ACTIVITY 1: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NEOPLASMS

NAME: Jose Angelo Tolentino

DATE: 10/12/2022

INSTRUCTIONS: Choose one type of cancer/neoplasm and explain its pathophysiology. (e.g., Skin cancer)

Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Chronic exposure of liver from viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse or Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis causes
repeated hepatocyte damage and initiates a vicious cycle of cell death and regeneration, ultimately leading
to cirrhosis The resulting genomic instability causes the onset of HCC.
Early symptoms of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
 Losing weight without trying
 Loss of appetite
 Upper abdominal pain
 Nausea and vomiting
 General weakness and fatigue
 Abdominal swelling
 Jaundice
 White and chalky stools

References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870992/#:~:text=Chronic%20exposure%20of%20the
%20liver,leads%20to%20initiation%20of%20HCC.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatocellular-carcinoma/cdc-20354552
 ACTIVITY 2: HEPATOBILLIARY SYSTEM
NAME: Jose Angelo Tolentino

DATE: 10/12/2022

INSTRUCTIONS: Choose two pathologic conditions from our discussion of the hepatobiliary system and
explain their pathophysiology. (e.g., Cholelithiasis)

Cirrhosis

The encapsulation or replacement of injured tissue by a collagenous scar is referred to as fibrosis.

The normal wound healing response is perpetuated in the liver, resulting in an abnormal continuation of
fibrogenesis. Fibrosis develops at different rates depending on the cause of the liver disease, as well as
environmental and host factors. Cirrhosis is a severe form of liver fibrosis characterized by hepatic
vasculature distortion. It causes the portal and arterial blood supply to be shunted directly into the hepatic
outflow, compromising exchange between the hepatic sinusoids and the adjacent liver parenchyma.

Ascites
Ascites occurs when the pressure forces between intravascular and extravascular fluid spaces are
disrupted, allowing extravascular fluid to accumulate in the anterior peritoneal cavity.
Chronic parenchymal liver disease (alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis C), malignancy,
and heart failure are the most common causes of ascites.

References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2271178/#:~:text=Pathogenesis%20and
%20pathophysiology%20of%20cirrhosis,connective%20tissue%20production%20and%20deposition).
https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/liver/path.html#:~:text=Ascites%20occurs%20when%20there%20is,in
%20the%20anterior%20peritoneal%20cavity.