Ginmnncnecm io * Nose ee * Oversees gas exchangesbetwee th blood. * The only exteally visible par ofthe am _ and external environment respiratory system ae = = = Exchange of gases aks place within the" Air enters the nose through the exteral nares, = Jungs inte ave (costs spronchi BE - = Lungs - Sz _* Passageways tothe lungs purify, warm, and." ‘The interior of the nose consists of a nasal sew humidity he incosing sir cavity divided by a nasal septum Upper Respiratory Tract * olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa ‘on the superior surface "The est ofthe cavity ned with respiratory = Moistens aie = Taps incoming foreign particles eos * Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity + nesses alr eurbulence win the nasal caviy * Frontal bone * Lighten tesa + Te nasal cavity separated fom the oral *Speoid bone i eee “eet Actas sane canes fo speech + Amertr hard plate (ome) . * Pouce mucus that ans imo te nas + Posterior soft palate (scl) Load oe cay Ea aR SMachr sag iomadcny oye eT eT me) * Thee regions of he pharynx ™ Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx * Routes air and food into proper channels * Raggatiaryanseperior region behind scons ofthe pharyns * Plays a role in speech Pecans ~ me behind nt See eee * Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a olay niin noel spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage * The ropharyns ad laryagopharynx are i eel tee te eniglottis) cannon passageways for ait and fod * Lingual tonsits atthe base ofthe tongue EEO) "Thyroid cartilage ‘Structures of the La * Connects larynx with bronchi * Largest hyaline cartilage * Vocal cord (vocal folds) “Lined wih ated mucosa * Protrules anteriorly (Adam's apple) * Vibrate with expelled air to create sound . aenean ee ie (speech) “= Expel mucus loaded with dust and other + supetior opening ofthe ary debris away fom hngs * Routes food to the larynx and airtovard ” Glotis- opening berween vocal cords = Was are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline the trachea cardege = Formed by division of the trachea * Occupy mos of the thoracic cavity * Enters the lung at the hilus ‘= Apex is near the clavicle superior portion) (amedial depression) * Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior * Right bronchus is wider, shorter, Prson) and straighter than left * Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures * Bronchi subdivide into smaller * Lett ing 0 lobes and smaller branches * Right ang — three besLungs a * Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung, surface * Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity * Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding * Secondary bronchi = Smallest ) % ee branches of a & * Tertiary bronchi + alba ihe the bronchi a, Salt * Bronchioli sence - ® * Terminal bronchioli ‘loca ~ el = Structures * Sructure of alveoli * Respiratory bronchioli _* Alveolar duct * Alveolar duct Ne aeaaa “Rem ) * Alveoli bee onchioles _ *= Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barren mente yt "Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar ee ere) walls oe j= * Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli Events of Respiration 5 * Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by lati ing atin and * Resvittory eas transport — transport of diffusion Pulmonary ventilation moving ain and. * Erman earn dole va he * Oxygen enters the blood, out ofthe lungs ania * internal respiration ~ gos exchange between Blood and tssue cllsin systemic capillaries ee * Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli " External respiration - gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli * Macrophages add protection * Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar surfacesVentilation) Ventilation) * Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract * Completely mechanical process * Two phases * The size ofthe thoracic cavity increases “Depends on volume changes inthe thoracic inspiration ~flow of air nto lung Estemal air is pulled into the langs due to an cavity = Volume changes lead presse change,_* Expiration ~arleving lang increase in intrapulmonary volume ‘which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure een — * Largely a passive process which depends on satura Tang elasticity = * As muscles relax, alr is pushed ou ofthe Ings * Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal imtercostal muscles to depress the eb cage (eee * Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions od oor DOESN - exampies * Gough and sneeze — clears lungs of debris * Normal pressure within the pleural space is always negative (intapleural pressure) * Laughing * Differences in ung and pleural space “crying Pressures keep lungs from collapsing * Yawn * Hiceup spi mE Normal beating moves ou far wis LA ‘och ret (dl ume TV) * Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) * Many ars tat ae epieycpaciy + Armount far tt canbe ae in forty” Residual volume 2 ae * Air remaining in lung after expiration See * Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml Ae *Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) aan oe * Amount of ar tht canbe forcibly exhale * Residual vlume of ar—afterexaltion, about 120 ml of aera inthe ngs * Approximately 1200 ml (eae Respiratory Volumes and Capacities [Res Volumes and Capacities ** Vital capacity Functional volume * The total amount of exchangeable air * Air that actually reaches the respiratory wel * Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV zone ra i Pies * Usually abou 360ml iz Se * Aicthatremins in conducting zone and. * Respiratory capacities are measured with a ‘= never reaches alvel spirometer 7 * About 150 mi"Sounds are monitored with a stethoscope ~ Oxy movement nto the boo Carbon dioxide movement out ofthe blond "Bronchial sounds — produced by ar rushing "yey avs Bek more onsen han Concentrate bon dower ‘through trachea and bronchi cope oven diusion cd the inthealveol « Vesiclar breathing sounds ~ soft sounds of Sex of lower concentstion “ramos pay bod ep air illing alveoli + Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen "Boo leaving the lungs Is oxygen-teh and ‘xbon daxide-poor : * Oxygen transport inthe loo * Exchange of gases between blod and bh ° aaa Caton dixie anspor inthe Bou ce a * Inside re blood cells tached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin[HbO:)) ec epeyetanle * Ameppete acon nah oc ae hinge + small amon i cased ide ed blac + A small amounts caved dsslved inthe Plosma een * Carbon dosde fuses ou of tissue o inn te tan hse of oxypon Bleed * Oxygen dfs from blood int ds iernal Respiration, Gas Transport, and Pier acer ies ees ar ene ye Loge k a & * k a= roma ‘bean by the pesca meet eres — = it SOE ee ed a z(\ = = esa EQ re "The pons appears to smocth oat respiratny rae a 7 Reet oar ene eas \ ura =~ ‘een dnt foam ‘eran hse * Volition (conscious contol) =, eae espiratory Disorders: Ch Factors inuencing Respiratory Rate and | boom So eee Eas Pea See * Chemical fats (ominued) Exempliled by chosicboaeis and * Chemica Oxygen levels copter * carton ieee a oe Major causes of death andi inthe ‘chp hr ret te dec yeep te nied Sates eeman + rlomon sm oie ea tengaee eer arr Cet een "Features ofthese diseases Features of these diseases (continued) + Patient almost always hve history of, smoking ote breathing (yspnea becomes hyposicand have respiratory acidosis progressively more severe * Coughing an fequent pulmonary infections are common resprtary fale errs (eo) * Mucosa ofthe lower espratrypasoges becomes Severely nae "Mucus production neeases Pooled mocts imps venation and gs ‘exchange “Risk flung nection nrases += Hypoxia and cyanosis occurearty ——— oem ao ee ee er Seeeeeiestessiome ons ae "One thd of cases appear tbe due to hear ‘ti abaomalles erry von * Elasicity of ings decreases ce important ich dees * Vital capaci decreases * Cyt ideo oversertion of thick eas clogs the respira sem " Blood oxygen evels decrease * Stimulating effec of earbon dioxide decreases * Clt plate "More risks of espiatory rae infection * Most wctimes retain carbon oxide, ae ‘Those infected wil ukimately develop ope Alo enage as acer chambers ak hough + onic iaammaion roma ag fibrosis = Airways collapse ding exprton + Palen use age aan nergy exhale + Overinton ofthe ngs leads a permaneny + Cyan appease in te dsease ™ Accounts for 1 ofall cancer deaths in the United States “Increased incidence associated with smoking = The common types * Squamous cll carcinoma, + Adenocarcinoma * Smal el earcinoma eee eect! Lungs ace filled with flu in he fetus * Lungs are not fully inflated with ir unt wo weeks ater birth * Surfactant that lowers alveolar surface tension Is not present unt! late in fetal development and may not be preseat in premature babies Sereno rs Sct) Life * Newhoms ~ 40 to 80 respirations per minute * Infants ~ 30 respirations per minute = Age 5 ~25 respirations per minute * Adults ~12 to 18 respirations per minute * Rate often increases somewhat with old age