Java Material

Chapter - I
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF OBJECT
Java is an Object-Oriented Language. As a language that has the Object Oriented feature,
Java supports the following fundamental concepts:
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation
• Abstraction
• Classes
• Objects
• Instance
• Method
• Message Parsing
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch, etc. Object-
Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and
objects. It simplifies software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:
• Object
• Class
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
Apart from these concepts, there are some other terms which are used in Object-Oriented
design:
• Coupling
• Cohesion
• Association
• Aggregation
• Composition
Object
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.
An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an address and takes up
some space in memory. Objects can communicate without knowing the details of each other's
data or code. The only necessary thing is the type of message accepted and the type of response
returned by the objects.
Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed, etc. as well as
behaviors like wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.
Object Definitions:
• An object is a real-world entity.

• An object is a runtime entity.
• The object is an entity which has state and behavior.
• The object is an instance of a class.
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• State: represents the data (value) of an object.

• Behavior: represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such as deposit,
withdraw, etc.
• Identity: An object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID. The value of the
ID is not visible to the external user. However, it is used internally by the JVM to
identify each object uniquely.
Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual object. Class
doesn't consume any space.
A class in Java can contain:
• Fields
• Methods
• Constructors
• Blocks
• Nested class and interface
Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known as
inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.
Polymorphism
If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example: to

convince the customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle, rectangle,
etc.
In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.
Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog barks woof,
etc.
Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example phone
call, we don't know the internal processing.
In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.
Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as encapsulation. For
example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.
A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because all
the data members are private here.
Coupling
Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of another class. It arises when
classes are aware of each other. If a class has the details information of another class, there is
strong coupling. In Java, we use private, protected, and public modifiers to display the visibility
level of a class, method, and field. You can use interfaces for the weaker coupling because there
is no concrete implementation.
Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the level of a component which performs a single well-defined task. A single
well-defined task is done by a highly cohesive method. The weakly cohesive method will split
the task into separate parts. The java.io package is a highly cohesive package because it has I/O
related classes and interface. However, the java.util package is a weakly cohesive package
because it has unrelated classes and interfaces.
Association
Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one object can be associated
with one object or many objects. There can be four types of association between the objects:
• One to One
• One to Many
• Many to One, and
• Many to Many
Let's understand the relationship with real-time examples. For example, One country can have
one prime minister (one to one), and a prime minister can have many ministers (one to many).
Also, many MP's can have one prime minister (many to one), and many ministers can have many
departments (many to many).
Association can be undirectional or bidirectional.
Aggregation
Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation represents the relationship where one
object contains other objects as a part of its state. It represents the weak relationship between
objects. It is also termed as a has-a relationship in Java. Like, inheritance represents the is-
a relationship. It is another way to reuse objects.
Composition
The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The composition represents the
relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. There is a strong
relationship between the containing object and the dependent object. It is the state where
containing objects do not have an independent existence. If you delete the parent object, all the
child objects will be deleted automatically.
3. OBJECT ORIENTED PARADIGM
• The first object–oriented language was Simula developed in 1960 by researchers at the
Norwegian Computing Center.
• In 1970, Alan Kay and his research group at Xerox PARK created a personal computer
named Dynabook and the first pure object-oriented programming language (OOPL) -
Smalltalk, for programming the Dynabook.
• In the 1980s, Grady Booch published a paper titled Object Oriented Design that mainly
presented a design for the programming language, Ada. In the ensuing editions, he
extended his ideas to a complete object–oriented design method.
• In the 1990s, Coad incorporated behavioral ideas to object-oriented methods.
The other significant innovations were Object Modeling Techniques (OMT) by James Rumbaing
and Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE) by Ivar Jacobson.
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
The important features of object–oriented programming are:
• Bottom–up approach in program design
• Programs organized around objects, grouped in classes
• Focus on data with methods to operate upon object’s data
• Interaction between objects through functions
• Reusability of design through creation of new classes by adding features to existing
classes
4. BASIC CONCEPTS OF OBJECT
Java is an Object-Oriented Language. Java supports the following
fundamental concepts:
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation
• Abstraction
• Classes
• Objects
• Instance
• Method
• Message Parsing.
• Object - Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color, name,
breed as well as behaviors -wagging, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class.
• Class - A class can be defined as a template/blue print that describes the behaviors/states
that object of its type support
5. BENEFITS OF OOP
The main advantages are
• It is easy to model a real system as real objects are represented by programming
objects in OOP.
With the help of inheritance, we can reuse the existing class. This saves time and
cost of program.
• In OOP, data can be made private to a class such that only member functions of the
class can access the data.
• With the help of polymorphism, the same function or same operator can be used for
different purposes. This helps to manage software complexity easily.
• Large problems can be reduced to smaller and more manageable problems. It is easy
to partition the work in a project based on objects.
6. APPLICATIONS OF OOP
Main application areas of OOP are
• User interface design such as windows, menu ,…
• Real Time Systems
• Simulation and Modeling
• Object oriented databases
• AI and Expert System
• Neural Networks and parallel programming
• Decision support and office automation system
•
7. JAVA EVOLUTION: JAVA HISTORY
• Java began life in 1991 as a programming language for consumer electronics
devices at Sun Microsystems, Inc.
• The engineers decided to create a new language called Oak, built specifically for
their task.
• Oak was based on C++ but lacked certain C++ features known to be a common
source of programming errors. It also had additional features not found in C++.
▪ A preliminary (alpha) version of Java and HotJava was made widely available
over the Internet as part of a free Java Developer’s Kit (JDK
▪ The experiences of users and developers who experimented with Java were
helpful to Sun engineers, who released a second (beta) version of the JDK that incorporated
suggested improvements and corrections.
▪ In 1996, Netscape Communications Corp. announced that support for Java applets
would be included in version 2.0 of its Navigator browser.
▪ Later that year Microsoft followed suit by announcing Java support for its
Internet Explorer version 3.0. The Java revolution was on!
8. JAVA FEATURES
The new J2 versions were renamed as Java SE, Java EE and Java ME respectively. Java
is guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere.
• Object Oriented
• Platform independent
• Simple
• Secure
• Architectural-neutral
• Portable
• Robust
• Multithreaded
• Interpreted
• High Performance
• Distributed
• Dynamic
9. HOW JAVA DIFFERS FROM C AND C++
POINTERS
Java does not have an explicit pointer type. Instead of pointers, all references to
objects are accomplished by using implicit references.
References also allow structures such as linked lists to be created easily in Java without
explicit pointers;
ARRAYS:
Arrays in Java are first class objects, and references to arrays and their contents are
accomplished through implicit references rather than via point arithmetic.
Arrays of objects are arrays of references that are not automatically initialized to
contain actual objects.
Java does not support multidimensional arrays as in C and C++.
STRINGS:
Strings in C and C++ are arrays of characters, terminated by a null character (‘
\0’).
Strings in Java are objects, and all methods that operate on strings can treat the
string as a complete entity. Strings are not terminated by a null.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT:
All memory management in Java is automatic; memory is allocated automatically
when an object is created, and a run-time garbage collector (the “gc”) frees that memory when
the object is no longer in use. C’s malloc() and free() functions do not exist in Java.
DATA TYPES:
Java primitive data types (char, int, long, and so on) have consistent sizes and
behavior across platforms and operating systems.
The Boolean primitive data type can have two values: true or false. Boolean is not
an integer, nor can it be treated as one, although you can cast 0 or 1 (integers) to boolean types in
Java.
Composite data types are accomplished in Java exclusively through the use of
class definitions. The struct, union, and typedef keywords have all been removed in favor of
classes.
OPERATORS:
Operator precedence and association behaves as it does in C.
Operator overloading, as in C++, cannot be accomplished in Java. The, operator of C has been
deleted.
The + operator can be used to concatenate strings.
CONTROL FLOW
Although the if, while, for, and do-while statements in Java are syntactically the
same as they are in C and C++, there is one significant difference. The test expression for
each control flow construct must return an actual boolean value (true or false). In C and C++,
the expression can return an integer.
ARGUMENTS
Java does not support mechanisms for variable-length argument lists to functions
as in C and C++. All method definitions must have a specific number of arguments.
Command-line arguments in Java behave differently from those in C and C++. The first
element in the argument vector (argv[0]) in C and C++ is the name of the program itself; in
Java, that first argument is the first of the additional arguments. In other words, in Java,
argv[0] is argv[1] in C and C++; there is no way to get hold of the actual name of the Java
program.
OTHER DIFFERENCES
• Java does not have a preprocessor, and as such, does not have #defines or macros.
Constants can be created by using the final modifier when declaring class and
instance variables.
• Java does not have template classes as in C++.
• Java does not include C’s const keyword or the ability to pass by const reference
explicitly.
• Java classes are singly inherited, with some multiple-inheritance features provided
through interfaces.
• All functions must be methods. There are no functions that are not tied to classes.
• The goto keyword does not exist in Java (it’s a reserved word, but currently
unimplemented). You can, however, use labeled breaks and continues to break out of
and continue executing complex switch or loop constructs.
10. OVERVIEW OF JAVA LANGUAGE
To create a simple java program, you need to create a class that contains main method.
Let's understand the requirement first.
11. REQUIREMENT FOR HELLO JAVA EXAMPLE
For executing any java program, you need to
• install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the JDK and install it.
• set path of the jdk/bin directory.
• create the java program
• compile and run the java program
12. CREATING HELLO JAVA EXAMPLE
1. class Simple{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println("Hello Java");
4. }
5. }
save this file as Simple.java
To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple
Output: Hello Java
13. JAVA PROGRAM STRUCTURE

Let’s use example of HelloWorld Java program to understand structure and
features of class. This program is written on few lines, and its only task is to print “Hello World
from Java” on the screen. Refer the following picture.
14. JAVA TOKENS
A Java program is basically a collection of classes. A class is defined by a set of
declaration statements and methods containing executable statements. Most statements contain
expressions, which describe the actions carried out on data. Smallest individual unit in a program
are known as tokens. The compiler recognizes them for building up expressions and statements.
15. JAVA CHARACTER SET
The smallest units of Java language are the characters used to write Java tokens. These
characters are defined by the Unicode character set, and emerging standard that tries to create
characters for a large number of scripts worldwide.
16. KEYWORDS IN JAVA
Java Keywords also called a reserved word. Keywords are identifiers that Java reserves
for its own use. These identifiers have built-in meanings that cannot change. There are 49
reserved keywords currently defined in the Java language and they are shown in the below table.
Eg. Boolean, interface, abstract
17. IDENTIFIERS
Identifiers are programmer-designed tokens. They can have alphabets, digits, and the
underscore and dollar sign characters.
1. They must not begin with a digit.
2. Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct.
3. They can be of any length.
Example:
average sum dayTemperature firstDayO Batch_strength
TOTAL F_MAX PRINCIPAL_AMOUNT
18. LITERALS
A literal is the source code representation of a fixed value. Literals in Java is a
sequence of characters (digits, letters, and other characters) that represent constant values to be
stored in variables. Integer literals
• Floating literals
• Character literals
• String literals
19. LITERALS IN JAVA

Literals in Java are a sequence of characters (digits, letters, and other characters) that
represent constant values to be stored in variables. Java language specifies five major types of
literals.
1. Integer literals
2. Floating-point literals
3. Character literals
4. String literals
5. Null literals
6. Boolean literals
20. OPERATORS SUPPORTED BY JAVA LANGUAGE

Java operators can be classified into a number of related categories as below:
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
+ Additive operator (also used for String concatenation) - Subtraction operator

* Multiplication operator / Division operator % Remainder operator
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
== Equal to != Not equal to > Greater than >= Greater than or equal to
< Less than <= Less than or equal to
LOGICAL OPERATORS
&& Logical AND || Logical OR ! Logical NOT
ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS = Assignment
INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS

++ Adds 1 to the Operand -- Subtracts 1 from the Operand
CONDITIONAL OPERATORS ?: Ternary (shorthand for if-then-else statement)
BITWISE OPERATORS
~ Unary bitwise complement << Signed left shift >> Signed right shift
>>> Unsigned right shift & Bitwise AND ^ Bitwise exclusive OR | Bitwise
inclusive OR
SPECIAL OPERATORS
(Dot Operator) - To access instance variable
instanceof - Object reference Operator
21. SEPARATORS
Separators help define the structure of a program. The separators used in HelloWorld are
parentheses, ( ), braces, { }, the period, ., and the semicolon, ;. The table lists the six Java
separators (nine if you count opening and closing separators as two). Following are the some
characters which are generally used as the separators in Java.
Separator Name Use
.Period ,Comma ;Semicolon ()Parenthesis {}Braces []Brackets
22. JAVA STATEMENT

STATEMENTS
Statements are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural languages. A statement
forms a complete unit of execution. The following types of expressions can be made into a
statement by terminating the expression with a semicolon (;).
• Assignment expressions
• Any use of ++ or --
• Method invocations
• Object creation expressions
Such statements are called expression statements. Here are some examples of expression
statements.
// assignment statement
aValue = 8933.234;
// increment statement
aValue++;
// method invocation statement
System.out.println("Hello World!");
// object creation statement
Bicycle myBike = new Bicycle();
23. JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
JVM (JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE)
1. Java Virtual Machine
2. Internal Architecture of JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides runtime
environment in which java bytecode can be executed.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e.JVM is plateform dependent).
WHAT IS JVM?
It is:
• A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But implementation
provider is independent to choose the algorithm. Its implementation has been provided by
Sun and other companies.
• An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime Environment).
• Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to run
the java class, and instance of JVM is created.
WHAT IT DOES?
The JVM performs following operation:
• Loads code
• Verifies code
• Executes code
• Provides runtime environment
JVM provides definitions for the:
• Memory area
• Class file format
• Register set
• Garbage-collected heap
• Fatal error reporting etc.
24. CONSTANTS
A constant in Java is used to map an exact and unchanging value to a
variable name. Constants are used in programming to make code a bit more robust and human
readable.
25. VARIABLES
A variable provides us with named storage that our programs can manipulate.
Each variable in Java has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's
memory.
The basic form of a variable declaration is shown here:
data type variable [ = value][, variable [= value] ...] ;
Here data type is one of Java's data types and variable is the name of the variable.
Following are valid examples of variable declaration and initialization in Java:
int a, b, c; // Declares three ints, a, b, and c.
int a = 10, b = 10; // Example of initialization
byte B = 22; // initializes a byte type variable B.
double pi = 3.14159; // declares and assigns a value of PI.
char a = 'a'; // the char variable a iis initialized with value 'a'
26. DATA TYPES IN JAVA

There are two data types available in Java:
• Primitive Data Types
• Reference/Object Data Types
PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES:
There are eight primitive data types supported by Java. Primitive data types are
predefined by the language and named by a keyword. Let us now look into detail about the eight
primitive data types.
BYTE:
• Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer.
• Example: byte a = 100 , byte b = -50
SHORT:
• Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer.
• Default value is 0.
• Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000
INT:
• Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer.
• The default value is 0.
• Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000
LONG:
• Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer.
• Default value is 0L.
• Example: long a = 100000L, long b = -200000L
FLOAT:
• Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
• Example: float f1 = 234.5f
DOUBLE:
• double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
• Default value is 0.0d.
• Example: double d1 = 123.4
BOOLEAN:
• boolean data type represents one bit of information.
• There are only two possible values: true and false.
• Default value is false.
• Example: boolean one = true
CHAR:
• char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character.
• Char data type is used to store any character.
• Example: char letterA ='A'
REFERENCE DATA TYPES:
• Reference variables are created using defined constructors of the classes.
• Class objects, and various type of array variables come under reference data type.
• Default value of any reference variable is null.
• A reference variable can be used to refer to any object of the declared type or any
compatible type.
• Example: Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe");
JAVA LITERALS:
A literal is a source code representation of a fixed value. They are represented directly in
the code without any computation.
Literals can be assigned to any primitive type variable. For example:
byte a = 68;
char a = 'A'
byte, int, long, and short can be expressed in decimal(base 10), hexadecimal(base 16) or
octal(base 8) number systems as well.
Prefix 0 is used to indicate octal and prefix 0x indicates hexadecimal when using these
number systems for literals. For example:
int decimal = 100;
int octal = 0144;
int hexa = 0x64;
Examples of string literals are:
"Hello World"
"two\nlines"
"\"This is in quotes\""
String and char types of literals can contain any Unicode characters. For example:
char a = '\u0001';
String a = "\u0001";
Java language supports few special escape sequences for String and char literals as well. They
are:
NOTATION CHARACTER REPRESENTED

\n Newline \r Carriage return \f Formfeed
\b Backspace \s Space \t tab \" Double quote
\' Single quote \\ backslash
\ddd Octal character \uxxxx Hexadecimal UNICODE character
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Java programming is a ----------------

a. Structure oriented programming b. Object oriented programming c. a & b
d. none of the above
2. What is object oriented programming------------------
a. object b. class c.methods d. all the above
3. What is object?
a. Data & Methods b. Data & object C. Data & class d. none of the above
4. Object may be communicate with the--------------
a. Through object b. Through class c.Through methods d.Through data
5. Java program follows approach in program design
a. Top-up approach b. bottom-up approach c. a & b d. none of the above
6. Object are the basic ----------------- in an object-oriented systems
a. runtime entities b. compiler time entities c. debug time entities d. all of the
above
7. What is Data Abstraction and Encapsulation--------------------
a. Data & objects b. Data & Methods c. Data Class d. Data & concepts
8. What is Dynamic Binding ------------------?
a. Procedure methods b. Procedure class c. Procedure objects d.
Procedure calls
9. Java Message communication can be supported -----------------
a. Sending b. Receiving c. a & b d .none of the above
10. What is application of OOP?
a. Real time system b. Object oriented data base c. CAD system d. all of the
above
11. Java Developed year & place
a.1995, USA b.1991, USA c.1998, USA d.1999, USA
12. J2SE with SDK 1.3 was released
a.2000 b.2001 c. 2002 d. 2003
a.2000 b.2001 c. 2002 d. 2003
a.2001 b.2002 c. 2003 d. 2004
15. The java does not support----------------------
a. operator overloading b. method overloading c. a & b d. none of the
above
16.The java does not support --------------
a. variables b. operators c. methods d. Global variable
17. Which one of the java token
a. Identifiers b. Operators c. Literals d. all the above
18. What is Literals
a. Characters b. methods c. class d.object
19. Java supported Memory
a. 8 KB b. 8 GB c. 8 MB d. 16 MB
20. Java does not supported
a. template b. objects c. class d. methods
3 MARKS:
1. Introduction to the object oriented programming?
2. Explain the details about the object-oriented paradigm?
3. List out the basic concepts of object-oriented programming?
4. Explain to the objects and classes?
5. Write the benefits of object-oriented programming?
6. Explain to the application of object-oriented programming?
7. Explain to the java history?
8. Explain to the java features?
9. Write the concept of compiled and interpreted?
10. Write the concept of platform-independend and portable?
11. Write the concept of robust and secure?
12. Write the concept of distributed?
13. Write the concept of desktop client?
14. How java differs from c & c++?
15. Write the concept of java tokens?
16. Explain to the details of java statements?
17. Explain to the java virtual machine?
18. Write the concept constants?
19. Explain to the concept of variables?
20. Explain to the concept of the data types?
6 MARKS:
1. Briefly explain to the concept of object-oriented programming?
2. Write the notes on object-oriented paradigm?
3. Explain to the basic concept of object-oriented programming?
4. Write the concept of benefits of object oriented programming?
5. Explain to the concept of application of OOP?
6. Write the notes on java history?
7. Write the concept of java features?
8. How java differs from c & C++?
9. Write the concept of java program structure?
10. Explain to the concept of java tokens?
11. Write the concept of java statement?
12. Write the concept of java virtual machine?
13. Explain to the details about data types in java?
Chapter – II
1. OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS: INTRODUCTION
Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. We can divide all the Java operators
into the following groups:
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Logical Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Misc Operators
2. TYPES OF OPERATORS
THE ARITHMETIC OPERATORS:
Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions in the same

way that they are used in algebra. The following table lists the arithmetic operators:
Assume integer variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
1 + ( Addition )
2 - ( Subtraction )
3 * ( Multiplication )
4 / (Division)
5 % (Modulus)
6 ++ (Increment)
7 -- ( Decrement )
THE RELATIONAL OPERATORS:
There are following relational operators supported by Java language

1 == (equal to)
2 != (not equal to)

3 > (greater than)
4 < (less than)
5 >= (greater than or equal to)
6 <= (less than or equal to)
THE BITWISE OPERATORS:

Java defines several bitwise operators, which can be applied to the integer types,
long, int, short, char, and byte.
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. Assume if a =
60; and b = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows:
The following are the bitwise operators:
1 & (bitwise and)

2 | (bitwise or)
3 ^ (bitwise XOR)
4 ~ (bitwise compliment)
5 << (left shift)
6 >> (right shift)
7 >>> (zero fill right shift)
THE LOGICAL OPERATORS:
The following table lists the logical operators:
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION
1 && (logical and)
2 || (logical or)
3 ! (logical not)
THE ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS:
There are following assignment operators supported by Java language:
1 =
2 +=
3 -=
4 *=
5 /=
6 %=
7 <<=
8 >>=
9 &=
10 ^=
11 |=
PRECEDENCE OF JAVA OPERATORS:

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This
affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for
example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator:
For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has

higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
3. TYPE CONVERSION
TYPE CASTING
Assigning a value of one type to a variable of another type is known as Type Casting.
EXAMPLE :
int x = 10;
byte y = (byte)x;
In Java, type casting is classified into two types,
• Widening Casting(Implicit)
• Narrowing Casting(Explicitly done)
Widening or Automatic type conversion

Automatic Type casting take place when,
• The two types are compatible

• The target type is larger than the source type
NARROWING OR EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
When you are assigning a larger type value to a variable of smaller type, then you need to
perform explicit type casting.
4. DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING & LOOPING: INTRODUCTION
DECISION MAKING WITH IF STATEMENT:

An if statement tests a particular condition; if the condition evaluates to
true , a course of action is followed i.e a statement or set of statements is executed . Otherwise (if
the condition evaluates to false) ,the course-of-action is ignored.
The if statement may be implemented in different forms depending on the complexity of
conditions to be tested.
• Simple if statement
• if....else statement
• Nested if....else statement
• else if ladder
SIMPLE IF STATEMENT:
The syntax of the if statement is shown below:
if(expression)
statements;
Where a statement may consist of a single statement , a compound statement, or nothing. The
expression must be enclosed in parentheses. If the expression evaluates to true, the statement is
executed, otherwise ignored.
Example:
if(a>10)
if(b<15)
c=(a-b)*(a+b);
If the value of a is greater than 10, then the following statement is executed which in turn is
another if statement. This if statement tests b and if b is less than 15, then c is calculated.
THE IF....ELSE STATEMENT:
This form of if allows either-or condition by providing an else
clause. The syntax of the if-else statement is the following:
if(expression)
statement-1;
else
statement-2;
If the expression evaluates to true i.e., a non-zero value, the statement-1 is executed, otherwise
statement-2 is executed. The statement-1 and statement-2 can be a single statement, or a
compound statement, or a null statement.
Example:
int a,b;
if(a<=b)
a=0;
else
b=0;
NESTED IF....ELSE STATEMENT:
A Nested if is an if that has another if in it's 'if's' body or in it's
else's body. The nested if can have one of the following three forms:
1. if(expression1)
{
if(expression2)
statement-1;
else
statement-2;
}
else
body of else;
2. if(expression1)
body-of-if;
else
{
if(expression2)
statement-1;
else
statement-2;
}
3. if(expression1)
{
if(expression2)
statement-1;
else
statement-2;
}
else
{
if(expression3)
statement-3;
else
statement-4;
}
THE ELSE-IF LADDER:
A common programming construct in the java is the if-else-if ladder ,
which is often also called the if-else-if staircase because of it's appearence.
It takes the following general form:

if(expression1) statement1;
else
else
:
else statement n;
SWITCH
Java provides a multiple branch selection statement known as switch. This

selection statement successively tests the value of an expression against a list of integer or
character constants. When a match is found, the statements associated with that constant are
executed.
The general form of switch is:
switch(expression)
{
case value1:
Codesegment 1
case value2:
Codesegment 2
...
case valuen:
Codesegment n
default:
default Codesegment
}
A switch statement is used for multiple way selection that will branch to different code
segments based on the value of a variable or an expression .
CONDITIONAL OPERATORS
Java has an operator that can be used as an alternative to if statement. You are familier
with this operator, the conditional operator ?: This operator can be used to relace if-else
statements of the general form:
if (expression 1)
expression 2;
else
expression 3;
The above form of if can be alternativlely written using ?: as follows:
expression 1? expression 2: expression 3;
THE WHILE STATEMENT:

The most simple and general looping structure available in
java is the while statement. The syntax of while loop is:
while(condition)
{
// loop-body
}
Where the loop body may contain a single statement, a compound statement or an empty
statement. The loop iterates while the condition evaluates to true. When the expression becomes
false, the program control passes to the line after the loop body code.
Do
Unlike the while loop, the do-while is an exit-controlled loop i.e it evaluates its text-expression
at the bottom of the loop after executing it's loop-body statements. This means that a do-while
loop always executes at least once. The syntax of the do-while loop is:
do
{
loop-body;
}
while(condition);
FOR STATEMENTS
The for loop is the easiest to understand of the java loops. All its loop-control elements are
gathered in one place (on the top of the loop), while in the other loop construction of C++ ,
they( top-contol elements) are scattered about the program. The Syntax of the for loop
statement is:
for( initialization expression(s); test condition; update expression)

{
loop-body;
}
//program showing usage of for loop
5. CLASSES,OBJECTS AND METHODS:
INTRODUCTION:
Object - Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color, name,
breed as well as behaviors -wagging, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class.
• Class - A class can be defined as a template/blue print that describes the behaviors/states
that object of its type support.
6. METHODS:
A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an
operation. When you call the System.out.println() method, for example, the system actually
executes several statements in order to display a message on the console.
CREATING METHOD:
Considering the following example to explain the syntax of a method:
public static int method Name(int a, int b) {
// body
}
Here,
• public static : modifier.

• int: return type
• method Name: name of the method
• a, b: formal parameters
• int a, int b: list of parameters
Method definition consists of a method header and a method body. The same is shown below:
modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {

// method body
}
The syntax shown above includes:
• modifier: It defines the access type of the method and it is optional to use.
• returnType: Method may return a value.
• nameOfMethod: This is the method name. The method signature consists of the method
name and the parameter list.
• Parameter List: The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of parameters of
a method. These are optional, method may contain zero parameters.
• method body: The method body defines what the method does with statements.
METHOD CALLING:
For using a method, it should be called. There are two ways in which a method is
called i.e. method returns a value or returning nothing (no return value).
The process of method calling is simple. When a program invokes a method, the
program control gets transferred to the called method. This called method then returns control to
the caller in two conditions, when:
• return statement is executed.

• reaches the method ending closing brace.
THE VOID KEYWORD:

The void keyword allows us to create methods which do not return a value. Here,
in the following example we're considering a void method methodRankPoints. This method is a
void method which does not return any value. Call to a void method must be a statement i.e.
methodRankPoints(255.7);. It is a Java statement which ends with a semicolon as shown below.
PASSING PARAMETERS BY VALUE:

While working under calling process, arguments is to be passed. These should be
in the same order as their respective parameters in the method specification. Parameters can be
passed by value or by reference.
Passing Parameters by Value means calling a method with a parameter. Through

this the argument value is passed to the parameter.
6, DEFINING A CLASS
CLASSES IN JAVA:
A class is a blue print from which individual objects are created.

A sample of a class is given below:
public class Dog{
String breed;
int ageC
String color;
void barking(){
}
void hungry(){
}
void sleeping(){
}
}
A class can contain any of the following variable types.
• Local variables
• Instance variables
• Class variables
7.METHOD DECLARATION
DEFINING METHODS
Here is an example of a typical method declaration:
public double calculateAnswer(double wingSpan, int numberOfEngines,

double length, double grossTons) {
//do the calculation here
}
The only required elements of a method declaration are the method's return type, name, a pair of
parentheses, (), and a body between braces, {}.
NAMING A METHOD
Although a method name can be any legal identifier, code conventions
restrict method names. By convention, method names should be a verb in lowercase or a multi-
word name that begins with a verb in lowercase, followed by adjectives, nouns, etc. In multi-
word names, the first letter of each of the second and following words should be capitalized.
Here are some examples:
run
runFast
getBackground
getFinalData
compareTo
setX
isEmpty
Typically, a method has a unique name within its class. However, a method might have the same
name as other methods due to method overloading.
8. CREATING OBJECTS
As mentioned previously, a class provides the blueprints for objects. So basically

an object is created from a class. In Java, the new key word is used to create new objects.
There are three steps when creating an object from a class:
• Declaration: A variable declaration with a variable name with an object type.

• Instantiation: The 'new' key word is used to create the object.
• Initialization: The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor. This call
initializes the new object.
9.CONSTRUCTORS
When discussing about classes, one of the most important sub topic would be
constructors. Every class has a constructor. If we do not explicitly write a constructor for a class
the Java compiler builds a default constructor for that class.
Each time a new object is created, at least one constructor will be invoked. The main rule of
constructors is that they should have the same name as the class. A class can have more than one
constructor.
10.METHOD OVERLOADING
When a class has two or more methods by same name but different
parameters, it is known as method overloading. It is different from overriding. In overriding a
method has same method name, type, number of parameters etc.
11.STATIC MEMBERS
CLASS/STATIC VARIABLES:
• Class variables also known as static variables are declared with the static keyword in a
class, but outside a method, constructor or a block.
• There would only be one copy of each class variable per class, regardless of how many
objects are created from it.
• Static variables are rarely used other than being declared as constants. Constants are
variables that are declared as public/private, final and static. Constant variables never
change from their initial value.
• Static variables are stored in static memory. It is rare to use static variables other than
declared final and used as either public or private constants.
• Static variables are created when the program starts and destroyed when the program
stops.
• Static variables can be accessed by calling with the class name
ClassName.VariableName.
• When declaring class variables as public static final, then variables names (constants) are
all in upper case. If the static variables are not public and final the naming syntax is the
same as instance and local variables.
12.INHERITANCE
Inheritance can be defined as the process where one class acquires the properties
(methods and fields) of another. With the use of inheritance the information is made manageable
in a hierarchical order.
The class which inherits the properties of other is known as subclass (derived
class, child class) and the class whose properties are inherited is known as superclass (base class,
parent class).
EXTENDS KEYWORD
extends is the keyword used to inherit the properties of a class. Below given is the
syntax of extends keyword.
class Super{
.....
}
class Sub extends Super{.....

}
THE SUPER KEYWORD
The super keyword is similar to this keyword following are the scenarios where the super
keyword is used.
• It is used to differentiate the members of superclass from the members of subclass, if

they have same names.
• It is used to invoke the superclass constructor from subclass.
TYPES OF INHERITANCE
There are various types of inheritance as demonstrated below.
A very important fact to remember is that Java does not support multiple inheritance. This means
that a class cannot extend more than one class. Therefore following is illegal:
public class extends Animal, Mammal{}
However, a class can implement one or more interfaces. This has made Java get rid of the
impossibility of multiple inheritance.
1) SINGLE INHERITANCE
2) MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
3) MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE
4) HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE
5) HYBRID INHERITANCE
13.METHOD OVERRIDING.
The benefit of overriding is: ability to define a behaviour that's specific to the
subclass type which means a subclass can implement a parent class method based on its
requirement.In object-oriented terms, overriding means to override the functionality of an
existing method.
RULES FOR METHOD OVERRIDING:

• The argument list should be exactly the same as that of the overridden method.
• The return type should be the same or a subtype of the return type declared in the original
overridden method in the superclass.
• The access level cannot be more restrictive than the overridden method's access level. For
example: if the superclass method is declared public then the overridding method in the
sub class cannot be either private or protected.
• Instance methods can be overridden only if they are inherited by the subclass.
• A method declared final cannot be overridden.
• A method declared static cannot be overridden but can be re-declared.
• If a method cannot be inherited, then it cannot be overridden.
1. Which is not operator ----------------

a. Pointer b. arithmetic c. special d. bitwise
2. Which is one of the mixed mode operator?
a. 5 b. 10.5 c. 15/10.5 d. all of the above
3. Which is one of the relational operators?
a. < b. > c. == d. all of the above
4. Which is not logical operator?
a. && b.!! c.! d.||
5. Which is one of the assignment operators?
a. == b. & c. = d.!
6. Which is one of the increment operators?
a. ++ b. -- c. ** d. //
7. Which is one of the decrement operators?
a. ++ b. -- c. ** d. //
8. Which is one of the conditional operators?
a. ? b. : c. a & b d. none of the above
9. Which is one of the bitwise operators?
a. & b. ! c. ~ d. all of the above
10. Which is one of the special operators?
a. instanceof b. instanceif c. instanceelse d. all of the above
11. What is arithmetic Expressions?
a. variables b. constants c. operator d. all of the above
12. What is casting a value?
a. expression b. ratio c. operator d. all of the above
13. What is Generic Type casting?
a. <T> b. >T< c. >T> d. <T<
14. What is decision making and branching?
a. while b. do c. for d. switch
15. What is decision making and looping?
a. for b. do c. a & b d. if
16. If statement<--------->
a. test operator b. test condition c. test expression d. all of the
above
17. while statement<--------->
a. test operator b. test condition c. test expression d. all of the
above
18. switch statement<--------->
a. operator b. condition c. expression d. all of the
above
19. switch statement<--------->
a. operator b. condition c. expression d. all of the
above
20. for statement<--------->
a. initialization b. test condition c. increment d. all of the
above
3 MARKS
1. Write the short notes on operators in java?
2. Write the concept of expressions in java?
3. Explain to the concept of evaluation of expressions?
4. Explain to the concept of automatic type conversion?
5. Write the concept of casting a value?
6. Write the short notes on generic type casting?
7. Explain to the concept of if statement?
8. Explain to the concept of switch statement?
9. Write the short notes on the while statement?
10. Write the short notes on the do statement?
11. Write the short notes on the for statement?
12. Explain to the concept of class?
13. Explain to the concept of methods?
14. Explain to the concepts constructors?
15. Write the short notes on method overloading?
16. Explain to the concept of static members.
17. Write the short notes on inheritance.
18. Explain to the concept of types of inheritance?
19. Write the short notes on method overriding?
6 MARKS
1. Explain to the types operators in java?
2. Explain to the types expressions in java?
3. Write the concept of type conversion in java?
4. Explain to the concept of decision Making and branching?
5. Explain to the concept of decision Making and looping?
6. Explain to the concept of conditional operators?
7. Explain to the concept of class-method?
8. Write the concepts of declaring to the object?
9. Write the concepts of creating to the object?
10. Explain to the concept of constructors?
11. Explain to the concept of method overloading?
12. Write the concept of static members?
13. Write the notes on inheritance?
14. Write the concept of types of inheritance with sample program?
15. Explain to the method overriding?
Chapter - III
1. ARRAYS:
INTRODUCTION
Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential
collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is
often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.
DECLARING ARRAYS:
To use an array in a program, you must declare a variable to reference the array,
and you must specify the type of array the variable can reference. Here is the syntax for declaring
an array variable:
dataType[] arrayRefVar; // preferred way.
or
dataType arrayRefVar[]; // works but not preferred way.
EXAMPLE:
The following code snippets are examples of this syntax:
double[ ] myList;
2. CREATION OF ARRAYS
CREATING ARRAYS:
You can create an array by using the new operator with the following syntax:
arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];
The above statement does two things:
• It creates an array using new dataType[arraySize];

• It assigns the reference of the newly created array to the variable arrayRefVar.
Declaring an array variable, creating an array, and assigning the reference of the
array to the variable can be combined in one statement, as shown below:
dataType[] arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];
Alternatively you can create arrays as follows:
dataType[] arrayRefVar = {value0, value1, ..., valuek};

The array elements are accessed through the index. Array indices are 0-based;
that is, they start from 0 to
ARRAYLENGTH
EXAMPLE:
Following statement declares an array variable, myList, creates an array of 10

elements of double type and assigns its reference to myList:
double[] myList = new double[10];
Following picture represents array myList. Here, myList holds ten double values and the indices
are from 0 to 9.
2. Strings
Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a sequence of
characters. In the Java programming language, strings are objects.
The Java platform provides the String class to create and manipulate strings.
CREATING STRINGS:
The most direct way to create a string is to write:

String greeting = "Hello world!";
Whenever it encounters a string literal in your code, the compiler creates a String
object with its value in this case, "Hello world!'.
public class StringDemo{
public static void main(String args[]){

char[] helloArray = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.'};
String helloString = new String(helloArray);
System.out.println( helloString );
}
}
This would produce the following result:
hello.
STRING LENGTH:
Methods used to obtain information about an object are known as accessor
methods. One accessor method that you can use with strings is the length() method, which
returns the number of characters contained in the string object.
Below given program is an example of length() , method String class.
public class StringDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {

String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";
int len = palindrome.length();
System.out.println( "String Length is : " + len );
}
}
String Length is : 17
CONCATENATING STRINGS:
The String class includes a method for concatenating two strings:
string1.concat(string2);
This returns a new string that is string1 with string2 added to it at the end. You
can also use the concat() method with string literals, as in:
"My name is ".concat("Zara");
Strings are more commonly concatenated with the + operator, as in:
"Hello," + " world" + "!"
which results in:
"Hello, world!"
Let us look at the following example:
public class StringDemo {

String string1 = "saw I was ";
System.out.println("Dot " + string1 + "Tod");
}
}

Dot saw I was Tod
4. STRING METHODS
STRING METHODS:
Here is the list of methods supported by String class:
SN METHODS WITH DESCRIPTION

char charAt(int index)
1
Returns the character at the specified index.
int compareTo(Object o)
2
Compares this String to another Object.
int compareTo(String anotherString)
3
Compares two strings lexicographically.
int compareToIgnoreCase(String str)
4
Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences.
String concat(String str)
5
Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.
boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb)
6
Returns true if and only if this String represents the same sequence of characters as the
specified StringBuffer.
static String copyValueOf(char[] data)
7
Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.
static String copyValueOf(char[] data, int offset, int count)
8
Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.
boolean endsWith(String suffix)
9
Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
boolean equals(Object anObject)
10
Compares this string to the specified object.
boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)
11
Compares this String to another String, ignoring case considerations.
byte getBytes()
12
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the platform's default charset, storing the
result into a new byte array.
byte[] getBytes(String charsetName
13
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the named charset, storing the result into a
new byte array.
void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin)
14
Copies characters from this string into the destination character array.
int hashCode()
15
Returns a hash code for this string.
int indexOf(int ch)
16
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character.
int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)
17
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character, starting
the search at the specified index.
int indexOf(String str)
18
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring.
int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex)
19
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting
at the specified index
String intern()
20
Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
int lastIndexOf(int ch)
21
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified character.
int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)
22
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified character,
searching backward starting at the specified index.
int lastIndexOf(String str)
23
Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence of the specified substring.
int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex)
24
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring,
searching backward starting at the specified index.
int length()
25
Returns the length of this string.
boolean matches(String regex)
26
Tells whether or not this string matches the given regular expression.
boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int toffset, String other, int ooffset, int len)
27
Tests if two string regions are equal.
boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset, int len)
28
Tests if two string regions are equal
String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
29
Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of oldChar in this string with
newChar.
String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement
30
Replaces each substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with the
given replacement.
String replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement)
31
Replaces the first substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with the
given replacement.
String[] split(String regex)
32
Splits this string around matches of the given regular expression.
String[] split(String regex, int limit)
33
Splits this string around matches of the given regular expression.
boolean startsWith(String prefix)
34
Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.
boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset)
35
Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix beginning a specified index.
CharSequence subSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
36
Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.
String substring(int beginIndex)
37
Returns a new string that is a substring of this string.
String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
38
Returns a new string that is a substring of this string.
char[] toCharArray()
39
Converts this string to a new character array.
String toLowerCase()
40
Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of the default locale.
String toLowerCase(Locale locale)
41
Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of the given Locale.
String toString()
42
This object (which is already a string!) is itself returned.
String toUpperCase()
43
Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules of the default locale.
String toUpperCase(Locale locale)
44
Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules of the given Locale.
String trim()
45
Returns a copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted.
static String valueOf(primitive data type x)
46
Returns the string representation of the passed data type argument.
5. INTERFACES
An interface is a reference type in Java, it is similar to class, it is a collection of

abstract methods. A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract methods of the
interface.
An interface is similar to a class in the following ways:
• An interface can contain any number of methods.

• An interface is written in a file with a .java extension, with the name of the interface
matching the name of the file.
• The byte code of an interface appears in a .class file.
• Interfaces appear in packages, and their corresponding bytecode file must be in a
directory structure that matches the package name.
However, an interface is different from a class in several ways, including:
• You cannot instantiate an interface.

• An interface does not contain any constructors.
• All of the methods in an interface are abstract.
• An interface cannot contain instance fields. The only fields that can appear in an interface
must be declared both static and final.
• An interface is not extended by a class; it is implemented by a class.
• An interface can extend multiple interfaces.
DECLARING INTERFACES:
The interface keyword is used to declare an interface. Here is a simple example

to declare an interface:
EXAMPLE:
Below given is an example of an interface:
/* File name : NameOfInterface.java */

import java.lang.*;
//Any number of import statements
public interface NameOfInterface

{
//Any number of final, static fields
//Any number of abstract method declarations\
}
Interfaces have the following properties:
• An interface is implicitly abstract. You do not need to use the abstract keyword while
declaring an interface.
• Each method in an interface is also implicitly abstract, so the abstract keyword is not
needed.
• Methods in an interface are implicitly public.
EXAMPLE:
/* File name : Animal.java */
interface Animal {
public void eat();

public void travel();
}
6. DEFINING INTERFACES
DEFINING AN INTERFACE
An interface declaration consists of modifiers, the keyword interface, the interface

name, a comma-separated list of parent interfaces (if any), and the interface body. For example:
public interface GroupedInterface extends Interface1, Interface2, Interface3

{
// constant declaration
// base of natural logarithms
double E = 2.718282;
// method signatures
void doSomething (int i, double x);
int doSomethingElse(String s);
}
The public access specifier indicates that the interface can be used by any class in
any package. If you do not specify that the interface is public, then your interface is accessible
only to classes defined in the same package as the interface.
An interface can extend other interfaces, just as a class subclass or extend another
class. However, whereas a class can extend only one other class, an interface can extend any
number of interfaces. The interface declaration includes a comma-separated list of all the
interfaces that it extends.
THE INTERFACE BODY

The interface body can contain abstract methods, default methods, and static
methods. An abstract method within an interface is followed by a semicolon, but no braces (an
abstract method does not contain an implementation). Default methods are defined with the
default modifier, and static methods with the static keyword. All abstract, default, and static
methods in an interface are implicitly public, so you can omit the public modifier.
7. IMPLEMENTING INTERFACES
When a class implements an interface, you can think of the class as signing a
contract, agreeing to perform the specific behaviors of the interface. If a class does not perform
all the behaviors of the interface, the class must declare itself as abstract.
A class uses the implements keyword to implement an interface. The implements keyword
appears in the class declaration following the extends portion of the declaration.
/* File name : MammalInt.java */

public class MammalInt implements Animal{
public void eat(){

System.out.println("Mammal eats");
}
public void travel(){
System.out.println("Mammal travels");
}
public int noOfLegs(){

return 0;
}

MammalInt m = new MammalInt();
m.eat();
m.travel();
}
}
ammal eats
ammal travels
When overriding methods defined in interfaces there are several rules to be followed:
• Checked exceptions should not be declared on implementation methods other than the
ones declared by the interface method or subclasses of those declared by the interface
method.
• The signature of the interface method and the same return type or subtype should be
maintained when overriding the methods.
• An implementation class itself can be abstract and if so interface methods need not be
implemented.
When implementation interfaces there are several rules:

• A class can implement more than one interface at a time.
• A class can extend only one class, but implement many interfaces.
• An interface can extend another interface, similarly to the way that a class can extend
another class.
8. PACKAGES:
INTRODUCTION:
Packages are used in Java in order to prevent naming conflicts, to control access,
to make searching/locating and usage of classes, interfaces, enumerations and annotations easier,
etc.
A Package can be defined as a grouping of related types (classes, interfaces,

enumerations and annotations ) providing access protection and name space management.
Some of the existing packages in Java are::
• java.lang - bundles the fundamental classes

• java.io - classes for input , output functions are bundled in this package
Programmers can define their own packages to bundle group of classes/interfaces,

etc. It is a good practice to group related classes implemented by you so that a programmer can
easily determine that the classes, interfaces, enumerations, annotations are related.
Since the package creates a new namespace there won't be any name conflicts
with names in other packages. Using packages, it is easier to provide access control and it is also
easier to locate the related classes.
9. CREATING PACKAGES
While creating a package, you should choose a name for the package and include
a package statement along with that name at the top of every source file that contains the classes,
interfaces, enumerations, and annotation types that you want to include in the package.
The package statement should be the first line in the source file. There can be
only one package statement in each source file, and it applies to all types in the file.
If a package statement is not used then the class, interfaces, enumerations, and
annotation types will be placed in the current default package.
To compile the Java programs with package statements you have to do use -d option as
shown below.
javac -d Destination_folder file_name.java
Then a folder with the given package name is created in the specified destination,
and the compiled class files will be placed in that folder
EXAMPLE:
Let us look at an example that creates a package called animals. It is a good
practice to use names of packages with lower case letters to avoid any conflicts with the names
of classes, interfaces.
Below given package example contains interface named animals:
/* File name : Animal.java */

package animals;
interface Animal {
public void eat();
public void travel();
}
Now, let us implement the above interface in the same package animals:
package animals;
/* File name : MammalInt.java */

public class MammalInt implements Animal{
public void eat(){

System.out.println("Mammal eats");
}
public void travel(){

System.out.println("Mammal travels");
}
public int noOfLegs(){

return 0;
}

MammalInt m = new MammalInt();
m.eat();
m.travel();
}
}
Now compile the java files as shown below:
$ javac -d . Animal.java
$ javac -d . MammalInt.java
Now a package/folder with the name animals will be created in the current directory and these
class files will be placed in it as shown below.
You can execute the class file with in the package and get the result as shown below.
$ java animals.MammalInt
ammal eats
ammal travels
10. JAVA API PACKAGE

An applet is a Java program that runs in a Web browser. An applet can be a fully
functional Java application because it has the entire Java API at its disposal.
There are some important differences between an applet and a standalone Java
application, including the following:
• An applet is a Java class that extends the java.applet.Applet class.

• A main() method is not invoked on an applet, and an applet class will not define main().
• Applets are designed to be embedded within an HTML page.
• When a user views an HTML page that contains an applet, the code for the applet is
downloaded to the user's machine.
• A JVM is required to view an applet. The JVM can be either a plug-in of the Web
browser or a separate runtime environment.
• The JVM on the user's machine creates an instance of the applet class and invokes
various methods during the applet's lifetime.
• Applets have strict security rules that are enforced by the Web browser. The security of
an applet is often referred to as sandbox security, comparing the applet to a child playing
in a sandbox with various rules that must be followed.
• Other classes that the applet needs can be downloaded in a single Java Archive (JAR)
file.
CREATING THREADS
Java is amulti threaded programming language which means we can
develop multi threaded program using Java. A multi threaded program contains two or more
parts that can run concurrently and each part can handle different task at the same time making
optimal use of the available resources specially when your computer has multiple CPUs.
By definition multitasking is when multiple processes share common processing

resources such as a CPU. Multi threading extends the idea of multitasking into applications
where you can subdivide specific operations within a single application into individual threads.
Each of the threads can run in parallel. The OS divides processing time not only among different
applications, but also among each thread within an application.
Multi threading enables you to write in a way where multiple activities can proceed concurrently
in the same program.
THREAD METHODS:
Following is the list of important methods available in the Thread class.
public void start()

1
Starts the thread in a separate path of execution, then invokes the run() method on this
Thread object.
public void run()
If this Thread object was instantiated using a separate Runnable target, the run() method is
2
invoked on that Runnable
object.
public final void setName(String name)

3
Changes the name of the Thread object. There is also a getName() method for retrieving the
name.
public final void setPriority(int priority)
4
Sets the priority of this Thread object. The possible values are between 1 and 10.
public final void setDaemon(boolean on)
5
A parameter of true denotes this Thread as a daemon thread.
public final void join(long millisec)
6
The current thread invokes this method on a second thread, causing the current thread to
block until the second thread terminates or the specified number of milliseconds passes.
public void interrupt()
7
Interrupts this thread, causing it to continue execution if it was blocked for any reason.
public final boolean isAlive()
8
Returns true if the thread is alive, which is any time after the thread has been started but
before it runs to completion.
The previous methods are invoked on a particular Thread object. The following methods in the
Thread class are static. Invoking one of the static methods performs the operation on the
currently running thread.
public static void yield()

1
Causes the currently running thread to yield to any other threads of the same priority that are
waiting to be scheduled.
public static void sleep(long millisec)
2
Causes the currently running thread to block for at least the specified number of
milliseconds.
public static boolean holdsLock(Object x)
3
Returns true if the current thread holds the lock on the given Object.
public static Thread currentThread()
4
Returns a reference to the currently running thread, which is the thread that invokes this
method.
public static void dumpStack()
5
Prints the stack trace for the currently running thread, which is useful when debugging a
multithreaded application.
EXAMPLE:
The following ThreadClassDemo program demonstrates some of these methods of the Thread
class. Consider a class DisplayMessage which implements Runnable:
// File Name : DisplayMessage.java

// Create a thread to implement Runnable
public class DisplayMessage implements Runnable
{
private String message;
public DisplayMessage(String message)
{
this.message = message;
}
public void run()
{
while(true)
{
System.out.println(message);
}
}
}
Following is another class which extends Thread class:
// File Name : GuessANumber.java

// Create a thread to extentd Thread
public class GuessANumber extends Thread
{
private int number;
public GuessANumber(int number)
{
this.number = number;
}
public void run()
{
int counter = 0;
int guess = 0;
do
{
guess = (int) (Math.random() * 100 + 1);
System.out.println(this.getName()
+ " guesses " + guess);
counter++;
}while(guess != number);
System.out.println("** Correct! " + this.getName()
+ " in " + counter + " guesses.**");
}
}
Following is the main program which makes use of above defined classes:
// File Name : ThreadClassDemo.java

public class ThreadClassDemo
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Runnable hello = new DisplayMessage("Hello");
Thread thread1 = new Thread(hello);
thread1.setDaemon(true);
thread1.setName("hello");
System.out.println("Starting hello thread...");
thread1.start();
Runnable bye = new DisplayMessage("Goodbye");

Thread thread2 = new Thread(bye);
thread2.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
thread2.setDaemon(true);
System.out.println("Starting goodbye thread...");
thread2.start();
System.out.println("Starting thread3...");
Thread thread3 = new GuessANumber(27);
thread3.start();
try
{
thread3.join();
}catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Thread interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Starting thread4...");
Thread thread4 = new GuessANumber(75);
thread4.start();
System.out.println("main() is ending...");
}
}
This would produce the following result. You can try this example again and again and you
would get different result every time.
Starting hello thread...

Starting goodbye thread...
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Goodbye
Goodbye
Goodbye
Goodbye
Goodbye
.......
EXTENDING THREAD CLASS
CREATE THREAD BY EXTENDING THREAD CLASS:

The second way to create a thread is to create a new class that extends
Thread class using the following two simple steps. This approach provides more flexibility in
handling multiple threads created using available methods in Thread class.
STEP 1
You will need to override run( ) method available in Thread class. This method
provides entry point for the thread and you will put you complete business logic inside this
method. Following is simple syntax of run() method:
public void run( )
STEP 2
Once Thread object is created, you can start it by calling start( ) method, which
executes a call to run( ) method. Following is simple syntax of start() method:
void start( );
EXAMPLE:
Here is the preceding program rewritten to extend Thread:
class ThreadDemo extends Thread {

private Thread t;
private String threadName;
ThreadDemo( String name){

threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadName );
}
public void run() {
System.out.println("Running " + threadName );
try {
for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);
// Let the thread sleep for a while.
Thread.sleep(50);
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " exiting.");
}
public void start ()

{
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName );
if (t == null)
{
t = new Thread (this, threadName);
t.start ();
}
}
public class TestThread {

ThreadDemo T1 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread-1");

T1.start();
ThreadDemo T2 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread-2");
T2.start();
}
}
Creating Thread-1
Starting Thread-1
Creating Thread-2
Starting Thread-2
Running Thread-1
Thread: Thread-1, 4
Running Thread-2
Thread: Thread-2, 4
Thread: Thread-1, 3
Thread: Thread-2, 3
Thread: Thread-1, 2
Thread: Thread-2, 2
Thread: Thread-1, 1
Thread: Thread-2, 1
Thread Thread-1 exiting.
13. THREAD LIFE CYCLE
LIFE CYCLE OF A THREAD:

A thread goes through various stages in its life cycle. For example, a thread is
born, started, runs, and then dies. Following diagram shows complete life cycle of a thread.
Above-mentioned stages are explained here:
• New: A new thread begins its life cycle in the new state. It remains in this state until the
program starts the thread. It is also referred to as a born thread.
• Runnable: After a newly born thread is started, the thread becomes runnable. A thread in
this state is considered to be executing its task.
• Waiting: Sometimes, a thread transitions to the waiting state while the thread waits for
another thread to perform a task.A thread transitions back to the runnable state only when
another thread signals the waiting thread to continue executing.
• Timed waiting: A runnable thread can enter the timed waiting state for a specified
interval of time. A thread in this state transitions back to the runnable state when that
time interval expires or when the event it is waiting for occurs.
• Terminated ( Dead ): A runnable thread enters the terminated state when it completes its
task or otherwise terminates.
14. THREAD PRIORITY

THREAD PRIORITIES:
Every Java thread has a priority that helps the operating system determine the
order in which threads are scheduled.Java thread priorities are in the range between
MIN_PRIORITY (a constant of 1) and MAX_PRIORITY (a constant of 10). By default, every
thread is given priority NORM_PRIORITY (a constant of 5).
Threads with higher priority are more important to a program and should be allocated processor
time before lower-priority threads. However, thread priorities cannot guarantee the order in
which threads execute and very much platform dependent.
CREATE THREAD BY IMPLEMENTING RUNNABLE INTERFACE:

If your class is intended to be executed as a thread then you can achieve
this by implementing Runnable interface. You will need to follow three basic steps:
STEP 1:
As a first step you need to implement a run() method provided by Runnable
interface. This method provides entry point for the thread and you will put you complete
business logic inside this method. Following is simple syntax of run() method:
public void run( )
STEP 2:
At second step you will instantiate a Thread object using the following
constructor:
Thread(Runnable threadObj, String threadName);
Where, threadObj is an instance of a class that implements the Runnable interface and
threadName is the name given to the new thread.
STEP 3
Once Thread object is created, you can start it by calling start( ) method, which
executes a call to run( ) method. Following is simple syntax of start() method:
void start( );
EXAMPLE:
Here is an example that creates a new thread and starts it running:
class RunnableDemo implements Runnable {

private Thread t;
private String threadName;
RunnableDemo( String name){

threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadName );
}
public void run() {
System.out.println("Running " + threadName );
try {
for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);
// Let the thread sleep for a while.
Thread.sleep(50);
}
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " exiting.");
}
public void start ()

{
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName );
if (t == null)
{
t = new Thread (this, threadName);
t.start ();
}
}
}
public class TestThread {
RunnableDemo R1 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-1");

R1.start();
RunnableDemo R2 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-2");

R2.start();
}
}
Creating Thread-1
Starting Thread-1
Creating Thread-2
Starting Thread-2
Running Thread-1
Thread: Thread-1, 4
Running Thread-2
Thread: Thread-2, 4
Thread: Thread-1, 3
Thread: Thread-2, 3
Thread: Thread-1, 2
Thread: Thread-2, 2
Thread: Thread-1, 1
Thread: Thread-2, 1
MANAGING ERRORS AND EXCEPTIONS: INTRODUCTION

An exception (or exeptional event) is a problem that arises during the execution of a
program. When an Exception occurs the normal flow of the program is disrupted and the
program/Application terminates abnormally, which is not recommended, therefore these
exceptions are to be handled.
An exception can occur for many different reasons, below given are some scenarios where
exception occurs.
• A user has entered invalid data.

• A file that needs to be opened cannot be found.
• A network connection has been lost in the middle of communications or the JVM has run
out of memory.
Some of these exceptions are caused by user error, others by programmer error, and others by
physical resources that have failed in some manner.
THREE TYPES OF ERRORS
There are basically three types of errors that you must contend with when writing computer
programs:
• Runtime errors
• Compile Time errors
Generally speaking, the errors become more difficult to find and fix as you move down the above
list
Compile Time errors

In effect, syntax errors represent grammar errors in the use of the programming language.
Common examples are:
• Misspelled variable and function names

• Missing semicolons
• Improperly matches parentheses, square brackets, and curly braces
• Incorrect format in selection and loop statements
RUNTIME ERRORS
Runtime errors occur when a program with no syntax errors asks the computer to
do something that the computer is unable to reliably do. Common examples are:
• Trying to divide by a variable that contains a value of zero

• Trying to open a file that doesn't exist
There is no way for the compiler to know about these kinds of errors when the program is
compiled.
16. EXCEPTIONS
An exception (or exceptional event) is a problem that arises during the
execution of a program. When an Exception occurs the normal flow of the program is disrupted
and the program/Application terminates abnormally, which is not recommended, therefore these
exceptions are to be handled.
An exception can occur for many different reasons, below given are some scenarios where
exception occurs.
• A user has entered invalid data.

• A file that needs to be opened cannot be found.
• A network connection has been lost in the middle of communications or the JVM has run
out of memory.
Some of these exceptions are caused by user error, others by programmer error, and others by
physical resources that have failed in some manner.
Based on these we have three categories of Exceptions you need to understand them to know
how exception handling works in Java,
• Checked exceptions: A checked exception is an exception that occurs at the compile

time, these are also called as compile time exceptions. These exceptions cannot simply be
ignored at the time of compilation, the Programmer should take care of (handle) these
exceptions.
For example, if you use FileReader class in your program to read data from a file, if the
file specified in its constructor doesn't exist, then an FileNotFoundException occurs, and
compiler prompts the programmer to handle the exception.
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
public class FilenotFound_Demo {

File file=new File("E://file.txt");
FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);
}
}
If you try to compile the above program you will get exceptions as shown below.
C:\>javac FilenotFound_Demo.java
FilenotFound_Demo.java:8: error: unreported exception FileNotFoundException; must be caught
or declared to be thrown
FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);
^
1 error
THROWING EXCEPTIONS
To throw an exception, you simply use the throw keyword with an object reference, as in:
throw new TooColdException();

The type of the reference must be Throwable or one of its subclasses.
CATCHING EXCEPTIONS
To catch an exception in Java, you write a try block with one or more catch
clauses. Each catch clause specifies one exception type that it is prepared to handle. The try
block places a fence around a bit of code that is under the watchful eye of the associated
catchers. If the bit of code delimited by the try block throws an exception, the associated catch
clauses will be examined by the Java Virtual Machine. If the virtual machine finds a catch clause
that is prepared to handle the thrown exception, the program continues execution starting with
the first statement of that catch clause.
As an example, consider a program that requires one argument on the command

line, a string that can be parsed into an integer. When you have a String and want an int, you can
invoke the parseInt() method of the Integer class. If the string you pass represents an integer,
parseInt() will return the value. If the string doesn't represent an integer, parseInt() throws
NumberFormatException. Here is how you might parse an int from a command-line argument:
THE THROWS EXCEPTION

As you may have guessed from the examples above, the Java language requires
that a method declare in a throws clause the exceptions that it may throw. A method's throws
clause indicates to client programmers what exceptions they may have to deal with when they
invoke the method.
For example, the drinkCoffee() method of class VirtualPerson, shown below,

declares three exceptions in its throws clause: TooColdException, TemperatureException, and
UnusualTasteException. These are the three exceptions that the method throws but doesn't catch.
The method may also throw TooHotException, but this exception doesn't appear in the throws
clause because drinkCoffee() catches and handles it internally. Only exceptions that will cause a
method to complete abruptly should appear in its throws clause.
// In Source Packet in file except/ex7/VirtualPerson.java

class VirtualPerson {
public void drinkCoffee(CoffeeCup cup) throws TooColdException,

TemperatureException, UnusualTasteException {
try {
int i = (int) (Math.random() * 4.0);
switch (i) {
case 0:
throw new TooHotException();
case 1:
throw new TooColdException();
case 2:
throw new UnusualTasteException();
default:
throw new TemperatureException();
}
}
catch (TooHotException e) {
System.out.println("This coffee is too hot.");
// Customer will wait until it cools to an
// acceptable temperature.
}
}
//...
}
USING EXCEPTIONS FOR DEBUGGING.
Any good program makes use of a language’s exception handling
mechanisms. There is no better way to frustrate an end-user then by having them run into an
issue with your software and displaying a big ugly error message on the screen, followed by a
program crash.
Exception handling is all about ensuring that when your program
encounters an issue, it will continue to run and provide informative feedback to the end-user or
program administrator. Any Java programmer becomes familiar with exception handling on day
one, as some Java code won’t even compile unless there is some form of exception handling put
into place via the try-catch-finally syntax. Python has similar constructs to that of Java, and we’ll
discuss them in this chapter.
After you have found an exception, or preferably before your software is

distributed, you should go through the code and debug it in order to find and repair the erroneous
code. There are many different ways to debug and repair code; we will go through some
debugging methodologies in this chapter. In Python as well as Java, the assert keyword can help
out tremendously in this area. We’ll cover assert in depth here and learn the different ways that it
can be used to help you out and save time debugging those hard-to-find errors.
1. Array is a collection of similar

A) Data type B) Variable C) Operator D) Experssion
2. Which is one of the symbol of array
A) {} B) () C) [] D) <>
3. Strings represent a sequence of
A) Variable B) Character C) Data type D) All the above
4. Which is one of the symbol not varaiable
A) C B) Money C) 10 D) &
5. JAVA does not supported
A) Multiple inheritance B) Multilevel inheritance C) Hybrid inheritance
D) Single inheritance
6. An interface is basically a kind of
A) Method B) Class C) Object D) Keyboard
7. What is a keyboard of extending interfaces
A) Extern B) Extend C) Extnd D) Extends
8. The interface item would inherit both the constants and
A) Code, Variable B) Code, Name C) Code, Method D) Code, Object
9. Which one of the keyboard of extending interfaces
A) Final, Static B) Final, Dynamic C) Final, Object D) Final, Method
10. Which class are inheritance used
A) Base class B) Semi class C) Super class D) Semi super class
11. What is a package?
A) Varity of classes B) Varity of interfaces C) a & b D) None of these
12. Expand API
A) Application programming interface B) Advanced programming interface C)
Architecture programming interface D) Artificial programming interface
13. Multithreading concept can be divided to the
A) Class B) Processes C) Method D) Object
14. How to create a thread in initial stage
A) Over() B) Start() C) Run() D) Stop()
15. How to execute the thread exceptions
A) Sleep() B) Start() C) Stop() D) Run()
16. Which is one of the error concept
A) Run-time B) Compile time C) a & b D) None of
these
17. Exception can be performed by the
A) Compile time B) Run time C) a & b D) None of these
18. What is the concept of hit exception
A) Find the error B) Inform that an error C) Receive the error D) Corrective
actions
19. What is the concept of throw exception
actions
20. What is he concept of catch exception
actions
3 MARKS
1. Explain the concepts of arrays?
2. Creating an array?
3. Write the short notes on strings?
4. Explain the details of string methods?
5. Explain the concept of multiple inheritances?
6. Defining interfaces
7. Implementing Interfaces
8. Explain the concept of packages?
9. Write the short notes Java API packages?
10. How to creating packages?
11. How to creating threats?
12. Explain to the concept of extending the threat class?
13. Explain to the concept of life cycle of threats?
14. Explain to the concept of threat priority?
15. Write the short notes of managing errors and exceptions?
16. Explain to the concept of types of errors?
17. Explain the details about the exception?
18. Write the syntax and concept of exception handling code?
19. Explain to the concept of using exceptions for debugging?
6 MARKS
1. Briefly explain to the array concept?
2. How to creating an array with sample program?
3. Explain to the concepts of strings and strings methods?
4. Briefly explain to the concepts of interfaces & how to implementing interfaces with
sample program?
5. Explain to the concepts packages & how to creating packages with sample program?
6. Explain to the concepts of API packages with sample program?
7. How to creating a threats & Extending threats with sample program?
8. Briefly explain to the concept of threat life cycle & threat priority with sample program?
9. What is a exceptions? Explain to the types of errors with sample program?
10. Write the concept of exceptions for debugging with sample program?
Chapter - IV
1. APPLET PROGRAMMING:
INTRODUCTION
An applet is a Java program that runs in a Web browser. An applet can be
a fully functional Java application because it has the entire Java API at its disposal.
There are some important differences between an applet and a standalone

Java application, including the following:
• An applet is a Java class that extends the java.applet.Applet class.

• A main() method is not invoked on an applet, and an applet class will not define main().
• Applets are designed to be embedded within an HTML page.
• When a user views an HTML page that contains an applet, the code for the applet is
downloaded to the user's machine.
• A JVM is required to view an applet. The JVM can be either a plug-in of the Web
browser or a separate runtime environment.
• The JVM on the user's machine creates an instance of the applet class and invokes
various methods during the applet's lifetime.
• Applets have strict security rules that are enforced by the Web browser. The security of
an applet is often referred to as sandbox security, comparing the applet to a child playing
in a sandbox with various rules that must be followed.
• Other classes that the applet needs can be downloaded in a single Java Archive (JAR)
file.
2. BUILDING APPLET CODE
To building the applet code two classes of java library are essential namely Applet and
Graphics.
The Applet class is contained in java.applet package provides life and beehaviour to the applet
through its methods such as int(), start() and paint().
Unlike with applications, where java calls the main() method directly to initiate the
execution of the program, when an applet is loaded java automatically calls a series of Applet
class methods for starting running and stopping the applet code.
The Applet class therefore maintains the life cycle of an applet.
To display the result of the applet code, the paint() method of the Applet class is called up.
The output may be test, graphics, or sound.
The syntax of paint() method which requires a Graphic object as an argument, is defined
as follows
public void paint(Graphics g)
This requires that the applet code imports the java.awt package that contain the Graphic class.
All output operations of an applet are performed using the methods defined in the graphics class.
The general format of applet code is as following:

import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
.........................
.........................
public class applet classname extends Applet
{
.................................
................................ //statements
................................
{
..........................
..........................//Applet operations code
.........................
}
......................
.....................
}
BUILDING APPLET CODE
//HelloApplet.java
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
public class HelloApplet extends Applet
{
{
g.drawString ("Welcome to Applet Tutorial !",100, 100);
}
}
EMBEDDING APPLET IN HTML (WEB PAGE)

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Hello World Applet
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<body>
<h1>Hi, This is My First Java Applet on the Web!</h1>
<APPLET CODE="HelloApplet.class" width=500 height=400>
</APPLET>
</body>
</HTML>
3. APPLET LIFE CYCLE
LIFE CYCLE OF AN APPLET:
Four methods in the Applet class give you the framework on which you build any serious applet:
• init: This method is intended for whatever initialization is needed for your applet. It is
called after the param tags inside the applet tag have been processed.
• start: This method is automatically called after the browser calls the init method. It is
also called whenever the user returns to the page containing the applet after having gone
off to other pages.
• stop: This method is automatically called when the user moves off the page on which the
applet sits. It can, therefore, be called repeatedly in the same applet.
• destroy: This method is only called when the browser shuts down normally. Because
applets are meant to live on an HTML page, you should not normally leave resources
behind after a user leaves the page that contains the applet.
• paint: Invoked immediately after the start() method, and also any time the applet needs
to repaint itself in the browser. The paint() method is actually inherited from the java.awt.
A "HELLO, WORLD" APPLET:

The following is a simple applet named HelloWorldApplet.java:
import java.awt.*;
public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet

{
public void paint (Graphics g)
{
g.drawString ("Hello World", 25, 50);
}
}
These import statements bring the classes into the scope of our applet class:
• java.applet.Applet.
• java.awt.Graphics.
Without those import statements, the Java compiler would not recognize the classes Applet and
Graphics, which the applet class refers to.
4. CREATING AN EXECUTABLE APPLET

Executable applet is nothing but the .class file of applet, which is obtained by
compiling the source code of the applet. Compiling the applet is exactly the smae as compiling
an application using following command.
javac appletname.java
The compiled output file called appletname.class should be placed in the smae directory as the
source file.
5. DESIGNING A WEB PAGE

Java appleta are programs that reside on web page. A web page is
basically made up of text and HTML tags that can be interpreted by a web browser or an applet
viewer. Like Java source code, it can be prepared using any ASCII text editor. A web page is
also called HTML page or HTML document. Web pages are stored using a file extension .html
such as my Applet.html. Such files are referred to as HTML files. HTML files should be stored
in the same directory as the compiled code of the applets.
A web page is marked by an opening HTML tag <HTML> and closing HTML
tag </HTML> and is divided into the following three major parts:
1) Comment Section
2) Head Section
3) Body Section
COMMENT SECTION
This is very first section of any web page containing the comments about the web
page functionality. It is important to include comments that tell us what is going on in the web
page. A comment line begins with <! And ends with a > and the web browsers will ignore the
tesxt enclosed between them. The comments are optional and can be included anywhere in the
web page.
HEAD SECTION
This section contains title, heading and sub heading of the web page. The head
section is defined with a starting <Head> tag and closing </Head> tag.
<Head>
<Title> Welcome to Java Applet </Title>
</Head>
BODY SECTION
After the Head Section the body section comes. This is called as body section because the entire
information and behaviour of the web page is contained in it, It defines what the data placed and
where on to the screen. It describes the color, location, sound etc. of the data or information that
is going to be placed in the web page.
<Body>
<Center>
<H1>
Welcome to Java >
</H1>
</Center>
<BR>
<APPLET - - ->
</APPLET>
</Body>
6.APPLET TAG
The <Applet...< tag supplies the name of the applet to be loaded and tells the
browser how much space the applet requires. The ellipsis in the tag <Applet...> indicates that it
contains certain attributes that must specified. The <Applet> tag given below specifies the
minimum requirements to place the Hellojava applet on a web page.
<Applet
code = Hellojava.class
width = 400
Height = 200 >
</Applet>
This HTML code tells the browser to load the compiled java applet
Hellojava.class, which is in the same directory as this HTML file. It also specifies the display
area for the applet output as 400 pixels width and 200 pixels height. We can make this display
area appear in the center of screen by using the CENTER tags as showsn below:
<CENTER>
<Applet>
-------------
-------------
-------------
</Applet>
</CENTER>
The applet tag discussed above specified the three things:
1) Name of the applet

2) Width of the applet (in pixels)
3) Height of the applet (in pixels)
ADDING APPLET TO HTML FILE

To execute an applet in a web browser, you need to write a short HTML text file
that contains the appropriate APPLET tag. Here is the HTML file that executes SimpleApplet:
<Applet code = Hellojava.class width = 400 Height = 200 >
</Applet>
The width and height attributes specify the dimensions of the display area used by the applet.
After you create this file, you can execute the HTML file called RunApp.html (say) on the
command line.
c:\>appletviewer RunApp.html
RUNNING THE APPLET

To execute an applet with an applet viewer, you may also execute the HTML file
in which it is enclosed, eg.
c:\>appletviewer RunApp.html
Execute the applet the applet viewer, specifying the name of your applet's source
file. The applet viewer will encounter the applet tage within the comment and execute your
applet.
FIRST JAVA APPLET PROGRAM

The Following will be saved with named FirstJavaApplet.java:
/*
========================================================
File Name : FirstJavaApplet.java
WebSite : http://javaproglang.blogspot.in/
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/AdvanceJavaProgramming
Created By : Bintu Chaudhary
========================================================
*/
import java.awt.*;
public class FirstJavaApplet extends Applet
{
{
g.drawString("My First Java Applet Program",100,100);
}
}
After creating FirstJavaApplet.java file now you need create FirstJavaApplet.html file as shown
below:

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My First Java Applet Program</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<APPLET Code="FirstJavaApplet.class" Width=300 Height=200>
</APPLET>
</BODY>
</HTML>
After this you can comiple your java applet program as shown below:
"Running Applet"
"Output of FirstJavaApplet.class"
7. THE GRAPHICS CLASS
We will discuss about the Graphics class and its various methods in this article.
The Graphics class is an abstract class that provides the means to access different
graphics devices. It lets us draw images on the screen, display images, and so forth. It is an
abstract class because working with graphics requires detailed knowledge of the platform on
which the program runs. The actual work is done by concrete classes that are closely tied to a
particular platform. Your Java Virtual Machine vendor provides the necessary concrete classes
for your environment. Once you have a Graphics object, you can call all the methods of the
Graphics class without caring about platform specific classes. We rarely need to create a
Graphics object yourself; its constructor is protected and is only called by the subclasses that
extend Graphics. A Graphics object is always available when you override a component's
paint() and update() methods. It is the sole parameter of the Component.paint() and
Component.update() methods. We can also get a graphics context of a Component by calling
Component.getGraphics().
The Graphics class defines a number of drawing functions. Each shape can be
drawn edge-only or filled. Objects are drawn and filled in the currently selected graphics color,
which is black by default. When a graphics object is drawn that exceeds the dimensions of the
window, output is automatically clipped.
DRAWING STRINGS
These methods let you draw text strings on the screen. The coordinates refer to the left end of the
text's baseline.
DRAWING LINES
public abstract void drawLine (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2):- The drawLine()
method draws a line on the graphics context in the current color that begins at startX,startY and
ends at endX,endY. If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the same point, it will draw a point. There is no
method specific to drawing a point.
The following example illustrates the above method:

Code:
import java.awt.*;
/*
<applet code="Rectangles" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class Lines extends Applet

{
public void init()
{
setBackground (Color.black);
setForeground(Color.green);
}

{
g.drawLine(0, 0, 100, 100);
g.drawLine(0, 100, 100, 0);
g.drawLine(40, 25, 250, 180);
g.drawLine(75, 90, 400, 400);
g.drawLine(20, 150, 400, 40); //line
g.drawLine(5, 290, 80, 19); //line
g.drawLine (5, 75, 5, 75); // point
g.drawLine (50, 5, 50, 5); // point
}
}
Output:-
DRAWING RECTANGLE
PUBLIC VOID DRAWRECT (INT X, INT Y, INT WIDTH, INT HEIGHT):-
The drawRect() method draws a rectangle on the drawing area in the current
color from (x, y) to (x+width, y+height). If width or height is negative, nothing is drawn.
PUBLIC ABSTRACT VOID FILLRECT (INT X, INT Y, INT WIDTH, INT HEIGHT):
The fillRect() method draws a filled rectangle on the drawing area in the current
color from (x, y) to (x+width-1, y+height-1). The filled rectangle is one pixel smaller to the right
and bottom than requested. If width or height is negative, nothing is drawn.
PUBLIC ABSTRACT VOID FILLROUNDRECT
The fillRoundRect() method is

similar to drawRoundRect() method except that it draws a filled rectangle on the drawing area in
the current color from (x, y) to (x+width-1, y+height-1). If width, height, arcWidth, and
arcHeight are all equal, you get a filled circle.
The following example illustrates the above method:
Code:
import java.awt.*;
/*
<applet code="Rectangles" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class Rectangles extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
setBackground(Color.black);
}

{
g.drawRect(10, 10, 60, 50);
g.fillRect(100, 10, 60, 50);
g.drawRoundRect(190, 10, 60, 50, 15, 15);
g.fillRoundRect(70, 90, 140, 100, 30, 40);
}
}
Output:-
DRAWING ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES AND OVALS
PUBLIC ABSTRACT VOID DRAWOVAL (INT X, INT Y, INT WIDTH, INT HEIGHT):-
The drawOval() method draws an oval in the current color within an invisible
bounding rectangle from (x, y) to (x+width, y+height). You cannot specify the oval's center point
and radii. If width and height are equal, you get a circle. If width or height is negative, nothing is
drawn.
PUBLIC ABSTRACT VOID FILLOVAL (INT X, INT Y, INT WIDTH, INT HEIGHT):
The fillOval() method draws a filled oval in the current color within an invisible
bounding rectangle from (x, y) to (x+width-1, y+height-1). You cannot specify the oval's center
point and radii. Notice that the filled oval is one pixel smaller to the right and bottom than
requested. If width or height is negative, nothing is drawn.
Code:
import java.awt.*;
/*
<applet code="Ovals" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class Ovals extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
}

{
g.drawOval(10, 10, 50, 50);
g.fillOval(100, 10, 75, 50);
g.drawOval(190, 10, 90, 30);
g.fillOval(70, 90, 140, 100);
}
}
Output:-
DRAWING ARCS
PUBLIC ABSTRACT VOID DRAWARC (INT X, INT Y, INT WIDTH, INT HEIGHT, INT
STARTANGLE, INT ARCANGLE):-
The drawArc() method draws an arc in the current color within an invisible
bounding rectangle from (x,y) to (x+width, y+height). The arc starts at startAngle degrees and
goes to startAngle + arcAngle degrees. An angle of 0 degrees is at the 3 o'clock position; angles
increase counter-clockwise. If arcAngle is negative, drawing is in a clockwise direction. If width
and height are equal and arcAngle is 360 degrees, drawArc() draws a circle. If width or height is
negative, nothing is drawn.
DRAWING POLYGONS
PUBLIC ABSTRACT VOID DRAWPOLYGON (INT XPOINTS[], INT YPOINTS[], INT

NUMPOINTS):-
The drawPolygon() method draws a path of numPoints nodes by taking one
element at a time out of xPoints and yPoints to make each point. The path is drawn in the current
color. If either xPoints or yPoints does not have numPoints elements, drawPolygon() throws a
run-time exception
Code:
import java.awt.*;
/*
<applet code="HourGlass" width=230 height=210>
</applet>
*/
public class HourGlass extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
}

{
int xpoints[] = {30, 200, 30, 200, 30};
int ypoints[] = {30, 30, 200, 200, 30};
int num = 5;
g.drawPolygon(xpoints, ypoints, num);
}
}
Output:-
USING CONTROL LOOPS IN APPLET.
1. draw 25 random sized ovals on random locations within the border - completed
2. draw a ball and make it move - completed
3. make the ball bounce - not done but I know how to do it
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Image;
public class As4B extends Applet implements Runnable

{
public int x, y;
public int width = 854;
public int height = 480;
public int border = 20;
public Image offscreen;
public Graphics d;
public void init()

{
setSize(width,height);
Thread th = new Thread(this);
th.start();
offscreen = createImage(width,height);
d = offscreen.getGraphics();
}
public void run()

{
x = 100;
y = 100;
while(true)
{
x ++;
y ++;
repaint();
try {
Thread.sleep(50);
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public void paint(Graphics gfx)
{
d.setColor(java.awt.Color.black);
d.fillRect(0, 0, width, height);
d.setColor(java.awt.Color.green);
d.fillRect(0 + border, 0 + border, (width - (border * 2)), (height - (border* 2)));
genOval(25, d);
d.setColor(Color.gray);
d.fillOval(x, y, 50, 50);
gfx.drawImage(offscreen, 0, 0, this);
}
public int random(int low, int high)
{
int answer =(int)((Math.random()*(high-low))+ low);
return answer;
}
public void genOval(int amount, Graphics f)
{
int ranWidth, ranHeight, ranX, ranY, red, blue, green;
int i = 0;
while(i < 25)
{
green = random(0,255);
blue = random(0,255);
red = random(0,255);
f.setColor(new Color(red,green,blue));
ranWidth = random(30,400);
ranHeight = random(30,200);
ranX = random(0 + border, ((width - border)- (ranWidth)));
ranY = random(0 + border , ((height - border)- (ranHeight)));
f.fillOval(ranX, ranY, ranWidth, ranHeight);

i++;
}
}
public void update(Graphics gfx) {

paint(gfx);
}
}
1. Applet program are used to the ----------------

a. Internet computing b. Cloud Computing c. Grid Computing d.
Green Computing
2. An applet developed by ---------------
a. Server applet b. Client Applet c. Local Applet d.
None of the above
3. How to use applet--------------------
a. <APPLET< b. <APPLET> c. <APPLET? d.
(APPLET)
4. The applet class which is contained in the ----------------package?
a. java. applet b. java,applet c. java/applet d.
java\applet
5. The Graphics object & applet as an argument-------------------------?
a.point() b.pint() c. pant()
d.paint()
6.which is one of the initialization state------------------?
a.int() b. init() c. initial() d.inti()
7. which is one of the dead state---------------?
a.start() b. stop() c. destroy() d.
dead()
8. which is one of the display state---------------?
a.start() b. stop() c. point() d.
paint()
9. what is the executable applet----------------?
a. .class b. .object c. .method d.
.function
10. What is the concept of web page-----------------?
a. xml b.xds c.html d. none
of the above
11. how to write the command line in web page ----------------?
a. <!> b. <?> c. <*> d. <&>
12. How to get the input from user-----------------?
a. (“1”) b. (“0”) c. (“in”) d.
(“de”)\
13. The graphics object required -------------------------------?
a. paint() b. pont() c. math() d.
point()
14. what purpose used for loops in applet-----------------?
a. circles b. triangle c. rectangle d.
square
15. which is used for graphics object-------------------?
a. <g> b. (g) c . .g d. ,g
16. in html how to display the result -------------------------?
a. applet b. applet graphics c. applet viewer d.
applet stream
17. which is one of supplies the user-defined parameters----------------------------?
`a. <PARAM…….> b. <&PARAM…….> c. <$PARAM…….> d.
<?PARAM…….>
18. in the HTML any text starting with a -----------------?
a. <!......... b. <!.............> c. <!............!.> d. b.
<!.............?>
19. How to displaying the numerical values in graphics class---------------------------------?
a. drawstring() b.displaystring() c. getstring() d.
outstreamstring
20. what is the method of string class ------------------?

a. <value of> b. ?value of? c. (value of) d.
value of()
3 MARKS
1. Write the concept of applet programming?
2. Explain the concept of building applet code?
3. Explain the concept of applet life cycle?
4. Explain the concept of Initialization state?
5. Explain the concept of running state?
6. Explain the concept of idle or stopped state?
7. Explain the concept of dead state?
8. Explain the concept of display state?
9. Creating the executable applet?
10. How to designing a web page?
11. Explain the concept of command section?
12. Explain the concept of head section?
13. Explain the concept of body section?
14. Explain the concept of applet tag?
15. How to running the applet?
16. Explain the concept of the graphics glass
17. Using control loops in applets?
6 MARKS
1. Explain to the concepts of applet programming?

2. How to building applet programming?
3. Write the program on simple applet programming with algorithm?
4. Briefly explain to the concepts of applet life cycle?
5. How to creating an executable applet with sample program?
6. How to designing a web page with sample code?
7. Briefly explain to the concepts of applet tag with sample program?
8. How to running applet program with sample program?
9. Briefly explain to the concepts of the graphics class?
10. How to use in control loops in applet?
Chapter - V
1. MANAGING INPUT/OUTPUT FILES IN JAVA:
INTRODUCTION
The java.io package contains nearly every class you might ever need to perform
input and output (I/O) in Java. All these streams represent an input source and an output
destination. The stream in the java.io package supports many data such as primitives, Object,
localized characters, etc.
2. CONCEPTS OF STREAMS
STREAM
A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. there are two kinds of Streams
• InPutStream: The InputStream is used to read data from a source.

• OutPutStream: the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.
Java provides strong but flexible support for I/O related to Files and networks but this tutorial
covers very basic functionality related to streams and I/O. We would see most commonly used
example one by one:
3. STREAM CLASSES
INTRODUCTION:
A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. The InputStream is used to read
data from a source and the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination. InputStream
and OutputStream are the basic stream classes in Java.
All the other streams just add capabilities to the basics, like the ability to read a
whole chunk of data at once for performance reasons (BufferedInputStream) or convert from one
kind of character set to Java's native unicode (Reader), or say where the data is coming from
(FileInputStream, SocketInputStream and ByteArrayInputStream, etc.)
WHY WE NEED STREAM CLASSES?

To perform read and write operation on binary files we need a mechanism to read
that binary data on file/to write binary data (i.e. in the form of byte). These classes are capable to
read and write one byte on binary files. That’s why we use Stream Classes.
Figure 1: Stream Classes
STREAM CLASSES:
Hierarchy of classes for Input and Output streams.
Here Object is the sequence of character i.e. Stream.
1. FileInputStream and FileOutputStream Classes:

FILEINPUTSTREAM CLASS:
A FileInputStream is an InputStream to obtain bytes from a file. It is used for reading inputs of
raw bytes such as image data. It can read byte oriented data.
BYTE STREAM CLASSES
BYTE STREAMS
Java byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. Though
there are many classes related to byte streams but the most frequently used classes are ,
FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. Following is an example which makes use of these
two classes to copy an input file into an output file:
import java.io.*;
public class CopyFile {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
FileInputStream in = null;
FileOutputStream out = null;
try {
in = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(c);
}
}finally {
if (in != null) {
in.close();
}
if (out != null) {
out.close();
}
}
}
}
Now let's have a file input.txt with the following content:
This is test for copy file.
As a next step, compile above program and execute it, which will result in creating output.txt file
with the same content as we have in input.txt. So let's put above code in CopyFile.java file and
do the following:
$javac CopyFile.java
$java CopyFile
INPUT STREAM CLASSES
INTRODUCTION
The Java.io.InputStream class is the superclass of all classes representing an
input stream of bytes. Applications that need to define a subclass of InputStream must always
provide a method that returns the next byte of input.
CLASS DECLARATION
Following is the declaration for Java.io.InputStream class:
public abstract class InputStream

extends Object
implements Closeable
OUTPUT STREAM CLASSES
INTRODUCTION
The Java.io.OutputStream class is the superclass of all classes representing an
output stream of bytes. An output stream accepts output bytes and sends them to some
sink.Applications that need to define a subclass of OutputStream must always provide at least a
method that writes one byte of output.
CLASS DECLARATION
Following is the declaration for Java.io.OutputStream class:
public abstract class OutputStream

extends Object
implements Closeable, Flushable
READER STREAM CLASSES
INTRODUCTION
The Java.io.InputStreamReader class is a bridge from byte streams to
character streams.It reads bytes and decodes them into characters using a specified charset.
CLASS DECLARATION
WRITER STREAM CLASSES
INTRODUCTION
The Java.io.Writer class is a abstract class for writing to character streams.
USING FILE CLASS
• Creating a file.
• Opening a file
• Closing a file
• Deleting a file
• Renaming the file
• Getting the name of a file
• Checking whether the file is writable
• Checking whether the file is readable.
INPUT/OUTPUT EXCEPTION
EXCEPTION HANDLING
Is the mechanism to handle runtime malfunctions. We need to handle such
exceptions to prevent abrupt termination of program. The term exception means exceptional
condition, it is a problem that may arise during the execution of program. A bunch of things can
lead to exceptions, including programmer error, hardware failures, files that need to be opened
cannot be found, resource exhaustion etc.
EXCEPTION
A Java Exception is an object that describes the exception that occurs in a
program. When an exceptional events occurs in java, an exception is said to be thrown. The code
that's responsible for doing something about the exception is called an exception handler.
EXCEPTION CLASS HIERARCHY

All exception types are subclasses of class Throwable, which is at the top of
exception class hierarchy.
• Exception class is for exceptional conditions that program should catch. This class is
extended to create user specific exception classes.
• RuntimeException is a subclass of Exception. Exceptions under this class are
automatically defined for programs.
EXCEPTION ARE CATEGORIZED INTO 3 CATEGORY.

• CHECKED EXCEPTION
The exception that can be predicted by the programmer.Example : File that need
to be opened is not found. These type of exceptions must be checked at compile time.
• UNCHECKED EXCEPTION
Unchecked exceptions are the class that extends RuntimeException. Unchecked
exception are ignored at compile time. Example : ArithmeticException,
NullPointerException, Array Index out of Bound exception. Unchecked exceptions are
checked at runtime.
• ERROR
Errors are typically ignored in code because you can rarely do anything about an
error. Example : if stack overflow occurs, an error will arise. This type of error is not
possible handle in code.
CREATION OF FILES
You can create an empty file with an initial set of attributes by using the
createFile(Path, FileAttribute<?>) method. For example, if, at the time of creation, you want a
file to have a particular set of file permissions, use the createFile method to do so. If you do not
specify any attributes, the file is created with default attributes. If the file already exists,
createFile throws an exception.
In a single atomic operation, the createFile method checks for the

existence of the file and creates that file with the specified attributes, which makes the process
more secure against malicious code.
The following code snippet creates a file with default attributes:
Path file = ...;

try {
// Create the empty file with default permissions, etc.
Files.createFile(file);
} catch (FileAlreadyExistsException x) {
System.err.format("file named %s" +
" already exists%n", file);
} catch (IOException x) {
// Some other sort of failure, such as permissions.
System.err.format("createFile error: %s%n", x);
}
POSIX File Permissions has an example that uses createFile(Path, FileAttribute<?>) to create a
file with pre-set permissions.
You can also create a new file by using the newOutputStream methods, as described in Creating
and Writing a File using Stream I/O. If you open a new output stream and close it immediately,
an empty file is created.
CREATING TEMPORARY FILES
You can create a temporary file using one of the following createTempFile methods:
• createTempFile(Path, String, String, FileAttribute<?>)

• createTempFile(String, String, FileAttribute<?>)
The first method allows the code to specify a directory for the temporary file and the second
method creates a new file in the default temporary-file directory. Both methods allow you to
specify a suffix for the filename and the first method allows you to also specify a prefix. The
following code snippet gives an example of the second method:
try {
Path tempFile = Files.createTempFile(null, ".myapp");
System.out.format("The temporary file" +
" has been created: %s%n", tempFile)
;
System.err.format("IOException: %s%n", x);
}
The result of running this file would be something like the following:
The temporary file has been created: /tmp/509668702974537184.myapp
The specific format of the temporary file name is platform specific.
RANDOM ACCESS FILES.

Random access files permit nonsequential, or random, access to a file's
contents. To access a file randomly, you open the file, seek a particular location, and read from or
write to that file.
This functionality is possible with the SeekableByteChannel interface. The

SeekableByteChannel interface extends channel I/O with the notion of a current position.
Methods enable you to set or query the position, and you can then read the data from, or write
the data to, that location. The API consists of a few, easy to use, methods:
• position – Returns the channel's current position

• position(long) – Sets the channel's position
• read(ByteBuffer) – Reads bytes into the buffer from the channel
• write(ByteBuffer) – Writes bytes from the buffer to the channel
• truncate(long) – Truncates the file (or other entity) connected to the channel
Reading and Writing Files With Channel I/O shows that the
Path.newByteChannel methods return an instance of a SeekableByteChannel. On the default file
system, you can use that channel as is, or you can cast it to a FileChannel giving you access to
more advanced features, such as mapping a region of the file directly into memory for faster
access, locking a region of the file, or reading and writing bytes from an absolute location
without affecting the channel's current position.
The following code snippet opens a file for both reading and writing by
using one of the newByteChannel methods. The SeekableByteChannel that is returned is cast to
a FileChannel. Then, 12 bytes are read from the beginning of the file, and the string "I was here!"
is written at that location. The current position in the file is moved to the end, and the 12 bytes
from the beginning are appended. Finally, the string, "I was here!" is appended, and the channel
on the file is closed.
String s = "I was here!\n";

byte data[] = s.getBytes();
ByteBuffer out = ByteBuffer.wrap(data);
ByteBuffer copy = ByteBuffer.allocate(12);
try (FileChannel fc = (FileChannel.open(file, READ, WRITE))) {

// Read the first 12
// bytes of the file.
int nread;
do {
nread = fc.read(copy);
} while (nread != -1 && copy.hasRemaining());
// Write "I was here!" at the beginning of the file.

fc.position(0);
while (out.hasRemaining())
fc.write(out);
out.rewind();
// Move to the end of the file. Copy the first 12 bytes to

// the end of the file. Then write "I was here!" again.
long length = fc.size();
fc.position(length-1);
copy.flip();
while (copy.hasRemaining())
fc.write(copy);
while (out.hasRemaining())
fc.write(out);
System.out.println("I/O Exception: " + x);
}
1. The data stored in files is often called ----------------

a. Presistent data b. Present data c. Pre data d. Present data
2. What is the powerful tool for file processing------------------
a. Data b. Object c. Stream d. Method
3. The processing all types of data in stream class--------------------
a. java,io b. java.io c. java/io d. java *io
4. which is one of the used for clear the output stream-----------------------
a.flash() b. flats() c. fluesh() d. flush()
5. The random access file enables----------------
a. read bytes b. write bytes c. a & b d. mode bytes
6. The file operation signals that an end of the file------------------------
a. EOF Exception b. EOE Exception c. EOFF Exception d. EOEFF
Exception
7. The file operations file could not be found --------------------
a.FileNoteFoundException b.FileNotFoundException
c.FileNotesFoundException d.FileNotFoundException
8. The warnings that I/O operations has been -------------------------
a. interruptedIOSExceptions b. interruptedIOExceptions
c. interruptedIORExceptions d. interruptedIODExceptions
9. The combine two (or) more input streams into --------------------------
a. Double stream b. Single output stream c. Single input stream
d. Single stream
10. What is the random access file object-------------------
a. “rand.dat” b. “rand,dat” c. “rand&dat”
d. “rand%dat”
11. Expand FIS
a. File Input Stream b. File Inter Stream c. File In Stream
d. File In Set
12. . Expand DIS
a. File Date Stream b. File Data Stream c. File Digital Stream
d. File Data Set
13. The stream tokenzier a subclass of ---------------
a.Class b. Method c. File
d. Object
14.The string tokenzier class of -----------
a.java.token b.java.applet c.java.util
d.java.utilizer
15.The writter class is an ------------------
a.base class b.abstractclass c. derived class d.
packages
16. The output stream class support------------------
a.base class b.abstractclass c. derived class d.
packages
17. DIS Extends
a.DIS b.DCs c. FDS d. FIS
18. What is a source in stream------------------
a.Input b. Output c. Class d.
Object
19. What is a source in stream------------------
a.Input b. Output c. Class d.
Object
20. how many sub classes handling charactrers in file------------------
a.One b. Two c. Three d. Four
3 MARKS
1. Write the concept of managing Input/Output files in java?
2. Write the details about concept of streams?
3. Explain the concept of stream classes?
4. Write the concept of byte stream classes?
5. Write the concept of input stream classes?
6. Write the concept of output stream classes?
7. Write the concept of character stream classes?
8. Explain the concept of reader stream classes?
9. Explain the concept of writer stream classes?
10. Write the short notes on Input/output exceptions?
11. How to creating a files?
12. Explain the concept of random access files?
6 MARKS
1. Briefly explain to the concepts of Input/output files in java with sample program?
2. Write the concepts of streams & stream classes & with sample program?
3. Briefly explain to the concepts of Input & Output stream classes with sample program?
4. Explain to the concepts of byte stream classes & character stream classes with sample
program?
5. Write the concepts of Reader stream classes & Writer stream classes with sample
program?
6. How to using file classes with sample program?
7. Briefly explain to the concepts Input & Output exception with syntax and sample
program?
8. How to creating a files? Write the sample program with syntax?
9. Write to the notes on Random Access File?
10. Write the program on file operations with algorithm?
ANSWERS
UNIT-I
1. b. Object oriented programming

2. d. all the above
3. a. Data & Methods
4. c. Through methods
5. b. bottom-up approach
6. a. runtime entities
7. b. Data & Methods
8. d. Procedure calls.
9. c. a & b
10. d. all of the above
11. b. 1991, USA
12. a.2000
13. c. 2002
14. d. 2004
15. c. a & b
16. d. Global variable
17. d. all the above
18. a. Characters
19. c. 8 MB
20. a.templates
UNIT-II
1. a. Pointer
2. c. 15/10.5
4. b.!!
5. c. =
6. a. ++
7. b. --
8. c. a & b
10. a. instanceof
12. b. ratio
13. a. <T>
14. d. switch
15. c. a & b
16. c. test expression
17. b. test condition
18. c. expression
19. b. condition
UNIT-III
1. A) Data type
2. B) []
3. C) Character
4. D) &
5. A) Multiple inheritance
6. B) Class
7. D) Extends
8. B) Code, name
9. A) Final, static
10. C) Super class
11. C) a & b
12. A) Application programming interface
13. B) Processes
14. C) Run
15. A) Sleep
16. C) a & b
17. B) Run time
18. A) Find the problem
19. B) Inform that an error
20. C) Receive the error
UNIT-IV
1. a. Internet computing
2. c. Local Applet
3. b. <APPLET>
4. a. java. applet
5. d.paint()
6. b. init()
7. c. destroy()
8. d. paint()
9. a. .class
10. c. html
11. a. <!>
12. b. (“0”)
13. d. point()
14. a. circles
15. c . .g
16. c. applet viewer
17. <PARAM…….>
18. b. <!.............>
19. a. drawstring()
20. d. value of()
UNIT-V
1. a. Presistent data
2. c. Stream
3. b. java.io
4. d. flush()
5. c. a & b
6. a. EOF Exception
7. d. FileNotFoundException
8. b. interruptedIOExceptions
9. c. single input stream
10. a. “rand.dat”
11. a. File Input Stream
12. b. File Data Stream
13. d. Object
14. c .java.util
15. b. abstract class
16. a. base class
17. d. FIS
18. a. Input
19. b. Output
20. b. Two
REFERENCES:
WEBSITE:
www.javatpoint.com
www.w3schools.in
https://howtoprogramwithjava.com
java.about.com
www.javapractices.com
www.tutorialspoint.com
BOOKS:
1. E.Balagurusamy, “Programming with JAVA –A Primer”- Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Limited ,Seventh Reprint ,2008.
2. Patrick Naughton, “The JAVA Handbook”- Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, 2006.
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Chapter - I

• An object is a real-world entity.

• State: represents the data (value) of an object.

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class in Java can contain:

If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example: to

In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Association can be undirectional or bidirectional.

To compile: javac Simple.java

Output: Hello Java

13. JAVA PROGRAM STRUCTURE

15. JAVA CHARACTER SET

19. LITERALS IN JAVA

20. OPERATORS SUPPORTED BY JAVA LANGUAGE

+ Additive operator (also used for String concatenation) - Subtraction operator

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS = Assignment

INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS

Separator Name Use

.Period ,Comma ;Semicolon ()Parenthesis {}Braces []Brackets

22. JAVA STATEMENT

26. DATA TYPES IN JAVA

Examples of string literals are:

NOTATION CHARACTER REPRESENTED

1. Java programming is a ----------------

1. OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS: INTRODUCTION

THE ARITHMETIC OPERATORS:

Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions in the same

Assume integer variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:

THE RELATIONAL OPERATORS:

There are following relational operators supported by Java language

2 != (not equal to)

THE BITWISE OPERATORS:

The following are the bitwise operators:

1 & (bitwise and)

THE LOGICAL OPERATORS:

The following table lists the logical operators:

There are following assignment operators supported by Java language:

PRECEDENCE OF JAVA OPERATORS:

For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has

• Narrowing Casting(Explicitly done)

Widening or Automatic type conversion

• The two types are compatible

NARROWING OR EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION

4. DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING & LOOPING: INTRODUCTION

DECISION MAKING WITH IF STATEMENT:

It takes the following general form:

Java provides a multiple branch selection statement known as switch. This

THE WHILE STATEMENT:

for( initialization expression(s); test condition; update expression)

5. CLASSES,OBJECTS AND METHODS:

• public static : modifier.

modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {

The syntax shown above includes:

• return statement is executed.

THE VOID KEYWORD:

PASSING PARAMETERS BY VALUE:

Passing Parameters by Value means calling a method with a parameter. Through

A class is a blue print from which individual objects are created.

A class can contain any of the following variable types.

Here is an example of a typical method declaration:

public double calculateAnswer(double wingSpan, int numberOfEngines,

As mentioned previously, a class provides the blueprints for objects. So basically

There are three steps when creating an object from a class: