes
you, but you make the most of every mile.”
Abdullah Khattak
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CSS Times People 03
Remembering
Abdullah Khattak
“You never really know where the road takes
you, but you make the most of every mile.”
Abdullah Khattak
Famous YouTuber and vlogger Abdullah Quick Facts
Khattak passed away in the early hours of Real Name: Abdullah Khattak.
Wednesday June 29, 2022. Abdullah was a Occupation: Youtuber, Social Media
well-known Pakistani social media Influencer, Medical Student, Content
influencer. He became well-known for his Creator, and Entrepreneur.
academic films after posting a video of his Age (at the time of death): 21 Years Old.
A-level results in which he received an A* Cause of Death: Road Accident.
in his main subject. Birthdate: October 25, 2000
Abdullah Khattak was born in Peshawar. (Wednesday).
The influential person was Major Ahmad Date of Death: 29 June 2022
Bashir Khattak's adored son, who is now (Wednesday).
retired. He is also Majid Khattak's younger Birthplace: Peshawar, Pakistan.
brother, the Lieutenant Colonel Majid Zodiac Sign: Scorpio.
Khattak. Qualification: He was a Medical Student.
The family had asked him to get Alma mater: Agha Khan University.
admission into the Khyber Medical Caste: Pashtun.
University but he was determined to study His YouTube channel — which currently
at AKU, he said, adding that he had left has over 100,000 subscribers — was a
his home in Peshawar and came to testament to his remarkable talent.
Karachi to become doctor.
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CSS Times Federal Budget 04
Federal Budget
2022-23
The budget 2022-23 was unveiled by Finance After adjustment of the share of the provinces
Minister Miftah Ismail on June 10, 2022, under the National Finance Commission
aiming to balance economic growth and (NFC) award the net revenue receipts with the
expenses, with Finance Minister Miftah Ismail federal government would be Rs 4,904 billion.
insisting that it has looked to protect the more To meet its expenditure requirements resort
vulnerable with targeted measures. to borrowings from banks (Treasury Bills,
Pakistan Investment Bonds and Sukuk) would
be made to raise Rs 1,172 billion and from the
National Savings Schemes (NSS) Rs 1,996
billion.
The size of the GDP for fiscal 2022-23 is

projected at 78,197 billion rupees with a
budgetary outlay of rupees 9,505 billion.
Tax revenue is estimated at rupees 7,004 Net external receipts are estimated at Rs 533
billion and non-tax revenue at Rs 2,000 billion, billion and a figure of Rs 800 billion is
yielding gross revenue receipts of Rs 9,004 estimated as provincial surplus that the
billion. federating units are supposed to generate to
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offset their increased share from the divisible · Defence expenditure set at Rs1.52
pool and their lag in assuming full financial cost trillion
of the devolved subjects under the 18th · Allocation for education at Rs90.6
Amendment to the constitution. billion
· Health budget to amount to Rs19.03
billion
· Ban imposed on purchase of new cars
for government officials
· 30 pharmaceutical products have
been exempted from customs duty
Some important indicators to keep in mind
include:
Key Highlights of Federal Budget 2022-23

· Economic growth target set at 5% for
2022-23 fiscal year
· The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR)
tasked to collect Rs7 trillion in taxes next
fiscal year
· Inflation expected to average at 11.5%
in 2022-23
· Pakistan to export $35 billion worth of Inflation
goods and services in next fiscal year Pakistan's average inflation in 11 months of the
· Import target of the country set at $70 outgoing fiscal year (FY22) has moved to
billion 11.29%. The previous government set a target
of 8%. This has already prompted the State
· The country to contain trade deficit at Bank of Pakistan (SBP) to hike interest rates 5
2.2% of GDP in 2022-23 times since September 2021, taking the key
· Remittances forecasted at $33.2 billion policy rate to 13.75%.
· Fiscal deficit target set at 4.9% of GDP Import cover
for 2022-23 Foreign exchange reserves have dropped to a
critical level of $9.23 billion at a time when
· Ta x - t o - G D P r a t i o f o r 2 0 2 2 - 2 3 imports in May alone clocked in at over $6.6
envisaged at 9.2% billion, putting import cover at less than 1.5
· 2% additional tax imposed on tax months.
filers earning Rs30 million yearly
income
· Salaries of government employees
hiked by 15%
· Federal development expenditure
fixed at Rs727 billion for 2022-23
· Pakistan will spend Rs699 billion on
targeted subsidies in FY22
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Foreign funding exchange reserves by another $8 billion, and
Pakistan will look to shore up its reserves if has $33 billion as a requirement separately —
Miftah's recent statements are to give a sense $12 billion as current account deficit and
of direction. The finance minister has said that another $21 billion as foreign debt repayment.
the country wants to increase its foreign
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Domestic expenses spent on ongoing projects and 40% on new
Apart from defence expenditure, outlay for the endeavours.
federal development budget of Rs800 billion Salary increase for government employees is
for 2022-23 is likely to be announced. The also on the cards with Miftah categorically
National Economic Council (NEC) has decided saying that in times of high inflation they need
that 60% of the development budget should be to be compensated as well.
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CSS Times Current Affairs 08
Next Five Years Crucial for

Hong Kong to Break New Ground
· The Government of the Hong
Kong Special Administrative
Region, commonly known as the
Hong Kong Government or
HKSAR Government, refers to the
executive authorities of Hong Kong
SAR.
· July 1, 2022, marked the 25th
anniversary of the former British
colony's handover to China and
also saw the swearing-in of new
Chief Executive John Lee and his
government.
· The Chinese President said Hong Kong · The tighter controls under a
was “in a new stage of transitioning national security law imposed in
from chaos to order” on a rare visit to 2020 have prompted some people
the Special Administrative Region to leave for Taiwan, Britain and
(SAR). other countries.
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Background: Hong Kong, one of Asia's · Raising national awareness and
richest cities and a global business centre patriotism: The Communist leadership
with thriving film, publishing and other also seeks to systematically enhance
creative industries, returned to China on cross-border exchanges and
July 1, 1997, under an agreement that cooperation to raise national
promised a “high degree of autonomy” for awareness and patriotism among
50 years. citizens of Hong Kong.
· Safeguarding national security: The
leadership will effectively employ a
combination of instruments including
economic means, legal system
enforcement mechanisms and coercive
policing measures to control Hong
Kong to safeguard national security
and integrity.
· Parliament only for loyalists: China
has introduced 'patriots' political
reforms which ensure that only
Key Highlights: loyalists can run for parliament and
· National security Law 2020: Beijing top executive positions.
imposed the National Security Law in
2020 following protests that erupted
over a proposed extradition law and
spread to include demands for more
democracy.
· Banning of pro-democratic
movements: The territory has banned
commemorations of the ruling party's
violent 1989 crackdown on the
Tiananmen Square pro-democracy
movement.
· Leveraging the potential of Special
Administrative Regions(SARs):
China's strategy is to leverage the Challenges and Opportunities
inherent economic, trade, and The new HKSAR government will face an
technological potential of two 'Special unprecedented, complex and increasingly
Administrative Regions' (SARs)- hostile external environment and challenging
Hong Kong and Macau—to augment internal environment, especially when
the growth of the mainland. geopolitical wrestling between the US and
· Expanding cooperation: Beijing plans China becomes more intense, observers said.
to build a high-quality 'Guangdong- The development opportunities that Hong
Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Kong used to get from the West will continue
Area' so as to expand cooperation to be deprived, while Western sanctions and
between these regions. repression will become more severe and
· Building platforms: It also frequent, Lau said.
encompasses building platforms such Hong Kong's internal challenges have
as Qianhai in Shenzhen, Hengqin in become more serious and complex over the
Zhuhai, Nansha in Guangzhou, and past decade, which indicated that Hong Kong
Shenzhen-Hong Kong 'Science and needs to build a strong, patriotic leadership
Technology Innovation Cooperation team with courage to shoulder responsibility,
Zone'.
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commit to innovation, and have a broad and gain broad development space and new
long-term vision, he said. economic growth.
Observers called on Hong Kong to accelerate Lee said the government will tackle problems
integration into the overall national of land and housing and explore diversified
development, strengthen economic and trade sources of land and housing supply.
ties with Asia, especially Southeast Asian The new government will also formulate a
countries, and actively participate in the Belt comprehensive youth policy and encourage
and Road Initiative so that Hong Kong can them to embrace the opportunities of the
Greater Bay Area, Lee said.
Which of the following is/are part of the Special

Administration Regions(SARS) of China?
(a) Hong Kong (c) Macau
(b) Taiwan (d) Both (a) and (c)
Answer: (d)
Justification: ·The special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China are
one of the provincial-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China directly
under the control of its Central People's Government (State Council), being integral areas of the
country.
·At present, there are two SARs established according to the Constitution, namely the
Hong Kong SAR and the Macau SAR, former British and Portuguese dependencies respectively.
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CSS Times International Organization 12
G7 Leaders' Communiqué
What is the G7?
The G7 (Group of Seven) is an
organisation of the world's seven
largest so-called "advanced"
economies, which dominate global
trade and the international financial
system. They are Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the
United States.
Leaders of the Group of Seven (G7), met in Russia joined in 1998, creating the
Elmau, Germany, on 26-28 June 2022. G8, but was excluded in 2014 for its
The G7 German Presidency convened the
takeover of Crimea.
G7 Leaders' Summit from 26-28 June 2022 at
Schloss Elmau in the Bavarian Alps under an
China has never been a member,
overarching theme, 'Progress Towards an despite its large economy and having
Equitable World.' Germany's G7 Presidency the world's biggest population.
has been pursuing five major goals: The EU is not a member of the G7 but
sustainable planet; economic stability and attends the annual summit.
transformation; healthy lives; investment in a
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better future; and stronger together.
The Group of 7 (G7) leaders from Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the
US have concluded a two-day summit where
Does the G7 have any power?

It can't pass any laws because it is
made up of separate nations with
their own democratic processes.
However, some of its past decisions
have had global effects. climate action and energy transition,
For example, the G7 played crucial global food security, and the war in
role in setting up a global fund to Ukraine featured prominently. In a
fight malaria and Aids in 2002. communiqué, the G7 leaders condemn
“Russia's illegal and unjustifiable war of
Ahead of the 2021 G7 summit in the aggression against Ukraine,” and pledge to
UK, the G7 finance ministers agreed “take immediate action to secure energy
to make multinational companies supply and reduce price surges driven by
pay more tax. extraordinary market conditions.”
It has also provided financial aid to The G7 is an informal grouping of seven of
developing countries, and the world's advanced economies: Canada,
addressed climate change. France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United
Kingdom, the United States and the
European Union.
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security, and the creation of a
What is the G7 doing about Ukraine? climate club.
· Taken together, this summit outcome
Between them, the G7 nations have looks weighty, even impressive.
· The G7 invited “guests”, top leaders
already imposed on Russia the from five countries — Argentina,
biggest package of sanctions ever India, Indonesia, Senegal, and South
imposed on a large economy. Africa — in a studied nod to the
They have blocked the country from global south.
· Its adversaries and competitors Russia
international commerce and the and China were not present.
global financial system, and they G7 Leaders' Communiqué: Key
h a ve f ro z e n t h e a s s e t s of i t s Highlights:
wealthiest individuals. · Russia's war of aggression against
G7 countries who are members of the Ukraine: The statement condemned
Russia's illegal and unjustifiable war of
Nato security alliance have also aggression against Ukraine.
provided Ukraine with weapons and o It resolved to stand with Ukraine
other military equipment. for as long as it takes, providing
the needed financial,
humanitarian, military, and
· According to its 12,000-word diplomatic support in its
communiqué, the G7 has issued four courageous defence of its
other statements as well — on sovereignty and territorial
democracy (together with the guest integrity.
countries), Ukraine, global food
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· Severe and enduring costs on Russia: distorting international trade practices.

G7 members will continue to impose o The G7 leaders signalled that
severe and enduring costs on Russia to they would seek to extricate
help bring an end to this war. themselves from economic
o In this regard, the official dependence on China.
communiqué endorsed the · Partnership for Global Infrastructure
and Investment Through its Partnership
ambitious and untried concept
for Global Infrastructure and Investment,
that seeks price caps on Russian G7 countries aim to mobilize USD 600
oil. billion over the next five years to narrow
o Leaders also agreed on a ban on the global investment gap.
imports of Russian gold. · Global cooperation: G7 members
· Ensuring food security around the decided to step up their cooperation
globe: The participating leaders globally, including through working
pledged to spend $4. 5 billion this year towards new Just Energy Transition
to help ensure food security around the Partnerships with Indonesia, India,
globe. Senegal and Vietnam, building on the
o To protect people from hunger and existing partnership with South Africa.
malnutrition, and in response to Russia's · COVID-19: To overcome the current
weaponization of grain, G7 leaders COVID-19 pandemic, G7 will build on its
provision of over 1.175 billion vaccine
decided to increase global food and
doses since the last meeting in 2021.
nutrition security through the Global o G7 countries also decided to
Alliance on Food Security. prevent, prepare, and respond to
· On China's 'market-distorting' future pandemics and health
practices: G7 leaders condemned challenges including through the
China's non-transparent and market- G7 Pact for Pandemic Readiness.
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CSS Times Environmental Science 17
UN Ocean Conference (UNOC): Lisbon They generate 50 percent of the oxygen we

Declaration breathe and provide essential protein and
The second United Nations Oceans nutrients to billions of people every day.
Conference took place from June 27 to July 1
in Lisbon, focusing on the protection of life Covering 70 percent of Earth's surface, oceans
under water, as dictated by U.N. Sustainable have also softened the impact of climate
Development Goal No. 14. change for life on land. But at a terrible cost.
Absorbing around a quarter of CO2 pollution
— even as emissions increased by half over
the last 60 years — has turned sea water
acidic, threatening aquatic food chains and
the ocean's capacity to absorb carbon.
And soaking up more than 90 percent of the
excess heat from global warming has
spawned massive marine heatwaves that are
killing off precious coral reefs and expanding
dead zones bereft of oxygen.
Lisbon Declaration
· Protecting at least 30% of national
maritime zones by 2030
It was co-hosted by Kenya and Portugal in · Achieving carbon neutrality by 2040
Lisbon · Allocating funds to research on ocean
The conference was originally meant to have acidification, climate resilience and
taken place in 2020, but was delayed due to surveillance
the COVID-19 pandemic. · Scale-up Science-based and
2nd UNOC ended with Lisbon Declaration innovative actions to address ocean
titled 'Our Ocean, Our Future: call for emergency
action'. · Support implementation of SDG14
· 1st UNOC was in UN HQ (New York) in (life below water) by empowering
2017. women and girls- recognising their
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participation is crucial to building a Seaview on Tuesday, June 8,
sustainable ocean-based economy 2022.
· Protect biodiversity in Areas Beyond · Ban on single-use plastics
National Jurisdiction, which lie
outside the 200-mile (322-kilometre)
exclusive economic zones of countries.
Participants registered nearly 700
commitments at the conference,
according to organizers. Among them,
many countries announced new
protective measures within their
exclusive economic zones (EEZs), areas
of the ocean that extend 200 nautical
miles (370 kilometers) from each
nation's coasts.
Controlling Marine Pollution:

· Nutrient pollution
· Untreated wastewater
· Solid waste discharges
· Hazardous substance
· Emissions from the maritime sector,
including shipping, shipwrecks
· Anthropogenic underwater noise
Wild fish stocks
Microplastics — now found inside Arctic ice
and fish in the ocean's deepest trenches —
For instance, Zac Goldsmith, a U.K. are estimated to kill more than a million
minister for the Pacific region, seabirds and over 100,000 marine mammals
announced that more than 100 nations each year.
have now pledged to protect 30% of Solutions on the table range from recycling to
their oceans by 2030 by joining the global caps on plastic production.
High Ambition Coalition for Nature UNESCO launched: the State of the Ocean
and People. The goal of protecting Report during the event.
30% of the world's land and sea area
by the decade's end is also a target
under the U.N. Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD).
Pakistan:
· The Pakistan Red Crescent,
Sindh Chapter, launched a
campaign to clean Karachi
beaches.
· Karachi Port Trust (KPT)
commemorated World
Environment Day and World
Ocean Day with Beach
Cleaning Campaign at
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GloLitter Partnerships Project:
· It is launched by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) and
the FAO and initial funding from the
Government of Norway. It is aimed to
prevent and reduce marine plastic
litter from shipping and fisheries.
Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable
Development
· The UN has proclaimed a Decade of
Ocean Science for Sustainable
Development (2021-2030) to support
efforts to reverse the cycle of decline in ocean
health.
Other Such Initiatives on Ocean Scientists say poorly understood seabed
Clean Sea Campaign ecosystems are fragile and could take
· UN Environment (UNEP) launched decades or longer to heal once disrupted.
Clean Seas (#CleanSeas) in February
2017, with the aim of engaging When is World Refugee
governments, the general public and
the private sector in the fight against Day observed?
marine plastic pollution. (a) June 18th
· It aims to ban Single-use plastics
and micro beads within Five years. (b) June 19th
One Ocean Summit: (c) June 20th
· The goal of the One Ocean Summit is (d) June 21st
to raise the collective level of
ambition of the international
community on marine issues.
o The “BBNJ Treaty”, (“Treaty of
the High Seas”) is an
international agreement on the
conservation and sustainable
use of marine biological
diversity of areas beyond
national jurisdiction, currently
under negotiation at the United
Nations. Answer: (c)
Explanation: World Refugee Day is
observed every year on June 20. The
day is dedicated to the displaced
refugees across the globe and aims
to create awareness regarding the
difficulties faced by the refugees who
were forced to leave their home
c o u n t r i e s d u e to n a t u r a l a n d
manufactured calamities.
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CSS Times Geography 21
Donetsk and Luhansk

Donetsk and Luhansk are the two areas that together make up the Donbas region on the
Ukraine-Russia border.
Donbas is a key industrial hub and important from a resource perspective having the largest
coal reserves in Ukraine.
These two areas broke away from the Ukrainian government's control back in 2014 and
proclaimed themselves independent “people's republics”. Donbas region also offers strategic
advantages for Russia. By controlling the region, Russia intends to create a 'land bridge' to
Crimea, a territory it annexed in 2014.
Access to the Black Sea and warm water ports in Crimea such as Sevastopol allows it to access
important trade routes throughout the year.
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Ukraine
· It is a country in Eastern Europe.
· Ukraine share borders with:
o Belarus to the north
o Russia to the east
o Sea of Azov & Black Sea to the south
o Moldova & Romania to the southwest
o Hungary, Slovakia & Poland to the west
· The capital is Kyiv (Kiev), located on the Dnieper
River.
· The most notable rivers of Ukraine include the
Dnieper, Dniester, Southern Buh & Siversky Donets.
· Most of the rivers of Ukraine drain into the Black Sea
& Azov Sea that belong to the bigger Mediterranean
basin (flow in a southerly direction).
· Important Cities: Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, Donbass
Region, Mykolaiv, Mariupol, Simferopol, etc.
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Sea of Azov
· It is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the
narrow Strait of Kerch.
· It is sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black
Sea.
· The sea is bounded by:
o Russia on the southeast
o Ukraine on the northwest
· The main rivers flowing into it are the Don & Kuban.
· The Sea of Azov is an internal sea with passage to the Atlantic Ocean
going through the Black, Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean
seas.
· The narrowness of the Kerch Strait limits the water exchange
with the Black Sea. As a result, the salinity of the Sea of Azov is
low.
· Many rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov form bays, lagoons and
limans.
· The sand, silt and shells they bring are deposited in the areas of
reduced flow, that is the sides of the bays, forming narrow
sandbanks called “spits”.
· Ports located along the Sea of Azov are Berdyansk, Mariupol,
Taganrog & Yeysk.
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Black Sea
· Black Sea is a marginal Mediterranean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and
Asia
· It lies:
o East of the Balkan Peninsula (Southeast Europe)
o South of the East European Plain in Eastern Europe
o West of the Caucasus
o North of Anatolia in Western Asia.
· It is supplied by major rivers principally the Danube, Dnieper & Don.
· Major mountain ranges: Pontic Mountains (South), Caucasus Mountain (East) & Crimean
Mountains (North).
· Important cities along the coast include Istanbul, Odessa, Varna, Samsun, Sochi,
Sevastopol, Constanța, Trabzon, Novorossiysk, Burgas, Batumi, etc.
· Countries bordering Black Sea:
oBulgaria oRomania oT u r ke y
oG eorgia oR u s s i a oUkraine
· It ultimately drains into the Mediterranean Sea, via the Turkish Straits & the Aegean Sea.
· The Bosporus Strait connects it to the small Sea of Marmara which in turn is connected to the
Aegean Sea via the Strait of the Dardanelles.
· To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait.
· There is a significant absence of oxygen in the water.
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CSS Times General Science 27
Context: Ten years after it discovered the are the smallest known building blocks of all
Higgs boson, the Large Hadron Collider is things.
about to start smashing protons together at
unprecedented energy levels in its quest to
reveal more secrets about how the universe
works.
The world's largest and most powerful
particle collider started back up in April after
a three-year break for upgrades in
preparation for its third run. (Dawn: Published
July 5, 2022)
It is expected to throw up evidence of “new
physics” — or physics beyond the Standard
Model of Particle Physics, which explains how
the basic building blocks of matter interact,
governed by four fundamental forces.
What is LHC? · Structure: LHC is a 27-km-long track-
The Large Hadron Collider is a giant, loop buried 100m underground on
complex machine built to study particles that
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components ultracold at minus 271.3
degrees Celsius, which is colder than
interstellar space.
Experiments:
· ATLAS is the largest general-
purpose particle detector
experiment at the LHC
· Compact Muon Solenoid
(CMS) experiment is one of the
largest international scientific
the Swiss-French border.

· Operation: In its operational state, it
fires two beams of protons almost at
the speed of light in opposite
directions inside a ring of
superconducting electromagnets.
o Guided by magnetic field: The
magnetic field created by the
superconducting
electromagnets keeps the collaborations in history, with
protons in a tight beam and the same goals as ATLAS, but
guides them along the way as which uses a different magnet-
they travel through beam pipes system design.)
and finally collide. Latest upgrade: After its
o High precision: The particles maintenance and upgrades, the
are so tiny that the task of collider was switched back on
making them collide is akin to this April. This is the LHC's third
firing two needles 10 km apart run.
with such precision that they
meet halfway.
o Supercooled: Since the LHC's
powerful electromagnets carry
almost as much current as a
bolt of lightning, they must be
kept chilled. It uses liquid
helium to keep its critical
Achievements:
'· God Particle' discovery: In scientists
at CERN had announced the discovery
of the Higgs boson or the 'God
Particle' during the LHC's first run.
o This led to Peter Higgs and his
collaborator François Englert
being awarded the Nobel Prize
for physics in 2013.
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· The Higgs boson is the fundamental look beyond the Standard Model, which
particle associated with the Higgs is currently the best theory of the most
field, a field that gives mass to other elementary building blocks of the
fundamental particles such as universe and their interactions.
electrons and quarks. New quest: To further the understanding
'· New Physics' beyond Standard of so-called “dark matter”: Dar matter is a
Model: After the discovery of the hard-to-detect, the hoped-for particle is
Higgs boson, scientists have started believed to make up most of the universe, but
using the data collected as a tool to is completely invisible as it does not absorb,
reflect, or emit light.
Recently, Scientists observed the merger of giant blackholes'

billions of light-years away from the Earth.
What is the significance of this observation?
(a) 'Higgs boson particles' were detected.
(b) 'Gravitational waves' were detected.
(c) Possibility of intergalactic space travel through 'wormhole' was confirmed.
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand 'singularity'.
Answer: (b)
The scientists are planning a Future Circular Collider — a 100km ring that aims to reach
energies of a whopping 100 trillion electronvolts. But for now, physicists are keenly awaiting
results from the Large Hadron Collider's third run. “A new physics season is starting”.
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CSS Times Energy 31
Pakistan currently has plans to build green as 24 per cent of global energy demand by
hydrogen capacity with an output of 150 2050.
tonnes per day. Sindh province offered a
potential of 50,000MW of wind and
10,000MW of solar power resource at
commercial costs of as low as US c 3.5/kWh.
More than 350 hydrogen projects are
currently in development around the
world seeking to decarbonise economic
sectors — such as heavy transportation,
industry and even aviation.
Experts say that with the right policy and
investment, hydrogen could satisfy as much Currently, only 4 per cent of the hydrogen is
produced from green sources but it is
expected to multiply as the global
decarbonisation drive is accelerated.
Green hydrogen produced from this plant in
Sindh will be exported initially and the
sponsors aim to secure buyers in China and in
the region.
Oracle Power and PowerChina complete
preliminary technical feasibility study for
proposed 400 MW green hydrogen project in
Pakistan.
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CSS Times Energy 32
Pakistan's coal miner Oracle Power plans to How is hydrogen used as a fuel?
deploy 700 MW solar power, 500 MW wind In a fuel cell – a device that converts the
energy and 450 MW battery energy storage energy of a chemical into electricity –
capacity to power its proposed 400 MW hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to produce
green hydrogen plant in the country, electricity and water vapour. Because of
according to a preliminary technical study hydrogen's capacity to generate energy
without releasing greenhouse emissions, it is
completed by China's PowerChina. a potential clean alternative to fossil fuels.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa planning and How is hydrogen produced?
development department signed a Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical
memorandum of understanding with a element in the universe. Despite its
subsidiary of the Kuwait Investment Authority abundance, hydrogen does not naturally exist
(KIA) to develop green hydrogen plants in the as a gas in usable quantities, occurring almost
entirely in compounds, such as water.
province. Therefore, hydrogen must be produced using
Green hydrogen is attracting attention as a industrial methods. Most of these involve the
potential source of clean energy, and is reforming of natural gas – a fossil fuel. Other
frequently touted as 'the fuel of the future'. methods exist, including a process called
But what is green hydrogen? electrolysis, whereby an electric current is
used to split water into its basic components:
hydrogen and oxygen.
What is the difference between green,
grey and blue hydrogen?
While hydrogen gas does not emit
greenhouse gases when burned, the
electricity used to produce it, whether via
electrolysis or other processes, may have
been generated by fossil fuels. This is
commonly known as 'grey hydrogen', which
currently accounts for 95% of the total
production.
What is green hydrogen? Hydrogen produced using electricity
Hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel in generated by burning fossil fuels, such as coal
transportation, power generation and and gas, but paired with carbon capture and
industrial activities. It does not release storage (CCS) technologies, which trap the
carbon emissions released in the process and
greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon prevent them from entering the atmosphere,
dioxide when it is burned. Green hydrogen is is labelled 'blue'.
the name given to hydrogen gas that has Green hydrogen is obtained through
been produced using renewable energy, such electrolysis powered by renewable electricity,
as wind or solar power, which create no generated through technologies such as solar
greenhouse gas emissions. panels or wind turbines.
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CSS Times Health and Diseases 34
Analysis of Leprosy
Control Programme
in Pakistan
Every year, approximately 200 to 300 new

leprosy cases are registered all over Pakistan.
Last year, 225 new cases were registered, out
of which 13 were children.
Dr Ruth left Germany in 1960 and only
within three years of her arrival in Pakistan
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she founded the Marie Adelaide Leprosy The long incubation period makes it difficult
Center (MALC) with the support of Dr. for doctors to determine when and where the
Zareena Fazalbai. person got infected.
Leprosy:
Leprosy is also known as Hansen's Disease.
Leprosy is a chronic, progressive bacterial
infection caused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium Leprae, which is an acid-fast
rod-shaped bacillus.
Leprosy is one of the oldest diseases in
recorded history, afflicting humanity since
time immemorial. A written account of
Leprosy dates as far back as 600 B.C.
According to WHO, Pakistan has been
grouped in the Eastern Mediterranean
region EMR which has lower disease burden
than the South East Asian region which has If not treated on time, Leprosy can lead to
the highest case detection rate (per million significant disability, disfigurement,
population) i.e 70.4, followed by Americas permanent nerve damage in arms and legs
(29.5), African (18) and then EMR (5.8). and even loss of sensation in the body.
India, the next door neighbor to Pakistan, on Cure: Leprosy is curable with the combination
other hand is not only enlisted in the 23 red of drugs known as Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT).
alert countries but also alarmingly has the Leprosy misconceptions and cures
highest number of cases detected in 2019 i.e.
114,451. Historically, the stigma associated with the
disease was enormous — to the extent that
an infected individual, reduced to a social
outcast 'leper', was isolated in 'leper colony'.
But in today's world, just as a cured cancer
patient isn't 'cancerous' anymore, a cured
leprosy patient isn't 'leprous'. Nevertheless,
stigmas and misconceptions remain, as it is
assumed the disease may spread by skin to
skin contact, via respiratory tract through
droplets or even insect bite. As a matter of
fact, leprosy cannot be transmitted via mouth,
Areas of Infection: Skin, Peripheral nerves, lungs, digestive tract or unbroken skin. It is
Upper respiratory tract and Lining of the however transmitted through the intact lining
nose. of the nose and via breaks in the skin.
Mode of Transmission: Mainly by breathing Treatments of leprosy
airborne droplets from the affected Oil of the chaulmoogra seeds (Hydnocarpus
individuals. It can be contacted at any age. wightianus) remained in use in China and
Symptoms: Red patches on the skin, skin India for centuries. Eventually, researchers
lesions, numbness in arms, hands, and legs, after the 1930s found sulfones effective
ulcers on the soles of feet, muscle Weakness enough to replace the chaulmoogra seeds oil
and excessive weight loss. as leprosy medication. Later, a combination of
It usually takes about 3-5 years for symptoms bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs
to appear after coming into contact with (dapsone, clofazimine and rifampicin)
Leprosy-causing bacteria. remained in use till multi-drug therapy (MDT)
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which is the preventive and curative medication made possible due to the institutions working
to date, was hailed as the best strategy against towards its eradication and control. The two big
leprosy. names regarding leprosy control intervention all
Pakistan stands in line with countries that have over Pakistan are “Marie Adelaide Leprosy Cente”
recorded cases between 100 and 999; i.e. China, (MALC) in Sindh and “Aid to leprosy Patients”
Thailand, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea, Venezuela, (ALP) in Punjab. A total of 175 leprosy control
Paraguay, and the United States. The least units across country are found. About 157 leprosy
number of leprosy cases were reported from centers are run by MALC while ALP, a sister
Afghanistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, organization is a hub of 18 leprosy centers. The
Morocco and Peru. Meanwhile, no new cases of 175 leprosy control centers are functional in
leprosy were reported during 2019 from Iraq, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Azad
Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Jordan, Romania, Jamu Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan and Punjab. The
Hungary, Czech Rep. Slovakia, Germany, Norway, efforts of provincial governments are
Finland, Australia, Iceland and Chile. No data on commendable in supporting the recruitment and
leprosy cases is available for Russia, Kazakhstan, pays of the paramedical workers in these centers.
Mongolia, Canada and Greenland as per the WHO However, MALC and ALP contribute their fair
record. share in managing the logistics, anti-leprosy
Acknowledging leprosy control institutions in medicines at the respective centers. The leading
Pakistan institutions are found in Sindh, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Punjab since the disease is
The Leprosy control in Pakistan has been more prevalent in Karachi and some areas of KP.
Which of the following drug is/are used for the treatment of Leprosy:
(a) Clofazimine (d) Rifampicin
(b) Dapsone (e) All of the above
(c) Isoniazid
Answer: (d)
Justification: ·Clofazimine is one of the three essential drugs in the MultiDrug Treatment of
Multibacillary Leprosy (MBMDT) cases, along with Rifampicin and Dapsone.
·Isoniazid is an effective alternative to sulphone drugs in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy.
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CSS Times UN Reports 38
World Drug Report

2022
According to the report, around 284 million
people aged 15-64 used drugs worldwide in
2020, a 26 per cent increase over the previous
decade. Young people are using more drugs,
with use levels today in many countries
higher than with the previous generation. In
Africa and Latin America, people under 35
represent the majority of people being
treated for drug use disorders.
Globally, the report estimates that 11.2
million people worldwide were injecting
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has drugs. Around half of this number were living
released World Drug Report 2022 with hepatitis C, 1.4 million were living with
Released on June 27th, the report details HIV, and 1.2 million were living with both.
record rises in the manufacturing of
cocaine, the expansion of synthetic drugs
to new markets, and continued gaps in the
availability of drug treatments, especially
for women.  
A special event for the launch of World Drug
Report (WDR) 2022 was held on 29 June in
the federal capital of Pakistan while
commemorating World Drug Day.
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CSS Times UN Reports 40
The United Nations General Assembly
decided to observe 26 June as the
International Day against Drug Abuse and
Illicit Trafficking in 1987 as an expression of
its determination to strengthen action and
cooperation to achieve the goal of an
international society free of drug abuse.
· Drug production and trafficking have
increased
· Afghanistan is the source of most of
the world's opium and heroin and
manufactures cheap
methamphetamine using the local
ephedra plant, while also producing
large amounts of cannabis resin,
known as hashish.
· The Middle East and Sout-East Asia
are emerging grounds for synthetic
drugs manufacturing
· Environmental Impact: Deforestation
(due to cocoa cultivation), Waste
generation (in synthetic drug
manufacturing)
Global trends: production, trafficking and
consumption
The report says:
Cocaine manufacture was at a record high in
· Rate of drug consumption has
2020, growing 11 per cent from 2019 to 1,982
increased: Compared to the previous
tons. Cocaine seizures also increased, despite
decade there has been a 26%
the Covid-19 pandemic, to a record 1,424
increase. The increase is more rapid
tons in 2020. Nearly 90 per cent of cocaine
in women than men.
seized globally in 2021 was trafficked in
· According to the United Nations
containers and/or by sea. Seizure data
Office on Drugs and Crime, Pakistan
suggest that cocaine trafficking is expanding
has 6.7 million drug users. Almost 2
to other regions outside the main markets of
million of these are addicts, amongst
North America and Europe, with increased
the highest number for any country in
levels of trafficking to Africa and Asia.
the world.
Pakistan closely engages in the Paris Pact
Initiative and UNODC's Regional Program for
Afghanistan and Neighboring Countries.
Under the Triangular Initiative (TI), we are
cooperating with Iran and Afghanistan to
fight this menace. In addition to international
and regional cooperation, a number of
counter-narcotics measures have been taken
at the national level including the adoption of
a National Anti-Narcotics Policy in 2019 and
the creation of Inter- Agency Task Force on
Counter-Narcotics.
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CSS Times CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQs 41
National & International

MCQs
Publishers
CURRENT
June
2022
1 Who has been appointed as UNDP 2 What is Pakistan's current position in the
Pakistan's National Goodwill Ambassador? World Test Championship Points Table
(a) Ali Zafar 2022?
(b) Ali Sethi (a) Fourth
(c) Fawad Khan (b) Third
(d) None of these (c) Fifth
(d) Sixth
Answer: (b)
Explanation: Pakistan has overtaken India in
the ICC World Test Championship Points Table
2022 after India was penalized for slow over-
rate in the Edgbaston Test against England.
India has dropped to the fourth spot with
52.08 points percentage in the World Test
Answer: (c)
Explanation: On June 1, 2022 UNDP Pakistan
has appointed acclaimed actor Fawad Khan as
its National Goodwill Ambassador. UNDP's
Goodwill Ambassadors are inspirational
individuals who serve as spokespersons to
uphold the United Nations Charter and the
Sustainable Development Goals.
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Championship Points Table 2022 due to the
points penalty, while Pakistan now stands at
the third spot with 52.38 points percentage.
The Pakistani squad is set to tour Sri Lanka for
a two-match Test series in August this year.
Team Green will also face off against England
and New Zealand this year. Pakistan and
Australia are the favorites to qualify for next
year's World Test Championship final.
What is Web 5.0?

The fines in Pakistan will also be steep — $31
Former Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey for using a single bag, $63 for selling one and
recently announced his vision for a up to $31,000 for manufacturing them. The
new decentralized web platform national per capita income is $1,200 per year.
that is being called Web 5.0. Shoppers are not likely to be aggressively
· The aim is to return “ownership pursued, but companies that make and supply
of data and identity to the bags have been warned that they will be
individuals”. inspected to enforce the ban.
Web 5.0 In 2002, Bangladesh became the first country
Being developed by Dorsey's Bitcoin in the world to ban thinner plastic bags after
business unit, The Block Head (TBH). they were found to have choked the drainage
· Simply put, Web 5.0 is Web 2.0 system during devastating floods. Other
plus Web 3.0 that will allow countries including South Africa, Rwanda,
users to 'own their identity' China, Taiwan, Macedonia, Australia and Italy
on the Internet and 'control followed suit. In 2017, Kenya was lauded for
their data'. imposing the world harshest plastic bag ban
· Both Web 3.0 and Web 5.0 in the world.
envision an Internet without 4 Sindh Province has banned Single use
threat of censorship – from plastic from which date?
governments or big tech, and
without fear of significant (a) 1st July, 1995
outages. (b) 31st July, 1994
(c) 26 August, 1994
3 Pakistan has banned Single use plastic (d) 31st August, 1997
from which date?
Answer: (c)
(a) 1st August 2020
(b) 14 August 2019
(c) 17 August 2021
(d) 31st August, 1998
Answer: (b)
Explanation: Pakistan has joined 128
countries in the fight against plastic pollution,
and it started with Islamabad's pilot project
banning the use of plastic bags in the capital
city.
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Explanation: On the request of EPA-Sindh,
the Government Sindh imposed a ban on the
US Fed Raises Rates By 75 bps;
production, sale, purchase and use of black Biggest Hike in 28 Years
polyethylene bags from 26 August, 1994.
5 What is total outlay of the federal The US Federal Reserve announced
budget of 2022-23? the most aggressive interest rate
(a) 10.4 trillion increase in almost 30 years, raising
(b) 19.5 trillion
the benchmark borrowing rate by
0.75 percentage points.
(c) 09.5 trillion Basics: Increasing interest rate will
(d) 11.5 trillion make US bonds more attractive and
Answer: (c) investors/citizens will invest in them
rather than spend. Also, borrowings
will become costly, this will rein in
inflation. Also, FII from emerging
markets may take out their money
and invest in US bonds. This will
strengthen the US currency against
others.
6 Which country's Prime Minister has

stepped down?
Explanation: Finance Minister Miftah Ismail
on 11 June 2022 unveiled the coalition (a) France
government's maiden budget with an outlay (b) Denmark
of Rs9.5 trillion for the fiscal year 2022-23 in
the National Assembly. (c) Italy
Important budget proposals (d) UK
· The minimal taxable income limit will Answer: (d)
be raised from Rs0.6 million to Rs1.2
million for the salaried class
· Salaries of government increased by
15%
· Rs24 billion has been allocated to the
health sector
· Rs65 billion proposed for HEC
· Advance tax to be increased on cars
above 1600cc
· Exemption of complete custom duty
on more than 30 pharmaceutical
ingredients
· The banking sector will now face a
taxation rate of 42%, up from the Explanation: Boris Johnson has resigned as
current 39% leader of Britain's Conservative party, paving
· Rs1,523 billion allocated for defence the way for the selection of a UK new Prime
expenditure Minister. Johnson finally agreed to step down
· Withholding tax abolished on film as UK PM after a wave of resignations from
distributors
top Ministers and close aides, bringing an
· A family with a household income of
end to a tumultuous two and a half years in
less than Rs40,000 will be given a
transfer of Rs2,000 office.
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7 Scientists have discovered a large ozone Answer: (a)
hole over which region?
(a) Mediterranean
(b) Western Europe
(c) Tropics
(d) Africa
Answer: (c)
Explanation: The actor Brad Pitt said in a

recent interview that he has prosopagnosia, a
rare neurological disorder commonly referred
to as face blindness. While Mr. Pitt, 58, has
never been formally diagnosed with the
condition, he said in an interview with GQ
that he had struggled for years to recognize
people's faces.
Explanation: The scientists at Canada's What are the symptoms of prosopagnosia?
Waterloo University have discovered a large Explanation: The condition is not related to
ozone hole in the lower stratosphere, which is memory loss, vision impairment or learning
seven times larger than the one over
disabilities. Prosopagnosia varies in severity;
Antarctica. The new ozone hole was
some people with the condition may have
discovered over the tropics, the area between
trouble recognizing a familiar face, like a
the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of
friend or family member, while others may
Capricorn, and has reportedly been there for
not even be able to identify their own
over 30 years.
reflections. Some people may be unable to
differentiate between faces and objects.
LaMDA 9 Who has been appointed as the
President of FATF (Financial Action Task
Google's LaMDA (or Language Model Force)?
for Dialogue Applications) (a (a) Raja Kumar
language model created by google
AI) has achieved the an ability to (b) Elisa de Anda Madrazo
engage in a free-flowing (c) Marcus Pleyer
conversation. Google believes that
LaMDA has become a sentient
program meaning it has started
reasoning like a human being.
8 Which actor has claimed that he has face

blindness disorder?
(a) Brad Pitt
(b) Jack Dylan Grazer
(c) Zac Efron
(d) Robert Pattinson
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(d) Kristalina Georgieva 10 Mohammed Barkindo, who passed
Answer: (a) away suddenly at 63 years, was the
Secretary General of which organization?
Explanation: The Financial Action Task Force
(FATF) announced that Singaporean T Raja (a) OPEC
Kumar has taken over as the President of the (b) OECD
anti-money laundering watchdog. Raja Kumar (c) ILO
has succeeded Dr Marcus Pleyer as the Chief
of the FATF and will serve a two-year term. (d) OSCE
Kumar will focus on enhancing the Answer: (a)
effectiveness of the global anti-money
laundering and counter-terrorist financing
measures.
The 'War on Drugs'

When British Columbia
decriminalizes small amounts of
some illicit drugs next year, Canada
will join a growing number of
countries that have taken strides
toward removing penalties for drug
use. Explanation: The Secretary General of the
· Canada recently decided that OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries), Nigeria's Mohammed
from Jan. 31, adults in B.C. will Barkindo, passed away unexpectedly at the
be allowed to possess up to 2.5 age of 63 He was scheduled to step down at
grams of opioids, cocaine, the end of this month after holding the top
methamphetamine and post at OPEC for six years.
MDMA — a signal it will treat 11 Who is the first cricketer to score an
addiction as a mental health ODI hundred for two nations?
issue rather than a judicial one. (a) Ben Stokes
What is the 'War on Drugs'?
(b) Eoin Morgan
In 1961, the UN had passed the
Single Convention on Narcotic (c) Jofra Archer
Drugs which sought to prohibit the (d) Moeen Ali
production and supply of various Answer: (b)
substances through international
cooperation.
· This marked the beginning of a
global campaign to eradicate
the use of illicit drugs and its
production, called the 'War on
Drugs'.
· The campaign believed that
prohibition of drugs would
reduce consumption.
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Explanation: Eoin Morgan is the first player 13 Which of the following two countries
to score an ODI hundred for two nations. He have been invited to join NATO?
was born in north-western Dublin, Ireland (a) Finland and Sweden
and had played for the Ireland cricket team in
ODIs from 2006 to 2009. He started playing (b) Australia and New Zealand
for England in 2009 and was named the (c) South Korea and Japan
England ODI Captain in December 2014. He
led England to its first-ever World Cup (d) Israel and Egypt
triumph in 2019. Answer: (a)
12 When is World Asteroid Day observed?
(a) 28th June
(b) 30th June
(c) 27th June
(d) 26th June
Answer: (b
Explanation: The North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation (NATO) has invited Finland and
Sweden to join the military alliance in one of
the biggest shifts in the European security in
decades. NATO's 30 allies took the decision at
their summit in Madrid and also agreed to
formally treat Russia as the most significant
Explanation: World Asteroid Day 2022 is and direct threat to the ally's security.
observed annually on June 30 to raise 14 Which two countries have applied to
awareness about the risks of an asteroid join BRICS Grouping?
impact. Asteroids are those small rocky
bodies that orbit around the Sun and their (a) Iraq and Saudi Arabia
size ranges from about the size of the (b) Tajikistan and Columbia
pebbles to about 600 miles across. World
Asteroid Day is observed to mark the (c) Iran and Argentina
Tunguska event in Siberia. (d) Kenya and Chile
New Development Bank (NDB) Answer: (c)
Explanation: Iran and Argentina, the two
· NDB is headquar tered in countries, have applied to join the BRICS
Shanghai (China)
· During the Sixth BRICS Summit
in Fortaleza (2014) the leaders
signed the Agreement
establishing the New
Development Bank (NDB) by the
Fortaleza Declaration.
· The NDB functions on a
consultative mechanism among
the BRICS members with all the
member countries possessing
equal rights.
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mechanism. According to Iran's Foreign hosted by Portugal and Kenya between June
Minister Spokesperson, Iranian membership 27 and July 1, 2022. It will see participation
in BRICS will result in added values for both from thousands of ocean advocates from
sides. The five nations grouping BRICS business, civil society and government.
include- Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South
Africa.
15 The UN Oceans Conference 2022
started in which among the following
cities on June 27, 2022?
(a) Lisbon
(b) Barcelona
(c) Bilbao
(d) Milan
Answer: (a) 16 Over 30,000-years old rare mummified
Explanation: The UN Ocean Conference 2022 baby woolly mammoth has been found in
kicked off in Lisbon on June 27, 2022 to a gold mine in which country?
discuss how to restore the ailing health of (a) Chili
global oceans due to the environmental
damage caused by human activity. The major (b) Mexico
UN Conference on the oceans is being co- (c) Canada
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(d) Peru 17 World's largest bacterium has been
Answer: (c) discovered in which country?
(a) Bulgaria
(b) Estonia
(c) Lithuania
(d) France
Answer: (d)
Explanation: Over 30,000 years old

mummified body of a baby woolly mammoth
with skin and hair has been discovered in the
far north of Canada. It is believed to be a
female and may have died during the Ice Age.
It is a nearly-perfectly preserved mummified
baby woolly mammoth with skin and hair. The
rare and extraordinary discovery was made
by a miner in Klondike gold fields.
Explanation: Scientists have discovered the
First country in Asia to world's largest known bacterium, first to be
Decriminalise Cannabis visible with the naked eye in the brackish
waters of a red mangrove swamp in
Thailand on June 9, 2022 Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles.
decriminalized cannabis, becoming Guadeloupe, an island group, is a French
the first Asian country to remove the overseas region. The bacteria named
ban on the drug. Cafes and restaurants Thiomargarita magnifica is the first that is
can also serve cannabis-infused food visible to naked eye and it in the form of
and drinks -- but only if the products white filaments, almost the size of human
contain less than 0.2 per cent eyelashes. The giant white bacterium was
found lurking on the rotting leaves sunken in
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the plant's
the swamp.
main psychoactive compound
· It has decriminalized Marijuana Supermoon
with the aim of boosting its
agriculture and tourism sectors.
· Under decriminalization, it is no
A supermoon occurs when
longer a crime in Thailand to
the Moon's orbit is closest
grow and trade marijuana and (perigee to earth) to earth
hemp products, or use parts of at the same time the Moon
the plant to treat illnesses. is full. When a full moon
In 2018, Canada became the first G20 appears at perigee it is
country to legalize the recreational brighter and larger than a
use of cannabis. Uruguay legalized regular full moon- and
the recreational use of marijuana for all that's where we get a
adults above the age of 18 in 2013. 'supermoon'.
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18 Who has become the most followed
person on TikTok?
(a) Will Smith
(b) Dwayne Johnson
(c) Addison Rae
(d) Khaby Lame
Answer: (d)
Explanation: Khaby Lame has become the
most followed person on TikTok, position. The 22-year-old social media
overthrowing Charli D'Amelio from the top sensation rose to the top on the video-
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sharing platform with a whopping 142.4 (c) Wajid Zia
million followers, while 18-year-old Charlie (d) Qamar Zaman Pasha
D'Amelio has 142.2 million followers. Bella
Poarch with 90.1 million followers has the Answer: (b)
third highest number of TikTok followers.
Khaby Lame started creating videos on Tiktok
in 2020 after losing his job during the COVDI-
19 pandemi(c) He had posted his first-ever
video in March 2020.
Instagram Beefs up Child

Protection Measures
Social media giant Meta announced
that it was rolling out a slew of
measures to boost the safety of Explanation: Muhammad Tahir Rai, a BS-21
young users on its Instagram Officer of Police Service of Pakistan has been
appointed as Director General Federal
platform. Investigation Agency (FI(A) in April 2022.
Meta, which also owns Facebook and
WhatsApp, said parents and 20 Russia will be supplying which country
guardians would be able to set time with Iskander-m missile systems?
limits on children's scrolling on (a) Poland
Instagram. (b) Pakistan
Need: A large number of Social Media
Users are youngsters and in the (c) Romania
current era of post-truth, where truth (d) Belarus
is constantly subjected to Answer: (d)
manipulation and misinterpretation, a
natural need arises for an impartial
and accountable Social Media.
Instagram was rocked last year by
revelations from whistleblower
Frances Haugen that suggested
executives were aware the platform
could harm the mental health of
young users, particularly teenage
girls.
Parents and guardians will be able to
block apps, view what their child is
looking at on another device and see Explanation: Russian President Vladimir
how long their child is spending with Putin said in a televised broadcast on June 25,
their headset on. 2022 that Russia will supply Belarus with
Iskander-M missile systems, which can use
19 Who has been appointed as the new ballistic or cruise missiles, in the coming
Director-General of Federal Investigation months. The Iskander-M is a mobile guided
Agency (FIA)? missile system that can carry conventional or
(a) Sanaullah Abbasi nuclear warheard. The missile system has a
range of up to 500 km (300 miles).
(b) Muhammad Tahir Rai
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21 Which nation has announced almost a
total ban on use and production of New map of Earth's
landmines? Tectonic Plates
(a) UK
Researchers from the University of
(b) Russia Adelaide, Australia, have carried
(c) US out a new study that includes an
(d) Pakistan updated map of the earth's
Answer: (c) tectonic plates.
Plate Tectonic: A tectonic plate,
according to the United States
Geological Survey, “is a massive,
irregularly shaped slab of solid
rock”, made up of lithosphere or
the earth's top layer. Tectonic
plate movements often lead to
earthquakes and volcanoes.
Techniques Used: To create the
map, the team combined three
geological models: a plate model
Explanation: The White House on June 21,
2022 announced a return to an almost
based on already known plate
complete ban on the use and production of boundaries, a province model
anti-personnel landmines, leaving the based on the geology of Earth's
exception of the military facing off against surface, and an orogeny model
Pyongyang on the Korean peninsula. with areas deformed by mountain-
22 When is the International Olympic Day building processes.
observed? Changes: The new plate model
(a) 18 June
includes several new microplates
including the Macquarie
(b) 20 June microplate which sits south of
(c) 24 June Tasmania and the Capricorn
(d) 23 June microplate which separates the
Answer: (d) Indian and Australian plates.
Explanation: International Olympic Day is

observed annually on June 23 all over the world
to celebrate health, sport and being together.
The theme of International Olympic Day 2022
was “Together, For a Peaceful World'. The idea
of celebrating International Olympic Day was
first adopted at the 42nd IOC Session in St
Moritz. The chosen date celebrates the
founding of the International Olympic
Committee at Sorbonne, Paris, on June 23,
1894, where Pierre de Coubertin revived the
Olympic Games.
Monthly
HSM
Jul 2022
23 Which country has announced 'Digital Explanation: The World Health Network
Nomad Visa'? (WHN), an independent coalition of scientists
(a) Malaysia formed against the COVID-19 threat has
declared the Monkeypox outbreak a public
(b) Singapore health emergency of global concern. The
(c) Indonesia scientists have urged the World Health
Organization (WHO) to make a formal
(d) Vietnam declaration. Over 3,500 monkeypox cases
Answer: (c) have been confirmed in 58 countries across
the world. The designation of Monkeypox as
a public health emergency by WHO indicates
that the outbreak is not limited to a single
country or the region and should be
addressed by immediate actions to prevent
community transmission.
Migration
· Definition: As per
International Organization
Explanation: Indonesia will soon start for Migration (The UN
offering a five-year visa called 'digital nomad Migration Agency) defines a
visa' that will allow the remote workers to live migrant as any person who is
there tax-free as long as their earnings come moving or has moved across
from outside the country. The visa will allow an international border or
its holders to stay in Indonesia for a period of within a state away from
five years without paying taxes provided their his/her habitual place of
income doesn't come from within Indonesia. residence.
24 World Health Network has declared · It can be either voluntary or
which disease as a public health forced movements as a
emergency? consequence of the increased
(a) H1N1 magnitude or frequency of
disasters, economic
(b) Monkeypox c h a l l e n g e s a n d e x t re m e
(c) Nipah Virus poverty or conflict situations.
(d) Norovirus · International Migrants Day
is celebrated annually by the
Answer: (b) UN on 18th December to
raise awareness about the
challenges and difficulties of
international migration.
· The theme for the
International Migrants Day
2021 was 'Harnessing the
potential of Human
Mobility'.
· 11 out of the 17 SDGs contain
targets and indicators
relevant to migration or
mobility.
Monthly
HSM
Jul 2022
25 When is International Day for Countering

Hate Speech observed?
(a) June 18th (c) June 20th
(b) June 19th (d) June 21st
Answer: (a)
Explanation: The International Day for Countering Hate Speech is
observed on June 18. The day highlights the need to combat hate
speech and to promote tolerance and dialogue between communities.
The day was celebrated for the first time in 2022.

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