A.

Post behaviouralism

Post Behaviouralism is a protest movement against Behaviouralism, which emerged with some
of the Behaviourailsts like David Easton who was originally one of the leading advocates of
behavioural revolution. According to the advocates of the Post Behaviouralism, the
Behaviourailsts instead of studying: political problems of the society began to waste their time in
developing tools and techniques and on such concepts as value free investigation of political
problems. They also felt that the Behaviourailsts were doing irrelevant research not touching
problems of social change, and even of revolution. So, along with David Easton, some
Behaviourailsts announced a new revolution in 1969. popularly known as Post Behaviouralism
Revolution that represented a shift of focus from strict methodological issues to a greater
concern with public responsibilities.

E. Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire is an economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are
free from or almost free from any form of economic interventionism such as regulation and
subsidies. As a system of thought, laissez-faire rests on the axioms[1] that the individual is the
basic unit in society and has a natural right to freedom; that the physical order of nature is a
harmonious and self-regulating system; and that corporations are creatures of the state and
therefore the citizens must watch them closely due to their propensity to disrupt the Smithian
spontaneous order.

F. Difference between normative approach and empirical approach.

Answer.

1. the empirical approach seeks to discover and describe facts whereas the normative approach
seeks to determine and prescribe values.

2. The empirical approach aims at making an empirical statement which is concerned with ‘is’
whereas the normative approach aims at making a normative statement which is concerned
with what ‘ought to be’ or ‘ should be’.

3. The crucial point is that empirical statement is concerned with a situation which can be
observed by our sense-experience, which can be verified by repeated observation and whose
accuracy can be tested. On the other hand, a normative statement tends to express preference
for a particular type of order as dictated by a sense of duty or universal need or by commitment
to moral principle or ideal. Normative statements are not capable of being discovered, described
or verified by our sense-experience.

4. A normative statement requires something to be done in order to serve an intrinsic

value-which is an end-in-itself (eg. the truth, the good, the beautiful). On the other hand, an
empirical statement requiring something to be done is intended to serve an instrumental value –
which is a means to some higher end (eg. ‘Do regular exercise to improve your health’).

5. The empirical approach remains largely descriptive while the normative approach is mainly
prescriptive.