INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 23279 Second eattion 2010-03-04 Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization of indications in welds Controle non destructif dos assamblages souciés— Contr6le par tultrasons — Ceractérisation des indications dans les assemblages soudés Reference numer 180 23278:2010(E) 130 2010ISO 23279:2010(E) PDF dlsclaimer “The PDF fle may conisin embedded typefaces. In accordance wih Adobe's Fcansing paz, he fle may be panied or viewed bik That act bo eled rfess the typelaces wich ato embedded are licenzed lo and Installed on the compute performing te etl ‘dowrioocing this fle, pares accept therein the responsibly of not Ininging Adobe's leenlng policy. The (SO Central Secretariat ‘cceptsnoKabityn tis rea. ‘Adobe ta radarank of Adobe Systems Incorporated. ‘eta ofthe sottvare products used to rete tha POF fle can be found in the General info reiaive to the fle: the POF-creation ‘rameters were eptmize for paning, Every eae hes been tan Uo ensure ha he fe 8 autabie fr use by tSO member bodies, In {he unely event tet problem relating fos (ound, please inform the Cantal Secreta al the adress gen below. A COPYRIGHT PROTEGTED DOCUMENT © 1502010 ‘AS dai reserved. Uniess othervise spacled, ro pat of tis publication may be reproduced or lized in sy fom et by any means, Geattonle of mechanic, incucing pholocepying end ileofim, wihoul permision in wing fom either 180 at the aceress below or 80 member body nthe courry ofthe requester. 180 copy offco (Case portale 68+ CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel +44 7270001 11 Fax + 41 22 74000 47 mall copytghi@ico.org Web voeizoony Publihed in Svitaoriand ii (©180 2010 Aight served180 23279:2010(E) 42 Echo amplliude eriterta (stages 1 and 2 43 Directional reflectivity criterta (stage 3). 44 — Echostatic pattern criteria (stage 4)... 4S ‘Transverse echodynamic patter criteria (etage 6). 46 — Complementary examination . ‘Annex A (normative) Classification of intemal indications in welds — Flowchart procedure. Annex B (informative) Directional reflectivity. Annex C (informative) Basic echodynamic patterns of roflectors. Bibllography.. (© 190 2010~ Al igh everved ii180 28279:2010(E) Foreword 15O (the Intemational Organization for Standardization) is @ worldwide federation of national standards bodies {(SO member bodies). The work of preparing Intemational Standards is normally carried out through [SO technical committees. Each member body interested in @ sublect for which a technical committee has been established has the.right to be represented on that committe. International organizations, govertmental and non-governmental, in liaison with 180, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Intemational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical stendarcization, Intemational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISOAEC Directives, Part 2, ‘The main task of technical committees is to propare International Standards. Draft international Standards adopted by the technical committees ere citculated to the member bodles for voting. Publication es an Intemational Stendard requires epproval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibilty that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent Tights, ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. 180 29279 was prepared by the European Committee for Stantiardization (CEN) Technical Committee TC 121, Welding, in collaboration with ISO Technical Committee TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee SC5, Testing and inspection of welds, in accordance with the Agreement on technical ‘cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). ‘This second edltion cancela end replaces the first euition (ISO 23279:2007), which has beon technically revised. Requests for oficial interpretations of any aspect of this Intemational Standard should be directed to the Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/8C 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be ‘ound at ww is9,0r9. wv (2190 2010 ~ Al rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23278:2010(E) Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization of in 4 Scope | ‘This international Standard specifies how to characterize embedded incications by classifying them es planar (or non-planar. This procedure is also suitable for indications that broek the surface after removal ofthe weld reinforcement. 2 Normative references ‘The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies, 180 17640, Non-dostructive testing of welds— Ultrasonic tasting— Techniques, testing levels, and ‘assessment 3. Principle Classification of incications as planar or non-planar is based on saveral parameters: 2) | welding techniques; b) geometrical position of the indication; ©) maximum echo amplitude; ) directional reiectiviy, €) echostatic patter (Le, A-scan); f)echodynatni pattern. The process of classification involves examining each of the parameters against all the others in order to arrive at an accurate conclusion, For guldance, Figure A.1 gives the classification of internal weld indicetions suitable for general applications. Figure A.1 should be applied in conjunction with the two first parameters listed above and not taken in Isolation. ‘The classification procedure specified in this International Standard Is also suitable for indications that are ‘surface breaking after removal of the Weld reinforcement (see Figure 1), ‘© 180 2010 — Allrights reserved aISO 23278:2010(E) Dimensions in milimetres “ A Key ‘A ground weld Figure 1 — Location of indications in a weld 4 Criteria 4.1 General ‘The classification is caried out by the successive application of several discriminatory citer to: @) echo emptitude; b) directional reflectivity, ©) echostalic pattern (A-scan); 4) echodynamic pattern. ‘These criteria are applied using a flowchart procedure (eee Annex A). fecha poco sardrdkoe» eta of caleatin Sever rere ary Geted dabel bya garmmrbog ig dea pektesecuve BAG) png cnmgiion isha Sipe echt Proposed thresholds for the different stages in the flowchart procedure are given in Tabla A.1. ‘The flowchart procedure calls for five stages: 4) stage 1: to avold the classification of indications with very low echo amplitudes; b) stage 2: to classify all ndications with high echo ampltude as planar, ©) stage 3: primarily to classify lack of fusion; 4) slage 4: primerily to classify inclusions; @) stage 5: primarily to classify cracks. NOTE Indicatfons resulting trom 2 combination of an inclusion and lack of fusion are clossified es planar by the flowchart procedure. An example ofthis type of aw Is given in Figure A.2. 2 (© 180 2010~Al ighis reservedISO 23279:2010(E) 4.2. Echo amplitude criterla (stages 1 and 2) 42.4 Lowamplitudes (stage 1) It Is accepted that an Indication with an echo amplitude lower than the evaluetion level-as specified in 150 116861 (defined as 7, in Figure A.1) Is not significant and shall not be characterized. For special applications, this value 7 may be lowered, if defined by specication. 42.2. High amplitudes (stage 2) It is assumed thet an indication with an echo ampltude that is atleast equsl.to the reference level plus 6 o& (defined a Tp in Figure A.4) Is a planar indication. 4.3. Directional reflectivity criteria (stage 3) 434 Applicability based on length ‘stage 3 ofthe flowchart procedure shall be applied only to those indications exceeding: 8) ‘for the range of thicknesses 8 mm.< ¢< 15mm; b) #20748 mm, whichever isthe larger, for thicknesses over 15 mm. Fot Indications not exceeding the specified length proceed to stage 4, 43.2 Application conditions. The following application conditions apply: 48) echoes compared chall be obtained fram th sme reflector; 1b). the comparison shell be made at the postion where echo height, 4, mex is the highest along the Indication; ©) when a straight beam probe and an angle beam probe are used, thelr frequencies shell be chosen to give Similar wavelengths (e.g. 4 MHz for longitudinal waves and 2 MHz for shear waves); <)_ when two or more probe angles ere used, the diferences between the nominal refraction angles shal be equal to or greater then 10°; ‘e) ifthe comparison is made between a beam passing through the weld and a beam passing through the base material only, the attenuation of the weld shall be taken into account. 43,3. Criteria “Tne highest echo empftude, 7%, may dbtained from the Indication is compared tothe minimum ecto ampitude, Henin obleined from al the olor erections. “To satisty the directional reflectivity, the following conditions shall be fulflled simulteneous'y: 2) Hg:maxl8 greater than or equal to Ts (the reference level minus 6 dB); b) the modulus of the diference in indication echo amplitudes, 1, max, miqh from two diferent directions is et least: (0160 2010—Alrights reserved 3180 23279:2010(E) 1) 9dB using shear wave angle beam probes only, or 2) 15¢8 using one shear wave angle beam probe and one longitudinal wave normal beam probe. ‘The directional reflectivities depend on refraction angle and examination conditions (half skip, full skip). ‘Examples of different directions of examination are given in Figure 8.1 ‘An exatnple of the application of these criteria is given in Figure B.2. 4.4. Echostatic pattern crite {stage 4) ‘At this stage, the echostatic pattern (je. A-scan) of the indication ie compared with that obtained from the reference reflector (3 mm diameter side drilled hole). If the echostatic pattem is single and smooth, the indication is classified as nonplanar. It the echostatic pattern is not both single and smooth, proceed to stage 5. ‘This criteria shall be fulfilled for at least two directions of examination, 4.5. Transverse echodynamic pattern criteria (stage 6) ‘The transverse echodynamic pattem of an indication is the envelope of the resulting echoes when the ultrasonic probe is moved perpendicular to the indication, in accordance with 1SO 17640, The analysis takes into eccount not only the envelope, but alsa the behaviour of the echoes | inside It. * Classification of indications depends on the patterns observed: 2) pattem 4: single non-plenar, ) pattem 2: excluded by previous stage; ©) petiern 3 and pattem 4: planar, if observed for the two highest reflectivity crections — i only observed for fone reflectivity direction, use complementary examination (see 4.8); d) pattem 5: cluster of non-planar.. ‘The patterns used for classification are given in Annex C. ‘This citeria shall be fuliled for at least two directions of examination, 4.8 Complementary examination In case of doubt, carry out additional examinations, for example: a) use of additional reflectivity directions or probe ) analysis of echodynamic pattem when the probe ls moved parallel to the indicalion (see Figures C.1 c), ©2.¢), 6.3.0}, C40), C5) 6) results from other non-destructive testing (e.g. radiography). This list is not restrictive, 4 {© 180 2010~AltrighisreseISO 23279:2010(E) Annex A (normative) Classification of internal indications in welds — Flowchart procedure The flowichert procedure is defined in Figure A.1. 10180 2010 Al ight evervedISO 23279:2040(E) Key Hig Indleation echo emptude Hama. tatdmum echo amplitude Hacnin Minium echo amplitude 27 enath Layee specied lanath Ty Ty Ty 7, s00Table At Ton-planarnetons ‘ronar naicaons Figure AA —Flowchart procedure (©180.2010~Allights reserved1SO 23279:2010(E) ‘Table At — Different thresholds used in the flowchart procedure Tah i z T % i Threshold values Evaluation level | Reference level plus 6 dB | Reference level minus 6 0B | 9 dB or 15 BP > Shear waves, > Between vectors dbtalned wih a shear wave and a longtudnal wave. ‘Stage 1 (Ty, .e. evaluation level): All indications < 7; are not classified. ‘Stage 2 (Tp, Le. reference level plus 6 dB): An indication being atleast twice as reflective as the reference is classified és planar. Stage 3 (Tq, Le. reference level minus 6 dB): If the indication echo amplitude is at least haf ofthe reference echo art f the Imbalance in reflectivity Is greater than or equal to 7,, the indication is classified as planer: — with 7, = 9 dB for shear waves: — with 7, = 15 08 between reflections obtained with shear waves and longitudinal waves. “The engles at which the ultrasonic beam Is Incident upon the indication shail have a difference of atleast 10°. ‘The comparison shall be made upon the same area of the indication. ‘Stages 4 and 5: These criteria shal be fulfilled for at least two directions of examination. ‘Stage 6: Ifthe echodynamic pattern does not match pattern 3, he Indication is classified as non-planer. “The echo patterns are those defined in Annex C. Indications resuliing from a combination of an Inclusion and lack of fusion are classified as pkenar by the fiowehert procedure, An example of this type of flaw Is given In Figure A.2. Figure A.2— Example of a combination of inclusion and lack of fusion © 180 2010—Al igh reserved Tv180 28279:2010(E) Annex B (informative) Directional reflectivity 4) transverse wave, T 2) longitudinal wave, L Koy A,B,C probe positions Longitudinal wave T transverse wave 1 local grning Figure B.1 — Examplos of directions of examination. Key 1 position t 2 position 2 3 reference level 4 reference level minus 8 65 @_ sound path amplitude Figure B.2 — Example of application of directional reflectivity criteria 8 @ 150 2010~Allight reserved180 23279:2010(E) Annex C (informative) Basic echodynamic patterns of reflectors C4 Pattern 1 ‘Apoint-tke reflector response is shown in Figure C.1. At any probe position, the A-scan chavs & single sharp anes mabe fs moved, ins ees in amplitude smoothly to a single maximum before fang smoothly to noise level. x a) probe position of A-scan and variation in signal amplitude 3 = 4. 1) typleal occurrence In through thleknese dretion ©) ‘yplcal occurrence In intra (length) direction ‘A-scan ‘vatialion in peak signal amplitude reflector weld range amplitude probe position wun nenag Figure C.1 — Pattern 4 ultrasonic response ©1980 2010~ Al ighs reserved 9Iso 23279:2010(E) C.2 Pattern 2 ‘An extended smocth reflector response is shown in Figure C.2. At eny probe position, the A-scan shows a ‘ingle sharp echo, When the ultragorie beam Is moved over the reflecor, the echo rises emoothly toa plateaus Sra is maintained, wth minor variations in amplitude of up to 4 dB, until the beam moves off the reflector, ‘when the echo fas smoothly to noise level. x 1) probe position of A-scan and variation in signal amplitude +) typleal occurrence in through thickness direetion—¢) typical occurrenco In atera (length) direction Key ‘Arson Variation n peak signe! amplitude reflector range amplitude probe position weno Figure C.2 — Pattern 2 ultrasonic response C.3 Pattern 3 “There ave two veriants of an extended rough reflector response, depending upon the angle of inciclence of the probe beam on the reflector. ‘One variant, et near nortnat incidence, is shown in Figure C.3. At eny probe position, the A-scan shows @ Single but regged echo. AS the probe fs moved, this may undergo large (greater then 28 dB) random fintuaions Inramplitude. The fluctuations are caused. by reflection from different facets of the reflector, and by random interference of waves scattered fram groups of facets. 10 (©180 2010 Al ghtsrecerved180 23279:2010(E) x {2} probe position of A-scan and variation In signal amplitude 3 b) fypleal occurrence in through thickness direction _¢)_‘typleal occurrence in ateral length) direction A-scan variation in pesk signal ampliude relecior range ampiuak probe position weaene g Figure C.3 — Pattorn 9 ultrasonic response C4 Pattern 4 ‘The secand variant of an extended rough reflector response, oblique Incidence, “travelling echo pattem”, is shown in Figure C.4, At any probe position the A-scan shows an extended train of signals (‘subsidiary peaks") ‘within a bell-shaped pulse envelope. As the probe is moved, each subsidiary peak travels through the pulse ‘envelope, rising to its own maximum towards the centre of the envelope, and then faling. The overall signal ‘may show large (greater than +6 dB) random fluctuations in amplitude. 2180 2010 Al ighis reserved “1180 23279:2010(E) x 4) probe position of Asean and varlation In signal amplitude 4 4 ') typleal occurrence in through thickness direction _c). typical occurrence in lateral (length) direction Key 1 Asean 2 pulse envelope 3. Variation in peak signal amplitude 4 refledor drange amplitude, x probe position Figuro C.4— Pattern 4 ultrasonic response 12 (©180 2010 ~ Arights reservedIso 28279:2010(E) ©. Pattern 5 ‘A mutiple reflector response 's shown In Figure CS. AL any prabe positon, the 4-scaf shows a cluster of aclswhich may or may not be well rasolved In range, As the probe Is moved ‘the signals rise and fell ot sole pat the signal from each separate reflector element, resolved, shows # pattem f response: bolls x a) probe position of A-scan and variation in signal amptitude Z ‘by pattern & ultrasonic response through thickness) patter 6 ultrasonic eopete in Jatoral (length) sirection direction Key 1 Asean 2 variation n peok signal empiitude continuous lines: long-range echoes dashed tines: short-range echoes range HL ampitede x probe position Figure 6.5 —Pattem 6 ultrasonic response 10190 2010- Ali reserod 48180 23279:2010(E) Bibliography fy ievels 4 180 11666, Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing of welded joints — Acceptance © 150 2010— A hs reserves