Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
You can:
Target population
Overall group to which findings will be generalized
Accessible population
Variation? more / less in Persons who have an actual chance to be selected
…………………..than in……………………… Sample
Handbook: Chapter 13 – Choosing a sample Derived from the accessible population
What research type has very strict in- and exclusion criteria?..........................
How is the sampling process presented?
http://www.consort-statement.org/consort-statement/flow-diagram
H0
H1
Inclusie criteria
Exclusiecriteria
Steekproeftrekking
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30509862/
How many participants is enough?
Number of participants = Sample Size
The more the better?
As many as we can pay for?
As many as are willing to participate?
Studiehulp – Steekproeftrekking
• Beschrijving Voordelen? Nadelen?
• Probability? Non Probability?
Simple
Convenience
Systematic
Cluster
Stratified
Dr Nic’s Maths and Stats - Sampling: Simple Random, Convenience, systematic, cluster, stratified - Statistics Help https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=be9e-Q-jC-
0&list=PLm9FYjKtq7PyqaxpVkODL_PramidLWPcB
How to select a representative sample?
A good sampling procedure can minimize the degree of bias/error
Recruitment plan includes method for sampling
1) Probability Sampling versus 2) Non probability sampling
?..…………………
Handbook
!Sampling bias !
Sampling bias: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Results in variability, not by chance
1. Conscious sampling bias
Sample is selected purposefully (doelbewust)
E.g. clinician chooses patients with minimal dysfunction to demonstrate a treatment’s
effectiveness, eliminating those subjects who were not likely to improve
2. Unconscious sampling bias
E.g street interviews
Conclusions are not useful for describing attitudes of the “general public”
Do you want to make valid generalizations from a sample to the population?
Validity depends on method of selecting subjects
A larger sample does not necessarily control for bias!
Understanding confidence intervals
Sample:………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Inference:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Sampling error – Sampling variation:…………………………………………………………….
Confidence Interval (CI):…………………………………………………………..…………………..
Width CI affected by:
1. …………………………………………………………………………..
When is the confidence interval smaller & why? ………………………………………………………………......……..
When is the confidence interval wider & why? ……………………………………………………………………………..
2. …………………………………………………………………………..
When is the confidence interval smaller & why? ………………………………………………………………......……..
When is the confidence interval wider & why? ……………………………………………………………………………..
You do not need to know the ways to calculate CIs as explained in this video
Dr Nic’s Maths and Stats - Sampling error and variation in statistics and data science (6.18 min)