Tn Cominsoftwosemiindependent pans *Lampk exons se MACS PY FT sph Caplan + Lymphatic vests + Properties of phat esl. * Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves + Lymphoid isis and organs + One way sem omar the oat = Flu eas into lymph capilares * Lymphatic system feetons No pap * Capillaries ae anchored to connective * Transpo lad bak tthe lo rh nes oa the et by filaments “Ply even esinbody dete and > Minin en * Higher pressure onthe inside closes resistance disease + Recession yee Tne ectennae * Lymphatic collecting * Lymphatic collecting vessels vessels (continued) * Collects Imp += Retuins fluid to from lymph circulatory veins cpllacies ear the heart * Caries Iymph to + Righ yma ‘omen, and away from ose EE" lymph nodes + Thoracic dot a ae . * Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels * Filter lymph before its returned ot Materials returned to the blood ese ee * Macrophages engl nd destroy foreign substances + Racteria = Water + Viruses * Blood cells * Cancer cells + Lymphocytes — provide immune response * Proteins * Cell debris ‘wanigens Lymph Nodes eer ee sconce — + Outer part eu += Contains follicles ~ collections of = hyn + Meal = Inner part a +* Contains phagocytic macrophages re == oe coma e = Located on the left side of the abdomen + Lymph flows through a numberof sinuses "m@batieFantion Inside the node * Spleen ‘Lymph exits through efferent Iymphatic——_* Thymus vesels + Filters blood * Destroys worn out blood cells = Tonsils * Forms blood cells in the fetus + Fewer efferent than afferent vessels caUS6S Peyer's patches flow to bestowed * Acts as a blood reservoir* Loated ow inthe tha, oveyng the hear» Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the» Found in he wal ofthe small nestine * Functions t pak ees only drng peo + Resembl oni in structure childhood * Trap and remove bacteria and ther foreign mates + Capture and dest batra inthe intestine + races hanes ike thymosin © prota phys * Tonsilits is caused by congestion with bacteria * Nonspesifie defense system "The body is constantly in contact with Iactera, fungi, and vrases * Mechanisms rte against a vary of += The body has two defense systems for foreign + Responds immediately wo protect body —— from foreign materials “= Other small accumulations of lymphoid Menger deem eran. * Specific defense system ford ees a Acts asa sential to protect respiratory and oa ee aa imbrane Barriers — First Line} Eons ieee Shateeoan SER mem lon nemanes “Hl sn wi bo = 7 * Specialized human cells, = Chemicals produced by the body + Sebum is toxic bacteria + Vaginal secretions ae very aie Seared {carol and macrophages) + Secretes hydrochloric acid respiratory pathways the materi : = + Engulfs foeign + Has protein-digesting enzymes ‘materia ino * Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme ‘cme Enzymes fom * Mucus traps microogranisins in digestive and eae Premiers Functions of the Inflammatory Response| * Natural killer cells ‘Tagged her bey Heart * Prevents spread of damaging agents * Can lyse and kill cancer cells “SS ®t «= Disposes of cll debris and pathogens * Can destroy virus infeted eels = * Sethe tage for repair Pin + Rowing ptt Steps in the Inflammatory Response [antimicrobial Chemicals * Complement =A group of at Teast 20 plasma TET proteins B82) Complement % aul (continued) = * Activated nd —— = Damage foreign aaa = cell surfaces YEA? encounter and sos ccos ! atachtocells paeeceemeemee memes“ ie, (complement Eta cea am fixation) — | ——RUMEN [ever re Pic Defense: The Immune La * Abnormally high ody emperstire iter ee 7 * Amgen specie rcgnizes and acs aginst ypoatmas heat regulation canbe reset by * A * Anion * Secreted proteins of usin oo ee eee cel Parca ore sbsanss ars * Bind to healthy cll surfaces inhibit igh tempeatres init the release of ion "Sele ote he in ae viruses binding and zinc rom iver an spleen needed by tons heeeunn| bocce *asmenory recog ae mts a “Calman * Fever also increases the sped ofa repar SUEETRUA PION EMS ins nc cs OE SEIS * Any sibsance able exching te ime * Human cells have many surface proteins * Many small molecules (called haptens or Se ot ria erable be incomplete antigens) are not antigenic, but amples of common stig ur mmune cells donot atack our own Sn uh wth gu own proteins + Fosign tin Prot + nucle acide + Our cells n anther person's body can tigger * TH immune system may recognize and * Lange carbohydrates an immune response because they are foreign T°SPoNd toa protein-hapten combination * Some iis + Restricts donor for transplants * The immune response is harmful rather than Paes ge protective because it atacks our own cells + Micoospisns Wola * Lymphocytes et HES esis “og fobs hen wt SRpeane ane eames * B lymphocytes becoee immanocompetent in the Ses a specific antigen Boae muro a (SS + Tymptnges econ immunocompetent gS, EEE * The ining even activates the lymphocyte ‘thyme ae S = to undergo clonal selection agen [= * Alange number of clones reproduced * Arise fom monocytes ess EET (primary humoral response) * Become widely dsibuted nymph organs Zz (cure cere Mata * Memory cells are * Most B cells become plasma cells long-lived * Produce antibodies to destroy antigens — | =e * Activity lass forfour or five days response = * Some B cells become long-lived memory “Teeonday ies cells (secondary humoral response) ee longer lastingAntibodies are obtained fram someone ese Your B cells encounter anrigens * Confered natal from a mather whet and proioce| fetus anubodies * Confer atficly fom immune serum ‘or gamma globin * Active immunity «can be naturally oF aficially acquired Immunological memory doesnot occur + Protection provided by “borowed TSE * Soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma Four amino acid cells) chains linked by disulfide bonds * Capable of binding specifically to an antigen « Tyo identical amino acid chains are linked to forma heavy chain * Carried in blood plasma BRU * Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of * Antibodies of each class have slightly diferent roles pee * Five major immunoglobulin classes * Complement fixation * IgM can fix complement * IgA found mainly in mucus aioe * IgD — important in activation of B cell * Agglutination * IgG — can cross the placental barrier * Precipitation * IgE — involved in allergies * Antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell (antigen presentation) = —_— — “a GQ BEL eros * Tcels mus recognize nonself and se a Ea (Gouble recognition) San * Recruit the cells fight the snvaders * After aigen binding clones form as with Ef 22 * Inert direct wih B els calls but different classes of calls are = By ee 8) FR err causmn ‘Aatbodies prepared for linea testing or diagnose services * Produced from descendents of a single cell Tine + Examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies * Diagnosis of pregnancy * Treatment after exposure to hepats and abies ST "The other two identical chains are ure ion = we aD (4 Eitan Cytotoxic cells * Specialize in killing infected cells * Insert a toxic chemical (perforin) mmary of the Immune Response. * Suppressor T cells * Release chemical ta suppres the activi of Tand Bees * Stop dhe Immune response wo prevent, ‘uncontaled activity * A few members of ach ne are memory calls ELT * Majorypes of arts * Awogafts— ssi transplanted from one ‘et anateron these person * og tisue grafts from an identical person identical win) * Alogeats~ person tse taken from an unrelated * Xenowafts~tssue taken roma diferent animal species |Ca Pe Siena GN i nsitivity) Ainrea resin respons Types of allergies (continued) peso alles Fe * Autografts and isografts are ideal donors» imum ypenensiviy Delayed hypersensidvity “ngutenee isonet ys tindnge ———* Higgered by the release of lymphokines * Xenografs ae never succesful Ft from activete helper T cells * allografts are more successful witha closer “ine * Symptoms sully appear 13 day ater + te tec gr em pe contact with antigen tissue match Allergy Mechanisms Serer (tamer * Production or function of immune cells or ‘complement is abnormal * The immune sem does ot singush * May be congenital or acquired berveen self and nnselt * Includes AIDS ~ Acquired Immune * The boy poe andes andesite Deficiency Syndrome ‘Tiymphacyts hat tack i on sues Emcee en Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune again * Inefficient lymphocyte programming Peon ee enna) eS Appearance of self-proteins inthe circulation that have not been exposed to the immune * Examples of autoimmune diseases + Maliple sclesis white mate ofbrain and" Examples of autoimmune diseases spinal ord ae desyed (continued) system “Myatna gov impsisconmuncon yume pus entematois (SLE) — Bees See affets kidney, heat, lang and skin * Spe + hve ders = destroys panera bet ces hr produce insti * Glomerulonephrits— impairment of renal « Eye lens + Rhea destroys jis function Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses = Except for thymus and spleen, the lymphoid organs are poorly developed before birth Eelaoeeucsscec en * Gross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self-antigens = Rheumatic fever = If lymphatics are removed or lost, severe edema results, but vessels grow back in time * A newborn has no functioning lymphocytes at birth; only passive immunity from the mother